GLONASS - a ... navigation Global izimiso zesiphuphutheki. Kuyini GLONASS futhi ukuthi lihluke kanjani GPS

Uhlelo GLONASS iyona enkulu kunazo zonke navigation system evumela ukuthi wena ukulandelela indawo lezinto ezihlukahlukene. Le phrojekthi, umkhankaso ngo-1982, is ayenziwa futhi ngcono kube yilolu suku. Ngaphezu kwalokho, umsebenzi uyenziwa kokubili software lobuchwepheshe GLONASS kanye nengqalasizinda evumela ukusebenzisa uhlelo bayanda abantu. Ngakho, uma iminyaka yokuqala navigation eziyinkimbinkimbi ngesiphuphutheki isetshenziswa ngokuyinhloko ukuxazulula imisebenzi yezempi, namuhla GLONASS - a zobuchwepheshe ukubeka ithuluzi isibe ebalulekile empilweni zabasebenzisi civil.

Global satellite uhlelo lokuhambisa

Ngenxa yezimo zezulu eziyinkimbinkimbi lobuchwepheshe amaphrojekthi satellite global positioning namuhla ukuwugcina ngokuphelele leli gama kuphela izinhlelo ezimbili - GLONASS GPS. Esokuqala isiRashiya, kanti eyesibili - umphumela Onjiniyela American. Ngokombono lobuchwepheshe umbono, GLONASS - iqoqo ezikhethekile imishini hardware, futhi uhlala e-orbit kanye emhlabathini.

Ukuxhumana iziphuphutheki ngokusebenzisa izinzwa ekhethekile kanye abamukelayo, futhi amasignali wokufundwayo akhiwa ngesisekelo idatha yendawo yabo. Ukubala nemingcele lesokhathi ekhethekile kuma-atomic clock. Bakhonza ukucacisa isikhundla into esekelwe amagagasi Umsakazo nokucutshungulwa. Ukuncishiswa amaphutha ivumela ukunikeza ukubala onokwethenjelwa nemingcele ukuma.

Imisebenzi satellite navigation

Nomkhakha we izinkinga satellite global navigation systems uhlanganisa sokunquma indawo eqondile lezinto eliwumhlaba. Ngaphezu geography, global navigation izimiso zesiphuphutheki enze kube nokwenzeka ukuba acabangele kwesikhathi, landela dlela, isivinini kanye neminye imingcele. Ukuqalisa letinhloso ngokusebenzisa iziphuphutheki ezindaweni ezahlukene ku-surface yomhlaba.

Ukusetshenziswa navigation emhlabeni jikelele kuphela obusetshenziswa embonini yezokuthutha. Satellites ukusiza kusesho ukutakulwa, ukuqaliswa imisebenzi geodetic nokwakhiwa, kanye ngaphandle kwabo awukwazi ukwenza ukudlelana inkonzo iziteshi nezinye izimoto isikhala. umkhakha kwasebusosheni futhi akusho ukuthi asinalo uhlelo ukwesekwa GPS. GLONASS Itilosi ngoba izinjongo ezifana ihlinzeka isignali evikelekile okuhloswe ngqo imishini ogunyaziwe eMnyango Wezokuvikela.

Uhlelo GLONASS

ukusebenza Okugcwele kohlelo yaze yaqala ngo-2010, ngesikhathi ezama ukungena eziyinkimbinkimbi emsebenzini asebenzayo wazenza kusukela 1995. Ngezindlela eziningi, izinkinga zazihlobene nama ukuqina ongaphakeme satellites esetshenziswa.

Okwamanje, GLONASS - a iziphuphutheki 24 asebenza ezingxenyeni ezahlukene emzileni. Ngokuvamile, yezingxenye ezintathu Ingase ithanyelwe navigation ingqalasizinda: mkhathi ukulawula eziyinkimbinkimbi (inikeza amaqembu ukulawula emzileni), kanye izindlela technical abasebenzisi navigation.

24 iziphuphutheki, ngamunye ephethe ukuphakama njalo, izigaba eziningana. On Nenkabazwe ngamunye zaba 12 iziphuphutheki. Ngokusebenzisa omise satellite ngenhla komhlaba yakha igridi, okuyothi amasignali zinqunywa izixhumanisi ngqo. Ngaphezu kwalokho, i-satellite GLONASS lelinetintfo eziningana eyisipele. Futhi ngamunye ngaphakathi wo orbit siqu, hhayi lutho. Phakathi imisebenzi yabo ifaka ekwandiseni Ukuhlanganisa endaweni ethize futhi esikhundleni owayephuma uhlelo satellite.

uhlelo GPS

uzakwabo American, GLONASS - uhlelo GPS, okuyinto iqala umsebenzi wayo ngo-1980, kodwa kusukela ngo-2000, ukubeka ukunemba wenza kungenzeka ukusabalalisa yayo ububanzi phakathi abathengi. Kuze kube manje, GPS iziphuphutheki ukuqinisekisa ukunemba 2-3 m. Ukubambezeleka ukuthuthukiswa ongakhetha navigation isikhathi eside kwaba ngenxa ukulinganiselwa Positioning ubunjalo yokufakelwa. Nokho ehoxile avunyelwe ngobuciko esiphezulu ukucacisa izixhumanisi. Ngisho noma ukuvumelanisa kufinyelelwa nge-miniature abamukelayo umphumela ohambelana GLONASS.

Umehluko phakathi GLONASS GPS

Saqokomisa umehluko emkhatsini navigation systems. Ikakhulukazi, kukhona umehluko ubunjalo ilungiselelo nangemifanekiso enyakazayo futhi satellites emzileni. I GLONASS eziyinkimbinkimbi they nyakazo e izindiza ezintathu (iziphuphutheki eziyisishiyagalombili ngamunye), kanye uhlelo GPS inikeza ngomsebenzi e izindiza eziyisithupha (ezine indiza ngayinye). Ngakho, uhlelo Russian inikeza ebanzi Ukusabalala yindawo, lokubonakala ngokunemba ephakeme. Nokho, umkhuba, yesikhathi esifushane "ukuphila" satellites yasekhaya akuvumeli amandla aphelele kohlelo GLONASS. GPS, esikhundleni salokho, isekela ukunemba okuphezulu ngenxa yenani ngokweqile satellites. Noma kunjalo, eziyinkimbinkimbi Russian njalo yethula iziphuphutheki ezintsha njengoba ukusetshenziswa ehlosiwe futhi akusekele njengoba isipele.

izindlela ezahlukene isignali wekhodi ziyasebenza - baseMelika usebenzisa ikhodi CDMA, futhi GLONASS - FDMA. Lapho kubalwa abamukelayo idatha ye Positioning uhlelo satellite Russian inikeza model eziyinkimbinkimbi. Ngenxa yalokho, kubalulekile ukusebenzisa GLONASS amandla okusezingeni eliphezulu ukusetshenziswa, njengoba kubonakala ubukhulu zedivayisi.

Ezivumela GLONASS amakhono?

Phakathi eziyisisekelo imisebenzi system - sokunquma izixhumanisi into okwazi uxhumana kumasathalayithi GLONASS. GPS ngalo mqondo wenza imisebenzi efanayo. Ikakhulukazi, nemingcele ibalwa zomhlabathi ezinyakazayo, ulwandle kanye nomoya izindawo. Ngo eyelaphayo, imoto bunikezwa Itilosi olufanele ungakwazi ukubala izici motion lalo.

Ukusetshenziswa navigation liba kuphoqelekile nezigaba ezithile ezokuthutha. Uma kowezi-2000 ukusabalala satellite positioning ehlobene nokulawula amafa ezithile eziqokiwe, bona abamukelayo namuhla anemisila imikhumbi yemikhumbi yempi emoyeni, tekutfutsa tesive kanye nokunye. E. Kungenzeka kanye nesibopho ukuze kuqinisekwe ukuthi GLONASS-amatilosi azo zonke izimoto yangasese esikhathini esizayo esiseduze.

Yimaphi amadivaysi sisebenze GLONASS

Uhlelo uyakwazi ukunikeza efinyelela okuqhubekayo wembulunga yonke wazo zonke izigaba abathengi, ngaphandle kokukhetha, kungakhathaliseki ukuthi isimo sezulu, lubandlululo kanye nemibandela yesikhashana. Kanye amasevisi-GPS, GLONASS navigation mahhala, noma kuphi emhlabeni.

Phakathi amadivayisi abe ikhono lokuthola amasignali e-satellite, avele hhayi kuphela on-ebhodini navigation imishini GPS-abamukelayo, kodwa futhi omakhalekhukhwini. Idatha indawo, isiqondiso nesivinini ukunyakaza ithunyelwa iseva ekhethekile amanethiwekhi we-GSM-opharetha. Ukusetshenziswa satellite navigation kwenza kube okhethekile GLONASS futhi izicelo ahlukahlukene ukuthi bekwi ukucutshungulwa ikhadi.

abamukelayo kuhlanganiswe

ukunwetshwa Wendawo satellite navigation kuholele ukuhlanganisa izinhlelo ezimbili kusukela ekubukeni umthengi. Ekusebenteni, GLONASS GPS kumadivayisi zivame kulekelelwa futhi okuphambene nalokho, ethuthukisa ukunemba ukuma kanye isikhathi. Ngokomthetho, lokhu yaqaphela esebenzisa izinzwa ezimbili ihlanganiswe kusiphequluli esisodwa. Ngesisekelo lo mbono futhi ekhiqizwa isamukeli ehlangene, egijima kanyekanye uhlelo GLONASS, GPS kanye nempahla ehlobene.

Ngaphezu kokwenza ngcono ukunemba sokunquma izixhumanisi ezindawo ka lokhu Symbiosis ivumela indawo kokulandela lapho iziphuphutheki omunye izinhlelo akuyona abanjwe. Inombolo ubuncane lezinto esemkhathini, "ukubonakala" okuyinto edingekayo yokuqhuba itilosi, kuyinto amayunithi ezintathu. Ngakho uma, isibonelo, uhlelo GLONASS iba ezingafinyeleleki ke ukuza kumasathalayithi usizo GPS.

Okunye uhlelo satellite navigation

amaphrojekthi okuthuthukisa, ezifanayo ububanzi ukuze GLONASS GPS, waziphatha European Union, kanye no-India neChina. I-European Space Agency uhlela ukusebenzisa uhlelo uGalileo siqukethe iziphuphutheki 30 oluyokwenza ukufinyelela ukunemba akunakuqhathaniswa. ENdiya liye kuhlelwe ukwethula IRNSS uhlelo eziqhutshwa iziphuphutheki eziyisikhombisa. Navigation uhlelo eligxile isetshenziswe ekhaya. uhlelo Compass ezivela konjiniyela Chinese kufanele libe izingxenye ezimbili. Eyokuqala izokuba 5 iziphuphutheki, kanti eyesibili - 30. Ngakho, abalobi project ukuphakamisa servings ezimbili format.