ENqutshini. Yini leyo?

Igama elithi "eNqutshini 'inezincazelo eziningi futhi lisetshenziswa emikhakheni ehlukahlukene. I izakhiwo kanye nokwakhiwa design bulging e komzimba womuntu - is ihlangabezane igama elithi "buttresses flying Yekhanda." Kuzo zombili lezi zimo, igama elithi ihambisana cishe inencazelo efanayo.

ENqutshini bokwakha nokwakhiwa

Emuva Ephakathi, eNqutshini izindonga uye kwakuqala ukwanda, wakhonza njengephayona iyingxenye ebalulekile isitayela Romanesque bokwakha. Lezi zakhiwo zakhiwa emhlabeni isakhiwo, ngesimo izimiso, ukunamathela ezindongeni ohlangothini front futhi yamiswa ngaleso ibanga elithile komunye nomunye, phambi lezo zindawo lapho Abut nemengamo nemengamo ogangeni.

ENqutshini - umklamo mpo, olusekela ngaphambili ohlangothini isakhiwo nanokuthatha lateral saliphosa amandla. Isigaba engu- sedivayisi onjalo neku- isilinganiselo kumila izinyathelo noma unxantathu. Lapho kukhona umthwalo sincane, esigabeni kungase okufanayo ngokubukeka kakhudlwana pilaster.

Buttresses yilezi:

• isivinini;
• mpo;
• engasindi;
• ekhoneni.

Romance umkhuba ekwakhiweni kwezakhiwo zazivame sokwakha izakhiwo sifisa, ngoba abakhi langaleso sikhathi nganquma ukuthi kuyafaneleka futhi kuyoba ijubane design enokwethenjelwa kakhulu. eNqutshini Kuqondile wathatha kancane ezisemadolobheni isikhala emgwaqweni. Yingaleso elula kakhulu ukusebenzisa kwemiphakathi ukuthi akudingeki isikhala esanele izakhiwo. eNqutshini Esilula - lolu hlobo olusha design, sibuyisela ukumelana abanye, phezulu itshe kulungiselelwa turret. Isikhathi lokugcina Gothic emincane libhekene ukwakhiwa buttresses, okuyinto ezibekwe i-engela 45 ° ezindongeni.

Buttresses e izakhiwo Gothic

amathambo System bokwakha Gothic kuhlanganisa iqoqo netimphawu teluhlakasimo lweSitatimende amasu isakhiwo kwenza ukuba usabalalise umthwalo wokwakha ezikhathini eziningana ukwenza kulula kokuncishiswa nezindonga. Ngalesi emisha yokwakha Ephakathi waphenduka izikhathi eziningana ukwenza ubekwe futhi ezakhiwe endaweni. Izingxenye ezisemqoka bokwakha Gothic wakhonza njengephayona eNqutshini. Lokhu odongeni transverse zamatshe, ngawo ezindizayo buttresses esakhiwe - poluarku yangaphandle, izimbambo - projecting ubambo. Bonke ezakhiwa ngenjongo ethile, bafeza indima ekuklanyweni.

ENqutshini - iposi enamandla, mpo izakhiwo kwakhiwa, okuyinto incurs ingxenye odongeni ukucindezeleka, uphikisa wagxila vaults. NgeNkathi Ephakathi ayizange ngqo odongeni ekamelweni, futhi kwenziwe buqamama ngu axube isakhiwo nge nemengamo yaboshelwa, flying buttresses. Lokhu kwakwanele ukuba ziqondise futhi ngempumelelo umthwalo amakholomu nokuxhaswa odongeni. Ngokwabo benze Umklamo buttresses mpo, bayichezukisa futhi ngokuqhubekayo wangenela.

Injongo eyinhloko

Isimiso yokwakhiwa lezi zinto ku izakhiwo gothic simiswe ngalendlela lelandzelako: isethi alisiniki yonke izindonga umthwalo nokucindezelwa imbilapho yayo vaults futhi nemengamo iqondiswe izimbambo ezinsikeni (amakholomu), buttresses futhi buttresses flying lokucabanga wagxila lateral. Ngenxa yalesi izingxenye ngokubambisana ukwakha isakhiwo kunothile amafasitela, sekuwumkhuba ethandwa ibala ingilazi ubuciko ebaziwe.

On top of ukuthi izakhiwo Gothic zase zihlanganisa esiyingqayizivele, balima phezulu akha nemengamo, nakho kwenza ezimbalwa side wagxila, enikeza ukuthi kungenzeka ukuba liqondise kabusha ingxenye enkulu ingcindezi amabombo. Arch kuyinto okusikhumbuza boom, baba ezicijile, side. Futhi samuntu isihloko umqondo oluyisisekelo Gothic - isifiso amathempeli phezulu. Kaningi, endaweni lapho buttresses flying zazisekelwe eNqutshini, babeka elineziqongo.

Ukwamukelwa miklamo namuhla

ENqutshini odongeni kunengqondo ukusebenzisa i-ephansi liphumele izakhiwo, esimweni lapho izakhi zangaphandle esitshekile (ngombandela wokuthi ngaphambili ingxenye kukhona indawo ukufakwa izakhi idatha, kanye zingenabo ubufakazi umonakalo izakhiwo). Inkinga esivame kakhulu ekwakhiweni izakhiwo ezinjalo - ekwakheni kwabo phezu kwezisekelo engajulile, ngoba ngemva ugonyuluka frost inhlabathi kusukela buttresses kunobungozi ukuthenga ithuba yingozi. Futhi kukhona elinye iphuzu ababuthakathaka alamathuluzi izakhi - kudingeka siqinise engaphansi izindonga.

Kukuphi lapho zitholakala buttresses flying

Nokwakheka imithi njengoba le nkulumo isetshenziswa, futhi linencazelo ethile. Ngokwesibonelo, buttresses skull kuthiwa izinhlangano obusebenzayo ukuthi uthathe umthwalo oyinhloko phakathi ukuhlafuna, kanye ukuthambisa uthuthumele esukela interdigitation. Ngaphezu kwalokho, benza kancane shaking nokundindizela ngenkathi nokunyakazisa umzimba wonke (ukuhamba, ukweqa, ukugijima). Buttresses emihlathini kuthiwa uqweqwe bese banendima ekhethekile e isakhiwo Yekhanda.