China ujantshi. Futhi ngesivinini Railways China

Izincwajana zemininingwane travel eChina - omunye izindlela igunya zokuthutha kokubili osondelene nabo ibanga elide. ingqalasizinda Track kahle kakhulu athuthukiswe futhi has izinga okusezingeni eliphezulu. Ukuze isakhiwo sayo kanye ngcono kwathatha iminyaka eminingi, futhi ezezimali. Sesitimela kusuka China has ukuxhumana izinhlelo zokuthutha eRussia, Mongolia, Kazakhstan, eVietnam, North Korea.

History of the ujantshi

Ngo ezinkathini ezihlukahlukene zomlando ukwakhiwa sesitimela China ke kwenziwa ngezindlela ezahlukene. Ngo-1876 yayakhiwe kuwebhu lokuqala exhumanisa Shanghai nge Usuns.

Ngo-1881 kwanqunywa ukwakha obuphelele umgwaqo amakhilomitha ayishumi avela esifundeni sase nokukhokha komnikazi Tszytan Shantsuan Suyge. Esikhathini kusuka 1876 kuya 1911 kuleli zwe ezakhiwa izindlela, ubude baso kwaba 9100 km. Ngo-1912, umqondo wokuqala wokwakha ujantshi kwahlongozwa. Ngu-1949 ubude lendwangu kuleli zwe safinyelela 26.200 km.

Ngo-Old China, nokwakha lonwabu, eliningi amancane ukhwaliti ongaphakeme. Canvas wabeka ngokuyinhloko ezingasogwini. Eningizimu-entshonalanga nasenyakatho-ntshonalanga yezwe kwadingeka abekho ojantshi. kwaphulwa Izindlela up izigaba futhi ilawulwa izikhungo ezahlukene.

Lapho okusha China uvele Ministry of Railways, Office okuyinto sawela wonke amasevisi wesitimela. Uhlelo lomsebenzi ku ukwakhiwa kanye nokuvuselelwa zamathrekhi futhi amabhuloho yadalwa. Athuthukisiwe China sesitimela selingaphezu 1996, ubude bawo ifinyelele 64.900 km. Yakha futhi ukulungisa iziteshi, lenyuka production udizili amakhanda, amakhanda zikagesi, izimoto ezithwala.

Ngu 2013, ubude nojantshi kuyinto 103 144 km. Ngenxa yalokho ezinguquko anda umthamo nesivinini ukuhamba izitimela. amavolumu Ukwandiswa yizimpahla nomgibeli womgwaqo, ukuminyana anda izitimela.

Ngo-2020, isimo ihlela ukwakhela ezingaphezu kuka 120,000 km zamathrekhi. ukwakhiwa sesitimela e China bebheke eKhabarovsk. Ngaphezu kwalokho, iphrojekthi ezokwenza ukuxhuma South Xinjiang Umdwebo Chinese nge Kyrgyzstan.

isikimu nojantshi

Manje ujantshi ingqalasizinda China sika ingenye amaningi. Ubude imizila ezweni njengamanje imi km angaphezu kuka-110 000. ukunakwa okuningi ikhokhelwa ekuthuthukiseni ukwakhiwa sesitimela port izindawo futhi ukuya ngasentshonalanga, ezijulile ezwekazini.

Labantu eChina Ukuboshelwa kwasakazeka, kwabantu isikimu eliphezulu kakhulu Railways of IChina eningizimu-ntshonalanga nasempumalanga yezwe. Ukuze ukuyihlanganisa yonke insimu yabo weRiphabhulikhi mfula inethiwekhi inyuka, ubuchwepheshe ezintsha luzoqala.

Ukwahlukaniswa izitimela

EChina, inani elikhulu isitimela kuboniswa izinhlamvu nezinombolo. Le ncwadi ibonisa isigaba isitimela. On the isigaba isitimela kuthinta ijubane, inkonzo, inombolo yokuma.

• Izincwajana zemininingwane uhlobo «G» - ichashazi ongafinyelela ngesivinini kuze kufinyelele 350 km / h.
• Izincwajana zemininingwane uhlobo «D» - isivinini, ijubane layo uma igijima iphelile 200 km / h, travel eyeka kuphela esiteshini main. Isitimela siqukethe izinqola we, ekilasini lesibili, kukhona imibhede.
• Izincwajana zemininingwane uhlobo «Z» - uya ngaphandle izitobhi, isivinini eba 160 km / h, uyama at iziteshi ezinkulu. Ngokuvamile, lena ngesitimela sasebusuku, liphethe imoto nge izihlalo agodliwe futhi amagumbi.
• Izincwajana zemininingwane «T» uhlobo - Express, ijubane layo uma igijima ifinyelela 140 km / h, uyama emadolobheni amakhulu futhi iziteshi ezokuthutha. Namakalishi isitimela kufanele sessile, yokuhlala izihlalo kanye linezingxenye.
• Izincwajana zemininingwane uhlobo «K» - has a isivinini phezulu 120 km / h, uyama emadolobheni amakhulu nasemizaneni. It has a izimoto zihlalo futhi izihlalo yokuhlala.
• Izitimela ngaphandle incwadi - Cha Isiqalo, zihlanganisa isakhiwo obudala Ngenani eliphansi kakhulu.

Amakilasi ezitimeleni

Izimoto izitimela Chinese kungenziwa ihlukaniswe 4 izinhlobo (amakilasi).

• Soft olele - lokhu Coupe double noma quadruple.
• lokulala Hard - a Coupe ne emashalofini eziyisithupha.
• Soft phansi.
• Uhlezi Hard.

Izitimela ohlobo «D» ukhona umqondo wegama elithi "esihlalweni sokuqala futhi kube nekilasi lesibili," umehluko phakathi kwabo, induduzo esihlalweni.

izitimela ngesivinini

China ukuqhubeka ukuthuthukisa ngamandla, udinga ngokushesha futhi kalula ukuthutha. Kuze kube yimanje, uhulumeni wenza konke kungenzeka. Omunye wemisebenzi kakhulu ingqalasizinda emikhulu iyona ukwakhiwa kwenethiwekhi ngesivinini China. It has a ububanzi ububanzi, esehlanganise endaweni enkulu yezwe futhi ingenye ambitious kakhulu emhlabeni. Futhi, umfutho ukuze kwakhiwe lezi imigqa kwaba Olympics ngo-2007.

Ngokuyinhloko, ngesivinini ojantshi e China zakhelwe zinsika - banayo ifomu ubude amakhulu amakhilomitha kwamabhuloho. Ijubane isitimela ngokwesilinganiso 200 km / h. Ubude izindlela anjalo esikhathini PRC zaba 15 400 km ekupheleni 2013. On the ujantshi zikhona izindawo lapho ijubane esiphezulu isitimela ingaqala kuze kufinyelele 350 km / h.

EChina, kukhona ngezigaba elandelayo isivinini umugqa:

• Okuvamile (100-120 km / ihora).
• isivinini nendawo (120-160 km / ihora).
• esinejubane (160-200 km / ihora).
• High-speed (200-400 km / ihora).
• Ultra okusezingeni eliphezulu (ezingaphezu kuka-400 km / h).

umugqa alpine

Yakha eziphakeme ujantshi eChina, kusukela ngo-1984. Okokuqala kahle esigabeni lula, futhi ngo-2001 waqala ukuthuthukiswa ingxenye eziyinkimbinkimbi. Ehlobo lika-2006 kwasivulela ujantshi sezintaba kakhulu emhlabeni - i Qinghai-Tibet. It uxhuma China ne-Tibet, nobude bawo 1956 km. A elula obuphelele umgwaqo 1142 km sidlula ezintabeni. Engaba ngu-550 km wesitimela sabekwa ku-alpine emathafeni zone, ekuphakameni eliphakeme komgwaqo ifinyelela 5072 amamitha ngaphezu kolwandle.

Abagibeli ngesikhathi hambo bhalisa cha jeza izimpawu engamamitha ukugula, njengoba izinqola uphawu, futhi emoyeni is ahlanganiswe oksijini izimoto, kukhona ukuvikelwa emisebeni yelanga.

Emathafeni ase-okusezingeni eliphezulu isitimela ihamba ngesivinini 100 km / ihora, ku lonke indlela isitimela sihamba ngesivinini 120 km / h.

Sesitimela kusuka China eTibet ihlinzeka uxhumano ezinzile phakathi uthi. Ubulula lokufinyelela futhi waqinisekisa kwayo hhayi kuphela abantu kulawa mazwe, kodwa futhi izivakashi.

kwezitimela Hainan

ngesivinini nojantshi China achazwayo hhayi kuphela ezwekazini, kodwa futhi kulezi ziqhingi. ukwakhiwa abathandwayo futhi eyingqayizivele Hainan Island. Ujantshi kule sendawo kuyinto indandatho okuyinto ezinqumela ihlukaniswe empumalanga nasentshonalanga neengcezu. Ubude ring 308 km. ukwakhiwa kwalo engxenyeni esentshonalanga yalesi siqhingi senzeka nenkathi enzima ka-iMpi Yezwe II. Yakhiwa izingxenye. Ekugcineni, umsebenzi kuyobe kuphelile ngo-2004. Ngo 2006-2007, liye olwesimanje, futhi manje ukhonza izitimela ukuba ngesivinini amandla 120-160 km / h. Ngo-2007 kukhona uxhumano ujantshi esiqhingini oya ezwekazini usebenzisa isikebhe.

Ukwakhiwa emgqeni in the ingxenye esempumalanga yalesi siqhingi waqala ngasekupheleni kuka-2007, saphela ngo-2010, futhi ngawo lowo nyaka, ingxenye ring yesibili isifakwe ku msebenzi.

Izici Chinese Railways

EChina, kukhona mode ekhethekile ukufinyelela endaweni yesikhulumi. Hamba ukuqeqesha kuphela ngesikhathi kuhanjiswa yayo. Eziteshini, okuyinto ludlulele ngaphandle kokuma, kungabonakala nasemkhakheni ukukhonza esiteshini kuphela.

EChina, abampofu ezokuthutha izixhumanisi ngalo namazwe angomakhelwane. Naphezu kweqiniso lokuthi kukhona endleleni ngokusebenzisa kanye nengqalasizinda olukhona, ujantshi kusukela China ivaliwe emngceleni Kufanele ugudluke ngezinyawo.

Ukuthenga ithikithi esitimeleni futhi has izici zayo siqu. Wonke amathikithi athengiswe e China kuphela khona omazisi. ithikithi izwe lezivakashi kungenziwa kuphela uthenge ehhovisi ibhokisi. Uma uthenga umshini udinga Chinese ID-ikhadi.

Kukhona cishe akukho somhambi traffic.

iziteshi sesitimela emadolobheni

IsiShayina zezitimela abe izakhiwo ejwayelekile kanye efana nomunye. Okukhishwayo kuphela kukhona ezisekelweni ubudala emadolobheni amancane noma emadolobheni nge esidlule zomlando.

Iziteshi okusha eyakhelwe ikakhulu emaphethelweni esigodi. Ekhona besitimela adluliselwe kusukela maphakathi izakhiwo ezindala kudilizwe noma ibhekane umsebenzi wokuvuselela izakhiwo. Iziteshi Chinese kungafaniswa sezindiza - zingabantu elikhulu, ifakwe ingqalasizinda futhi Ziningi amazinga.

EChina, akunakwenzeka ukuya esiteshini sesitimela ngaphandle ithikithi, kuphela wemboni ezinye yako ilinganiselwe kakhulu. Kodwa lo jantshi iziteshi ubudala emsamo ngaphambi abavakashayo pass kungaba, le njongo ehhovisi kudingeka ithikithi ekhethekile. Inikeza ngakwesokudla ukuze uhlale emsamo, kodwa hhayi umhlaba isitimela.

Russia-China

Kuvuleke indlela IChina ngokomlando exhunywe ne Russia. Ngo-1897 izingane zaqala ukwakhiwa amaShayina Eastern sesitimela (Cer), okuyinto egatsheni oseningizimu the sesitimela Trans-Siberian. Esikhathini kusuka 1917 kuya ku-1950, ngenxa yezenzo bezempi nabezombusazwe enye ukuphangwa, wayiswa China futhi ababange besaba khona. Lokhu kwenzeka ngo-1952. Kunalokho, kwabonakala kumephu emhlabeni Chinese Changchun sesitimela.

Esikhathini esizayo esiseduze ujantshi China-Russia ukuthola udumo. Le phrojekthi ye-Eurasia ngesivinini ephasishi ezokwenza ukuxhuma Beijing naseMoscow. Izindlela izobanjelwa ensimini ka Kazakhstan, nalapho ehamba kubo kuzothatha izinsuku ezimbili.