Ezemfundo kanye nesayensi ekhulwini le-19 e-Russia

Ngekhulu le-19, okwenza ukuba iRussia kwakuyisikhathi senguquko, lapho ekuqaleni amandla ekhulwini wadlulela u-Alexander I emva regicide uPawulu mina, lapho isayensi nemfundo basungula ngokushesha, okuyinto edingekayo ushintsho olukhulu. Zonke lezi zinguquko kwekhulu le-19 zingahlukaniswa zibe neengcezu lokuqala nelesibili.

Russia embundwini ngekhulu le-19

Ifa uMbusi abasha got isimo, okuyinto uye washintsha abalulekile njengoba kuqhathaniswa izinkathi odlule. Kungenzeka wazi izinto ezimbalwa ezibalulekile ezibonisa bemibuso wezwe:

1. Ukwandiswa endaweni ngenxa nokudliwa eCrimea, Kazakhstan, emazweni aseBaltic, Kwesokudla-Bank Ukraine futhi Western Belarus. Ngenxa yalokho, kanye labantu useye waba ngaphezu yizigidi ezingu-40. Abantu, ama-90% babe abalimi. Futhi yanda, futhi kwemiphakathi yasemadolobheni, ikakhulukazi Petersburg naseMoscow, okuyinto Yiqiniso, wathonya ukuthuthukiswa isayensi ekhulwini le-19 e-Russia.
2. Romanov baba abanikazi ngobukhulu futhi babe ukuzimela ezinye kusukela ezinye izigodi zezwe.
3. Isabelomali ngakhula ngaphezu kwanoma mithathu kuqhathaniswa ngekhulu le-18.

Nokho, ngesikhathi ukufika amandla u-Alexander I, eRussia lezwakala ezweni lapho wonke sesimanje uhlelo-catch-up iphutha ngezithukuthuku abantu babo, futhi isayense, imfundo kanye namasiko elinikwe isikhathi esincane kakhulu.

Ukuthuthukiswa isayensi engxenyeni yokuqala yekhulu le-19

Khuluma mayelana nentuthuko kwesayensi nengxenye yokuqala yekhulu ingatholakala imiphumela aziwa ososayensi ngesikhathi, ngenxa okuyinto namuhla kungenzeka ukubona impumelelo ophumelela kangaka.

Isayensi ekhulwini le-19 e-Russia -, ngaphezu kwakho konke, izibalo, i-physics kanye ne-chemistry.

EKazan University izibalo Uprofesa UNikolai Lobachevsky wakwazi ukuthuthukisa inkolelo-mbono omusha we-geometry, ngokuthi "non-Euclidean". Udokotela UNikolai Pirogov wakwazi Suka kwezokwelapha isikhathi eside ngenkathi ucabangela ukuhlinzwa. Wakwazi silisebenzise impi, aqala ukusetshenziswa izinzwa ether kanye ukhonkolo usimende.

Ngo-physics, uze kuqala isifundo ngalesi sikhathi kwaba ugesi, futhi lokhu lapho elathola lolu daba. Boris Jacobi wavula indlela electroforming, bese wadala eziningana motors kagesi kanye telegraphs. A physics Vasily Petrov wakwazi ukubonisa ukuthi ungasebenzisa kanjani ugesi wawubuye uzihambele nensimbi iziqu, uphenyo arc futhi litshaja igesi rarefied.

It yasungulwa phakathi nale nkathi bese isayensi, ukufunda izinkanyezi, ngakho-ke, lavulwa ngo-1839, Pulkovo Observatory, lapho ayesebenza sezinkanyezi Vasily Struve, owathola lokuhlushwa izinkanyezi indiza i-Milky Way.

Izikole namanyuvesi

Ekuqaleni isayensi nemfundo kwekhulu le-19 e-Russia zishintshile, futhi 1803 wakhipha isimemezelo sokuba ilizwe ezifundeni eziyisithupha ezemfundo, ngalinye elikwazi kwakufanele akhe inyuvesi. Nokho, kwatholakala eminyakeni engaphezu kwengu-20 izikhungo ezintathu kuphela imfundo ephakeme, kuhlanganise naseMoscow, Kazan bese Petersburg University. Nicholas mina akazange ayisekele nendlela umqondo wemfundo, futhi akukho inyuvesi wayengekho evulekile ngaphansi kokubusa kwakhe. Ngaphezu kwalokho, iyakholelwa ukuthi izingane akufanele bafundiswe serfs ngokulinganayo bonke.

Imfundo enhle ingatholakala, kodwa kuphela izikhulu ebusweni, ezifana Tsarskoye Selo eduze Petersburg, futhi Demidov, owayesesimweni Yaroslavl.

izinto ezingcono ezaziphathelene izikhungo zemfundo sephrofayela lobuchwepheshe. Ekuqaleni kwekhulu, kwatholakala Intaba kuphela Institute, ngemva kwesikhashana yabonakala Yehlathi Institute. Nicholas mina ezinhle ubunjiniyela nemfundo wezempi, ngakho uma bekungenjalo izikhungo evulekile kwezobuchwepheshe Petersburg naseMoscow, kanye wezikhali kanye Engineering Academy.

Imfundo Eletha abesifazane

Ukuthambekela kuhle ukucabangela ukuqhubeka nemfundo zabesifazane, okuyinto lenziwe ngesikhathi Ekaterina II, ukuhlakulela amakhosikazi nomama omuhle, futhi okuhle. Ngakho-ke, izikhungo Kuye kwavulwa emadolobheni amaningi for girls Lokudabuka yizicukuthwane: Nizhny Novgorod, Astrakhan Saratov, e-Irkutsk, yebo, eMoscow Petersburg.

humanities

Humanities 19 leminyaka eRussia, engxenyeni yokuqala, nge okusezingeni eliphezulu umphakathi waqala ukuthuthukisa emlandweni, futhi esungulwe eMoscow Society of Umlando futhi Antiquities. Futhi of interest saboniswa umlando jikelele kanye yezilimi, kuhlanganise lwamaSlav, Chinese Izifundo owawungumnyaka kwethulwa ukukhiqizwa izincwadi kanye nakomagazini.

Publishing sekuthandwa kakhulu, futhi 1809 lanyathelisa omagazini 68 lwaletinye tifundvo kanye namaphephandaba 9. kwakukhona umsebenzi wokuhumusha, futhi izakhamuzi nokujwayelana izincwadi angaphandle ngenxa ukutholakala kanye nokuthuthukiswa kokunyathelisa.

Kufanele futhi usho izincwadi Russian, nalapho leliya lizwe wafunda ngokusebenzelana Pushkin, Nekrasov futhi Turgenev. Phakathi nale nkathi, kwaphakamisa izimpikiswano ezifana ngosizi indoda kancane kusukela amakilasi aphansi, kodwa ngesikhathi esifanayo, sung abantu amasiko ngefomu etemlomo nalabhalwako.

Isayensi, imfundo (ekhulwini le-19, ingxenye yesibili, Russia)

Engxenyeni yesibili, lapho feudalism wakhala ne-capitalism, kudinga izinga eliphakeme ukuthuthukiswa, hhayi nje phakathi kwabantu abafundile, kodwa futhi phakathi abasebenzi abavamile, futhi imfundo kwasekuqaleni kwaba uthinte ku kuleyo mikhakha okuhlotshaniswa ukuphila okuvamile.

Nokho, ukuthuthukiswa wawuba ngasekuqaleni kwezimo ezinzima, lapho indawo iyagcinwa ngisho feudalism, bashushiswa autocracy, futhi Russian ososayensi, abalobi nabaculi kwadingeka basebenze kanzima.

Kuyaphawuleka ukuthi ukunyakaza wamavukelambuso iye yasiza ekuthuthukiseni isayensi kude phambili uma Chernyshevsky, Dobrolyubov, waseHerzen futhi ngilwa kanzima, sekuyisikhathi ukukhulula abantu abavela serfdom. Konke lokhu siye sathuthukisa ososayensi yokuthola izinto ezinkulu ukuze kuzuze abantu.

ososayensi adumile

Ingxenye yekhulu le-19 yesibili libhekene kusukela umbono wesayensi ukuthuthukiswa ngesayensi yemvelo, ezifana physics, izibalo, i-chemistry, ngokuphila kwezilwane kanye geography. funa okunjalo kunqunywa izidingo zokuphila, sesimanje ukukhiqizwa nesifiso ukukhazimulisa impumelelo ososayensi isimo nokwatholakala ukuthi lokhu kwaba indaba isayensi Russian. Ngekhulu le-19, okokuqala kunakho konke, "athula khona i-" ososayensi ezifana Pafnutii Chebyshev, ngubani bazama ukuhlobanisa izinkinga kweZibalo ngesayensi yemvelo elathola lolu daba inkolelo-mbono yokuziphendukela imishini futhi izindlela.

Ummeleli abaqavile ezweni usosayensi wayengowesifazane, Sofia Kovalevskaya, ababengakwazi uthole imfundo efanele eRussia waya kwelinye izwe, lapho ethola iziqu mathematics. Nokho, yena umelwe Russia, nemisebenzi yakhe ziye waqaphela emhlabeni wonke.

Isayensi ekhulwini le-19 e-Russia uye baphumelele izihlakaniphi physics, sibonga ososayensi Alexander Stoletov, owayefundelwa uzibuthe kanye izenzakalo Photoelectric, kanye waba umfundisi iminyaka engaphezu kwamashumi amathathu, inhloko yoMnyango eMoscow State University.

Kufanele futhi usho Usokhemisi waseRussia Dmitri Mendeleev, owaqamba wathola umthetho zesikhathi izakhi zamakhemikhali.

Izinguquko imfundo

Uma kuleli zwe, kukhona izitshalo eziningi namafektri, okuyinto edingekayo abantu abanekhono bayakwazi ukufunda, ukubhala, ukuqonda imishini izinguquko ezidingekayo imfundo.

izinguquko eziningana Kwakuseshwa, okuyinto kwamsiza kwakha ezikoleni zesonto, eneminyaka emibili futhi iminyaka emine eyinhloko esikoleni. Zemsky zavula izikole zamabanga aphansi, lapho kwakukhona khona uhlelo eningiliziwe cwaningo, ngeSonto sikole abadala ezazini eziye zahlola ngokuhlanganyela incwadi ngemva komsebenzi.

Isayensi ye-isigamu kwekhulu le-19 e-Russia yesibili wabiza ukunwetshwa inethiwekhi ukuqeqeshwa ezikhungweni nemayunivesithi. Emadolobheni (saseTomsk, Odessa, Riga, laseKharkov, Kiev) avuleka amanyuvesi, izikhungo lobuchwepheshe, kanye zezifundiswa eziningana wezolimo.

Kodwa uhulumeni tsarist zazikuphazamisa imfundo, futhi kancane kakhulu uvuliwe, ngisho ezikoleni zamabanga aphansi, ngakho eRussia lezwakala yezindawo zokugcina ku kufundza nekubhala. Ekupheleni kwekhulu ekukwati kufundza nekubhala ngesilinganiso% 28 kuphela, kanti phakathi kwabesifazane kwaba% 17 kuphela.

Izikole kwabesifazane

Njengoba kushiwo ngenhla, kuphela abameleli yezikhulu engxenyeni yokuqala yekhulu wathola okungenani abanye imfundo, lapho zazifundiswa izilimi, imikhuba emihle futhi izindlu. Isayensi ekhulwini le-19 e-Russia kwabesifazane okwakubaluleke ngiyaphupha engaqondakali, ikakhulukazi ngabo kwaba - ukufunda ukufunda, ukubhala, futhi kamnandi.

izikole zamabanga aphansi naphezulu kwabesifazane abavamile cishe zazingekho kuze-yalolucwaningo 60. izikhungo zemfundo kwaqala ukuvela 70s, kodwa kancane kakhulu, futhi Ukwemukelwa amanyuvesi yavalwa ngokuphelele abesifazane kwanoma iyiphi ekilasini.

Ngenxa ukunyakaza komphakathi, ke wavulwa izikole eziphakeme abesifazane abaningana sika, ezifundweni zethu zobudokotela, kodwa ngaphambi inguquko we 20th abesifazane bangekhulu kwakungafanele sesimweni alinganayo.

Ukuthuthukiswa kwe-humanities ekhulwini le-19 Russia

Isici engavamile izwe ukuthi isizinda iningi okungabi nalwazi sabantu kwadingeka nenani elikhulu ekuthuthukiseni isayensi, lapho kwakukhona ukuvulwa ezivelele emhlabeni ngokuvamile.

Into esemqoka ukuthi osekwenziwe kule humanities, njengoba ukudalwa amaqoqo imisebenzi ngomlando eRussia kusukela ezikhathini zasendulo kuze kube manje (Engxenyeni kwekhulu le-19 wesibili), eyasungulwa Academician Sergeem Solovevym imiqulu 29. Leli qoqo , futhi namuhla iyona kunazo esibanzi phezu umlando waleli zwe.

Phakathi nale nkathi, lapho kwaziwa yibo bonke Dictionary Vladimira Dalya, eye wamvusa ezingaphezu kuka 200,000 amazwi. Ngaphezu amagama incwadi afakiwe izaga kanye namazwi, kanye amagama athile.

Befunda izincwadi Russian wahlanganyela umbhali AN Afanasiev ayedumile kanye nomsebenzi sefilosofi isiRashiya, naye wazifunda izincwadi Russian lasendulo kanye zamasiko, i-academician Buslaeva.

Humanities ekhulwini le-19 e-Russia waba ngaphansi kwethonya eyinkimbinkimbi izinqubo sezenhlalo, lapho kwakukhona Ukuntengantenga kwesimo sezombangazwe, uthuthuva lwabangela ukushintsha kukahulumeni, futhi abantu babethi ibheka izindlela zokuthuthukiswa okunye yezwe, lapho kwabonakala izincwadi, okuyinto ihlukaniswe ezindaweni ezintathu: okwangempela ezibucayi, izincwadi yesigaba sabasebenzi futhi yesimanjemanje .

Ezenye kwekhulu le-19

Ukuze Russia, ngekhulu le-19 kwaba i izigigaba zahlukahlukene kakhulu, heterogeneous futhi iphikisana kuwo wonke amazinga okuphila, kusuka empilweni abalimi, owaba khulula kuphela kuze kube sekupheleni kwekhulu, ziphethe wokubusa amakhosi amane, ngayinye into yenziwe kahle, kodwa into kwaba uyisehluleki. Nokho, isayensi we nengxenye yokuqala yekhulu le-19 e-Russia, kanye yesibili, libhekene isifiso ososayensi ukuba bafinyelele engakaze ibonwe eziphakeme, naphezu kwazo zonke izinkinga sebehlushwa ukuthuthukiswa. Kulo lonke ikhulu yokuthola izinto ezenza namuhla kuzo zonke izindawo ubuchwepheshe kukhona ezingeni eliphezulu kakhulu.