Cell umsoco futhi ukukhula. Izindlela cell umsoco

Ngokusho ucwaningo ekuseni emkhakheni wezempilo, igama elithi "ingqamuzana ukudla" kubonakala ngomqondo lasekuqaleni. Lathi ke edingekayo ukuze umuntu asinde. Mol, ophilayo ukusoka kuyadingeka ubuningi ubuncane izakhi kumelwe abe khona kuwo ukudla ukuze kuvinjelwe ukubukeka izimo iphutha ngaphandle ebonakalayo noma sobala. Kuleli zwe lanamuhla, sibonga nobuchwepheshe obuphambili bezokuphepha kanye nekhono ukubona ngaphakathi emzimbeni, ungabona kanjani izakhi uthole esitokisini, yini ezinye izinqubo ezenzeka lapho. Kubalulekile ukuthi lo mbono omusha kuyasisiza sibone ukuthi kungani ukuntuleka ezibalulekile izingxenye ukudla kungaholela yamandla aphansi, ukuguga ngaphambi kwesikhathi noma ukugula.

Kuyini yeseli?

Amaseli - iyona eyisisekelo yokuphila, kusukela lapho bonke izicubu kanye izitho. Lezi zingxenye amancane ngokuqhubekayo bathi bangezwa lokho bahlabelela nomunye ekuphenduleni amasignali ahlukahlukene. Nutrition lamaseli umzimba kubalulekile, ngoba uma ukusebenza kwabo ngeke kwenziwe ngempumelelo, kungaholela ukwehla izinkomba jikelele ngokomzimba lesi sifo.

Omunye wemisebenzi eminingi kubalulekile ukuthi amaseli enze ekuphileni kwansuku zonke - ekulondolozweni DNA ekulimaleni. Ngaphezu kwalokho, zinikeza wonke umzimba amandla. DNA elondolozwe ku ekujuleni kwenhliziyo. Ziningi izindlela ukuyigcina iphephile. Nokho, ucwaningo luye lwabonisa ukuthi ukungondleki amaseli ngokuqukethwe ongaphakeme Antioxidants nezinye phytonutrients ngokuhlanganyela imithelela kwezemvelo ubuthi ezifana imithi yokubulala izinambuzane kungabangela ukulimala DNA. Lokhu umonakalo, eyaziwa ngokuthi kuguquka, kungathinta ikhono kute kukhicitwe emandla. Ngaphezu kwalokho, wenza ukubukeka ukuvuvukala kwezicubu, ukuguga kwabo ngaphambi kwesikhathi.

Indima okunomsoco nokuphila iseli

Umuntu omdala isilinganiso mangqamuzana angaba 30 trillion. Ngaphezu kwalokho, usuku ngalunye izinkulungwane amayunithi ezintsha ziphindaphindwe kusukela ubudala, ezigugile noma ezilimele. Amandla amaseli - inqubo yokunikeza izinto zokusetshenziswa okunomsoco ukuze udale entsha futhi silondoloze amayunithi ubudala. Ngaphezu kwalokho, ezinye izakhi avikelekile umonakalo futhi anikeze umzimba ne amandla adingekayo. Naphezu kweqiniso lokuthi amaseli kwezicubu ehlukahlukene izitho zingase ijamo, ubungako, izakhiwo, ziqukethe izingxenye ezifanayo ukuthi enze imisebenzi ethile.

Amandla kanye cell ulwelwesi

Igobolondo ukuthi ufingqa iseli, okuthiwa ulwelwesi cell. It ukhonza njengelungu umngcele kwesakhiwo, okuyinto evimbela okuqukethwe kwangaphakathi kusukela ukuphazamiseka bangaphandle ingress ejenti engadingeki. Ngesikhathi esifanayo, lo igobolondo ukhonza njengomdala isihlungi semipermeable nokunikeza iseli inqubo umsebenzi ukudla. Ngalo ingaqukatha izakhi kanye imfucuza, kunalokho, asuswe umzimba. Konke lokhu kunomthelela zokuxhumana intercellular kanye nokudidiyela yonke imisebenzi bokuphila emzimbeni.

Ulwelwesi siqukethe ngokuyisisekelo kwamafutha, okuyinto, ngokuba zingaxazululeki emanzini, ukwakha isithiyo yemvelo obumba umngcele futhi isakhiwo. The main umsebenzi lipids ukudala ifomu nokuzinza kwesakhiwo. Enye ingxenye ebalulekile ngamaphrotheni. Zinikeza zokuxhumana futhi yindlela lokunamathelisa. Ngokwesibonelo, ithambo amaseli babiza ithambo ngu namaprotheni cell ulwelwesi. Isici esibalulekile futhi mkhosi zabo ngenkathi ethatha nomsoco kanye imfucuza excretion.

Umsebenzi oyinhloko ulwelwesi cell

Amaseli amabhlogo wokwakha kuzo zonke izakhiwo ngokomzimba. Konke emzimbeni - kusukela izinwele ekhanda phansi izinzipho neminwe, kanye isikhumba, igazi, izitho namathambo - yakhiwa amaseli. ngaphakathi kwezindonga zabo, ngokuthi ulwelwesi cell, ufana inqaba kocingo ezibheke izakhi futhi ibenze into engalimaza. Nakuba bayehluka (ngokungafani igazi emsipheni, ithambo zihluke imisipha, njll), zonke zibe isakhiwo esiyisisekelo futhi edinga inqubo eyayibaluleke kakhulu ezifana amaseli amandla. Kuyinto umthombo oyinhloko wamandla nangamandla.

Cell umsoco futhi ukukhiqizwa energy: mitochondria

I ulwelwesi cell ozungezayo iseli njengesikhumba ukumboza umzimba. Ngendlela efanayo njengoba ezicutshini zomzimba futhi zitho ekufezeni imisebenzi ethile, futhi ingqamuzana ngalinye has izinguqulo ayo amancane kubo. Ziyakwazi ngokuthi organelles. Ezinye organelle ezibaluleke kakhulu obhekene ukukhiqizwa energy kusuka izakhi, kukhona mitochondria. Emzimbeni, eziningi zazo.

iseli ngasinye siqukethe abangamakhulu amaningana ukuze engaphezu kwemibili izinkulungwane mitochondria, kuye zabo izidingo energy. Ngokwesibonelo, emangqamuzaneni inhliziyo futhi imisipha yohlaka, okuyinto abe eliphezulu kakhulu energy imfuneko ukuze silondoloze ukunyakaza njalo phakathi nomzimba, babe-40% endaweni yayo elalihlala lezi zokwakheka. Umzimba womuntu isilinganiso liba namaphuzu angaphezu kwelilodwa quadrillion izingxenye efana. Ngokungafani yangaphandle cell ulwelwesi, mitochondrion ngamunye has amagobolondo amabili: kwangaphakathi futhi yangaphandle. Eyokuqala siqukethe 75% amaprotheni - lungaphezu ngaphezu kwanoma yimuphi omunye cell umngcele. Lezi amaprotheni kukhona eziyingxenye yochungechunge electron ezokuthutha kanye nendima ebalulekile e isizukulwane ATP.

Kushiwo ngamuphi umqondo ukuthi inqubo supply emangqamuzaneni?

Unicellular kumiswa organelles nazo ezifana nalezo ezitholakala eziphilayo eziyinkimbinkimbi. Ziyakwazi ezidingekile kokuphothula izinqubo eziningi ekuphileni. Central ukulawula umsebenzi ngqo okuhlobene iseli core, okuyinto has a DNA eliqondisa synthesis namaprotheni engqamuzana. Mitochondria banesibopho inqubo weseli kwezimila nokuguqulwa glucose amandla. Ribosomes ukuqinisekisa ukusebenza iziteshi lwezokuthutha i reticulum endoplasmic. I ulwelwesi cell kuyinto ngokukhetha ulawula ukunyakaza izinto.

Ukudla okunomsoco udlala indima ebalulekile ukululaza izinto eziyingozi futhi ekulondolozeni impilo emangqamuzaneni, njengoba kunikeza umsoco amaseli, okuyizindawo ngemabhuloki ekwakha ukuvikela imisebenzi ebalulekile. Ngokwesibonelo, ukukhiqizwa energy. Izici amandla amaseli axhunyiwe nge umsebenzi ngamunye izingxenye zalo. amaprotheni zokudla ke ihlukaniswe ibe ama-amino acid, bese uphinda kwemiqondo ku izinto ezintsha efanayo. Ezinye amino acid nazo asetshenziswa womshini okuwuphawu amakhemikhali njengama-hormone. Labo, esikhundleni salokho, ziyingxenye ebalulekile yokukhulumisana intercellular. Ukunikeza umzimba izakhi ngokwanele kubalulekile kungasiza silondoloze isakhiwo efanele ulwelwesi.

Kahle umsoco yeselula

Inqubo ebalulekile sithinta umsebenzi yeselula - ukudla. Kufanele kuthathe indawo izimo elikhulu. Kulokhu, isisekelo nempilo enhle konke kuyizifiso ulwelwesi cell. Vele kufana nokwakha indlu ayikwazi wacabanga ngaphandle, bebeka isisekelo esiqinile, futhi unempilo, umzimba kahle kufanele ibe isisekelo esiqinile. inqubo nokwenziwa ngokuthi izakhi mncane ukungena cell ngokwayo ngokusebenzisa ulwelwesi, okuyinto operation elilungile kufanele kube ephilile, soft futhi nivumelane nezimo.

Uyini umuntu ukuba nithuthukise iseli lokudla? Imisebenzi Ebalulekile inhlangano ngayinye iqala ukudla okunempilo imikhiqizo organic. Akuvamile kwenzeka ukuthi ekudleni evamile yansuku zonke kuhlanganisa nezinto ezidingekayo kuphela futhi nenani lapho kuyadingeka ngempela. Lapho ungenza okuhle izinga umsebenzi lwezakhamzimba ukuthi kungakhuphula amandla iseli ezingeni kuze kube seqophelweni elikhulu.

ukuphila izinqubo Eziyisikhombisa

Iseli ngalinye enezinto eziningi imisebenzi abathola isahlulelo:

• Lokuzaliswa. Ukuzala - ingenye ezibaluleke kakhulu ekuphileni izinqubo.
• Movement. Iseli kumele kube ngezinhlamvu ezihlelwa ngesandla. Uhlala esimweni ukushintsha ukwakheka kwalo.
• Umzimba - inqubo eziyisisekelo engokwesayensi ukulondolozwa, okubandakanya izinqubo catabolic futhi Anabolic.
• Breathing - odala uthola amandla ngenxa yezinqubo umzimba, cell ayanda kanti okuthiwa yesondlo.

• Amandla. Ukudla kungenziwa ngezindlela ezahlukene kuye ngokuthi noma ngabe umzimba unicellular noma amaningi.
• Homeostasis - esimweni yakhoibrium ashukumisayo umzimba kusuka imvelo yayo esebenzisa okungenani eyodwa izinzwa ezinhlanu.
• Ukwabiwa - ukususa imfucumfucu.

Izindlela supply eziphilayo ezihlukahlukene

Amandla kuyadingeka ukuze zithole amandla futhi ukukhula. Zonke izidalwa eziphilayo emhlabeni beswele ukudla. Kodwa umzimba izindlela zabo amaseli umsoco zingahluka. Izitshalo bayakwazi ukudala ukudla yabo ngenqubo ye-photosynthesis. Basebenzisa kwelanga ukuguqula molecule elula-carbon dioxide futhi amanzi ku carbohydrate eziyinkimbinkimbi. Izilwane, esikhundleni salokho, kufanele bazibonele ngezithukuthuku nezinye izilwane noma izitshalo. Kulokhu, inqubo sishintshile. izinto eziyinkimbinkimbi ayahlaselwa encane, elula, amangqamuzana omoya encibilikayo, okungase isetshenziselwe amandla nokukhula.

Umzimba womuntu yakhiwa izigidigidi emabhuloki ekwakha ezincane, ngasinye ngandlela-thile kudinga iqhaza izinqubo ezibalulekile: emishinini yokuphefumula, ukukhiqizwa energy, ukunyakaza, ukugaya, ngokuhlukana, imifanekiso, kanye nabanye. Amaseli zifana emizimbeni miniature, ngalinye elikwazi lizungezwe emgodleni zokuzivikela. Ngezinye izikhathi kuyenzeka ukuthi amandla cell ukukhula kusuka kube nzima kakhulu. Lokhu kwenzeka ngoba ukuguquguquka nokwenziwa izinto noma imfucuza. Kulokhu, iseli iba ezinobuthi futhi kungaba ingozi emzimbeni, hhayi sivumele yona kahle.