Archaisms, historicism, neologisms: definition, izibonelo ukusetshenziswa isiRashiya

Ulimi IsiRashiya sinamagama silulumagama yekwentiwa. Eyokuqala linamagama, ngamunye wethu isebenzisa cishe nsuku zonke, iqembu lesibili kuyaqabukela lisetshenziswe inkulumo izwi. Lokhu kuhlanganisa archaisms, historicism, neologisms. uphenyo yabo senzeka "kwesilulumagama nekusetjentiswa lexicology."

silulumagama yekwentiwa

I nesilulumagama selulwimi Russian ku amazwi ayizigidigidi ezingokoqobo. Izazi zolimi uhlukanise wonke amazwi isiRashiya kwaba ngamaqembu amabili - silulumagama yekwentiwa.

Ukuze nesilulumagama lesilinganiselwa kuhlanganisa amagama ajwayelekile kumuntu noma liyabonakala kubo, kodwa kuyaqabukela asetshenziswa. Nansi archaisms elingalodwa, historicism, neologisms.

Ukuze silulumagama asebenzayo ngamazwi sisebenzisa kaningi. Lezi zihlanganisa umfelandawonye nezabizwana, amagama ngawo sisho kwezwe elisizungezile. Lona igama ifenisha, izingubo zokugqoka, ukudla, amazwi okuchaza ubudlelwano, imisebenzi, izihloko, neminye imizwelo eziningi.

umuntu ngamunye silulumagama yekwentiwa kuyinto ngabanye futhi kuncike ubudala, nendawo yokuhlala, umsebenzi okhokhelwayo. Phakathi naso sonke isikhathi ekuphileni kwethu siyashintsha ivolumu yayo noma isiqondiso, kuncike ezicini eziningana.

nesilulumagama lesilinganiselwa

Ukuze nesilulumagama lesilinganiselwa amagama yisikhathi futhi entsha.

Phakathi amazwi esiphelelwe ukuhlukanisa izingxenye ezimbili ezibalulekile: archaisms futhi historicism. On kubo kuzoxoxwa kwasekuqaleni, ngokucabangela incazelo yegama elithi imisebenzi ukuthi enze archaisms futhi historicism, izibonelo amagama ajwayelekile.

Sekusetshenziswa amagama amasha akha ingxenye encane ohlangothini yokwenziwa kolimi kanye abizwa ngokuthi neologisms. Ngokulandelayo, sizohlola izincazelo kanye izimbangela yokukhuluma.

archaisms

Ukuqala ukuqaqa amazwi esiphelelwe - archaisms futhi historicism. Archaisms - amazwi yisikhathi, okwamanje disused. Leli yigama elidala noma amagama lezinto yesimanje. Ngokuvamile ukuza esikhundleni archaisms Ngamanye amazwi ekhuluma imiqondo efanayo futhi izinto izwi yisikhathi. Bobabili babe okulingana yesimanje, ngamanye amazwi, izwi elifanayo.

Kuye indlela imfundo, kukhona archaisms:

1. Lucebe, okuyinto kwathathelwa indawo amazwi babe izimpande ezahlukene. La mazwi aziqondakali ngaphandle kokwazi ukuhunyushwa noma ukubaluleka yasekuqaleni. Lezi zihlanganisa amazwi anjengokuthi umlomo - izindebe, umunwe - umunwe, umhumushi - umhumushi.
2. Lucebe-kwemagama. Kulesi simo, zakudala futhi inguqulo yesimanje impande efanayo, kodwa kuhluke izwi-kumiswa morphemes. Ngokwesibonelo, umuntu omjwayele ufihlile - omjwayele, abadobi - umdobi.
3. Lucebe futhi ifonotiki - sihluke nothayi banamuhla design ifonotiki. Ngokwesibonelo, imbongi - imbongi gistoriya - umlando, cipher - inombolo.
4. Lucebe-semantic. Lokhu kuhlanganisa archaisms isaba isebenze ngolimi, kuyilapho incazelo ehlukile. Ngokwesibonelo, ihlazo izwi ngaphambilini kwakusho umbukwane namuhla - namahloni noma ihlazo.

Ekupheleni kwalesi sihloko sizobe sesibheka indima archaisms e isiRashiya, ikakhulukazi izincwadi. Archaisms ezilotshwe izichazamazwi kwaphawula "akusebenzi".

historicism

Historicism ngokuthi amazwi asetshenziswa ukuthi asho emagama kanye netintfo ezazikhona ngaphambili, kodwa wanyamalala ezimpilweni zethu. Historicism, izibonelo zazo sihlangana njalo kakhulu izincwadi - iphoyisa, umphathi wesiteshi, Pud, nokuningi. Lezi imiqondo siyasebenza namuhla nasezincwadini zomlando kanye zemihla, izincwadi ezindala kanye namaphephandaba.

Ngu historicism amagama lokho kusho indlela umphakathi wokuphila, igama izikhungo, izikhulu kanye nezikhundla, ezinhlwini lempi, izinto nezikhali, amayunithi ubudala, lwemali, futhi izinto zasekhaya. Ngokwesibonelo: yokucima ukoma, ijazi, Mace, hit jackpot, i-Lackey, umphathidolobha, umdubuli kambayimbayi.

Kubalulekile wazi ukuthi historicism akuzona omqondofana. Kubalulekile kakhulu ukukhumbula, njengoba ingenye kuyizimpawu historicism.

Igama-historicism nakho ezenziwe izichazamazwi ngalo Umake "akusebenzi", ngaphansi "ist". Futhi iyatholakala ku ahlukahlukene izichazamazwi historicism, lapho ungabona hhayi kuphela incazelo yegama elithi, kodwa futhi simazi kangcono isithombe into okumele umqondo.

Historicism futhi archaisms: umehluko ngokuya

Kaningi abafundi nabafundi, futhi nje nabantu abangasithandi ezihlobene kolimi, nawu umbuzo: lokho archaisms sihluke historicism? Umehluko omkhulu uwukuthi zakudala - isiqu akusebenzi bento noma umqondo wokuthi isekhona ezimpilweni zethu. Historicism libhekisela imiqondo izinto made akusebenzi.

Njengoba sekushiwo, omunye lolwehlukanisa - archaisms kukhona omqondofana, historicism - akukho. Ngokusekelwe kulezi zici ezimbili ehlukile, ungakwazi kalula ukuthola isigaba igama elithile yisikhathi.

neologisms

Neologisms - amagama avele ngenxa yezinguquko ezintsha noma imiqondo. Esikhathini esithile igama kuyinto neologism, kamuva kuba obscheupotreblyaemym bese engena silulumagama asebenzayo limi.

Neologisms kungaba kokubili uvuke nokuthuthukisa ithekhnoloji, futhi ukuphuma abalobi esibayeni. Ngakho, umlobi ukuthini amazwi athi "ukuthatha isihlalo emuva" kwaba F. M. Dostoevsky, futhi igama elithi "umkhakha" olwaqala ngo nesilulumagama N. M. Karamzin. Ngesisekelo lokhu kukhululwa copyright kanye neologisms ulimi ezivamile.

Ezinkathini ezahlukene neologisms amagama ezifana imoto, i-rocket, i-laptop, i-imeyili kanye nabanye abaningi. Lapho ukusetshenziswa neologisms ifinyelela isiqongo sayo kanye nencazelo yabo iba sobala kubo bonke abantu, amezwi layo ngokuzenzakalela ukuya obscheupotreblyaemyh isigaba.

Uma historicism futhi archaisms ezilotshwe isichazamazwi nge uphawu okhethekile, neologisms faka izichazamazwi kuphela ngemva ingxenye isitokwe asebenzayo kohlelo ulimi. Nokho, eminyakeni yamuva nje sebeqala ukukhipha izichazamazwi olukhethekile neologisms.

izimbangela

Thina ezibhekwa archaisms, historicism, neologisms. Manje amagama ambalwa mayelana nezizathu nesenzakalo yabo.

Izizathu ukwedlulela amagama asebenzayo kuya nesilulumagama lesilinganiselwa is akukaqondwa ngokuningiliziwe. Futhi uma historicism ucishe kuyaqondakala, ngoba emva ukunyamalala nomqondo zimise izwi lakhe ingena nesilinganiso yokwenziwa, kusukela archaisms kuba eliyinkimbinkimbi kakhulu.

Ngokuvamile kubhekiselwa kuye ngokuthi izimbangela ezilandelayo archaisms: izmenija zenhlalo, izici ezihlukahlukene zamasiko, ezahlukene izizathu kwetilwimi - ithonya nezinye izilimi, zokuxhumana yesitayela kabusha ulimi.

Isizathu esiyinhloko salokhu ukuvela neologisms zihlanganisa:

- izmenemeniya ahlukahlukene ekuphileni;

- entuthukweni yezobuchwepheshe, okungukuthi, ukubukeka entsha izinto, imiqondo kanye izenzakalo.

Namuhla, neologisms kakhulu ehlangene ukuthuthukiswa computer science nekhompyutha zobunjiniyela.

Inani wesitayela

A amazwi ambalwa mayelana indima wesitayela kwamagama nesilulumagama lesilinganiselwa ku-isiRashiya. Elivame ukusetshenziswa kakhulu amasethi wedatha amagama izincwadi.

Ngakho, ukusetshenziswa archaisms kuyasiza kabusha ngokunembe kakhudlwana umbhali echazwe inkathi elinesimo uhlamvu ngosizo ngenkulumo yakhe. Ngokuqinisekile uke waphawula ukuthi inkulumo ezinye izinhlamvu obusa silulumagama, isibonelo zanamuhla, enkulumweni enye - enye, akusebenzi noma ulimi lwesigodi. Ngakho, umlobi udonsa portrait ngokwengqondo nezenhlalo uhlamvu.

Sebenzisa nabo inkulumo olusankondlo ukunikeza onesizotha ngaphezulu, sublime Umbala umkhiqizo. I archaisms ukubhinqa asetshenziselwa ukwakha nomphumela yamahlaya noma satirical, enika twist.

Ukutadisha esikoleni

Ingxenye archaisms, historicism, neologisms kufundvwe esikoleni ngesikhathi eemfundweni isiRashiya nezincwadi. Ngokuvamile, ujwayele isigaba izwi livela emabangeni lesihlanu kuya kweleshumi kulolu cwaningo Radel "Lexicology". Abafundi bafunda ukuhlukanisa amagama futhi ngibathole emibhalweni ezihlukahlukene. Ngaphezu kwalokho, ukutadisha zabuna, sibhekene emagama langakatayeleki kithi, baye kudala aphume ukusetshenziswa, ukujwayelana nencazelo yawo, imvelaphi.

Ukutadisha eNyuvesi

A isingeniso eminingi silulumagama yekwentiwa of isiRashiya liqala amanyuvesi ekuhloleni "Lexicology" sigaba. Ngokuvamile lokhu unyaka wesibili e-Faculty of kolimi. Abafundi bafundiswa ukuthi archaisms sihluke historicism, kanjani futhi kuphi ungathola incazelo yalezi mazwi, kanjani ukuze uhlukanise kubo ngokuvumelana imvelaphi yabo, kutfola umsebenti amavesi athile.

Abafundi ungenza amagama abo, ufunde ukuthola nesilulumagama lesilinganiselwa ku imibhalo futhi esikhundleni salo, ukuhlaziya umsuka neologisms, izizathu ukunyamalala amagama asebenzayo abezindaba izinto isiRashiya etemibhalo.

okutholakele

Ngo nesilulumagama lesilinganiselwa ku-isiRashiya siqukethe amaqembu elandelayo amathokheni: archaisms - amagama ephelelwe yisikhathi amazwi kanye imiqondo, historicism - amagama lezinto kanye izenzakalo, basuka izinto zethu, neologisms - amazwi asetshenziswa ukuchaza imiqondo emisha.

amazwi esiphelelwe asetshenziswa izincwadi nangabe ubhala ematheksthi zomlando lokuphinda umoya isikhathi ezichazwe umkhiqizo.