Anna Akhmatova: ukuphila nomsebenzi. Akhmatova: izindikimba eyinhloko lokusungula

Anna Akhmatova, umsebenzi okuphila futhi sizobe ukwethula kini - yigama ngepeni esayine izinkondlo zakhe AA Gorenko. Lo mbhali wezinkondlo wazalwa ngo-1889, 11 (23) ka-June, eduze Odessa. ngokushesha umkhaya wakubo wathuthela Tsarskoye Selo, lapho kufika eminyakeni engu-16 wahlala Akhmatova. Creation (kafushane) lokhu imbongi izokwethulwa ngemva biography. Okokuqala bajwayelane ukuphila Anny Gorenko.

eminyakeni yokuqala

Eminyakeni yokuqala kwakungewona kamnandi ngoba Anny Andreevny. Abazali bakhe base behlukana ngo-1905. Umama uphuthunyiswe ukuba Yevpatoria namadodakazi abaphethwe isifo sofuba. Lapha okokuqala ebhekene impilo yangaphandle sina dirtiest amadolobha "intombazane zasendle". Godu waqalana uthando idrama, yazama ukuzibulala.

Ezemfundo ekhatsi Kiev nezindawo zokuvivinya umzimba Tsarskoselskaya

intsha Ekuseni ngalolo imbongi waklonyeliswa izifundo ekhatsi Kiev futhi Tsarskoselskaya zokuzivocavoca. Ikilasi lokugcina eKiev. Ngemva kwalokho, imbongi esizayo watadisha umthetho ekhatsi Kiev, futhi kolimi ngesikhathi Petersburg, ku-University yabesifazane. Ekhatsi Kiev, wasifunda Latin, esangenza kamuva ukufunda ulimi Italian ngokukhululekile, ukufunda Dante yokuqala. Kodwa Akhmatova izikhonzi zomthetho engasenandaba ngokushesha, ngakho waya Petersburg baqhubeka ukuqeqeshwa ku izifundo bomlando nokulotshwa kwalo.

izinkondlo Okokuqala nokushicilela

Amavesi okuqala ukuthi namanje nomthelela obonakalayo Derzhavin, eyabhalwa intombazanyana yesikole encane Gorenko lapho eseneminyaka engu-11 nje kuphela ubudala. Ngo-1907 kwabonakala sengathi emphakathini kokuqala.

Ngo-1910, kusukela kakhulu ukuqala kwazo, Akhmatova njalo iqala ukunyatheliswa ngo eMoscow Petersburg namajenali. Once wadala "Izimbongi Shop" (1911), inhlangano tetemibhalo, yena wenza-ke imisebenzi kaNobhala.

Umshado, evakashele eYurophu

Akhmatova esikhathini kusuka 1910 kuya ku-1918 yashada NS Gumilyov, eyaziwa imbongi Russian. Naye wayekade ehlangane ngenkathi ngisafunda Tsarskoye Selo esikoleni. Ngemva kwalokho Akhmatova wenza uhambo Paris eminyakeni 1910-1912, lapho ube ngumngani Amedeo Modigliani, umculi Italy owadala portrait wakhe. Futhi, ngesikhathi esifanayo, wamvakashela Italy.

Ukubukeka Akhmatova

Nikolay Gumilev owethulwa umkayo imvelo etemibhalo kwezobuciko, lapho igama usezuze ukubaluleka zalo zokuqala. Akukhona nje ngendlela esankondlo Anny Andreevny kwaduma, kodwa futhi ukubonakala kwawo. Akhmatova washaya abantu besikhathi ubukhulu obubabazekayo, Regal. Wanikeza amathokheni indlovukazi. buka Ngaphandle imbongi ephefumulelwe Modigliani hhayi kuphela, kodwa futhi ngabaculi ezifana K. Petrov-Vodkin, A. Altman, Z. Serebryakov, A. Tyshler, N. Tyrsa A. Danko (ngezansi siveza umsebenzi Petrov-Vodkin) .

Iqoqo lokuqala izinkondlo, futhi nje kokuzalwa kwendodana

Ngo-1912,-mlando imbongi, kwenzeka empilweni yakhe, izenzakalo ezimbili ezibalulekile. Kushicilelwe iqoqo lokuqala izinkondlo Anny Andreevny ngokuthi "Kusihlwa", okuyinto kwasho umsebenzi wakhe. Akhmatova futhi wazala indodana, isazi-mlando zesikhathi esizayo, Gumilyov Lev Nikolaevich - isenzakalo esibalulekile ekuphileni kwakhe siqu.

Afakwe iqoqo lokuqala izinkondlo yizithombe plastic elisetshenziswa kubo zicacile kokuqanjiwe. Sawacindzetela baxgeki Russian bathi izinkondlo, a talent entsha. Nakuba "othisha" bayizingcweti ezifana Akhmatova Symbolist njengoba Blok futhi I. F. Annensky, izinkondlo zakhe kwathathwa kusukela ekuqaleni njengoba Acmeist. Empeleni, kanye O. E. Mandelshtamom futhi N. S. Gumilevym imbongi ngasekuqaleni 1910, kwaba umnyombo lokhu kwenzeka ngesikhathi of Umkhuba omusha izinkondlo.

Ngakusasa amaqoqo amabili, isinqumo ukuze uhlale e-Russia

Ngalandela iqoqo lokuqala futhi incwadi yesibili ubizwa ngokuthi "Rosary" (1914), futhi ngemva kweminyaka emithathu, ngo-September 1917, kwaba iqoqo "White Emhlambini ', eyesithathu emsebenzini wakhe. Ngo-October wangonyaka Revolution ayizange ophoqelelwe imbongi yathuthela, nakuba ngalesi sikhathi, kwaqala ukuthuthela kwelinye izwe mass. Russia ishiywe enye ngemva kwenye abantu abaseduze Akhmatova: A. Lurie, Antrep B. futhi O. Glebova-Studeykina, umngane wakhe bobusha. Nokho, imbongi banquma ukuhlala e-"abanesono" futhi "abayizithulu" Russia. A umuzwa wokuba nomthwalo wemfanelo ezweni lakhe, obophe, ezweni isiRashiya, kuye kwashukumisela Annu Andreevnu ungene inkhulumomphendvulwano ke baye banquma ukushiya. Kwaphela iminyaka eminingi, ngalabo ababeshiye Russia, baqhubeka kanjani ukuzithethelela ukuthuthela kwelinye izwe lakhe Akhmatova. Ngalo phikisana, ngokukhethekile, R. Hull ephendukela Anne Andreevne B. Franck futhi G. Adamovich.

isikhathi esinzima Anny Andreevny Ahmatovoy

Ngaleso sikhathi, ukuphila kwakhe kwashintsha kakhulu, khomba indalo yayo. Akhmatova kwakuyimi owayesebenza umtapo e-Institute Namahlathi, in the 1920 zakuqala ephethwe ukushicilela amaqoqo amabili izinkondlo. Lawa kwakungamadodana "ukhova", eyakhululwa ngo-1921, futhi "Anno Domini" (ukuhumusha - "Ngonyaka iNkosi", eyakhululwa ngo-1922). Iminyaka 18 ngemva kwalokho cindezela awavelanga okusebenza. ngezizathu ezihlukahlukene kulesi iyaqhubeka: kulolu hlangothi, lokhu ngokudubula NS Gumilyov, owayengumyeni wakhe, owayebizwa abasolwa ngokuba nesandla ugobe inguquko; ngakolunye - ukwenqaba lokusungula imbongi ukugxekwa Soviet. Akhmatova eziningi ngesikhathi kuthulwa iphoqelelwe eyingoduso emsebenzini Aleksandra Sergeevicha Pushkina.

Seen Optina

Ukushintsha "izwi" yakho futhi "wesandla" Akhmatova exhumene ne maphakathi 1920, nge ukuvakashelwa ngo-1922, ngo-May, Optina nezingxoxo ngompe uMdala. Mhlawumbe, le ngxoxo kakhulu kuthonywa imbongi. Akhmatova kwaba nokuzwelana komama nge A. Motovilov kuyinto imfundamakhwela zezwe Serafima Sarovskogo. Wathatha phansi izizukulwane lokuhlengwa umqondo lomhlatshelo.

umshado wesibili

Isiphetho Akhmatova ukwa wawubuye uhlotshaniswe ubuntu V Shileiko, owaba umyeni wakhe wesibili. Kwakuwusuku usosayensi-orientalist, owayehlangene isiko kula mazwe lasendulo ezifana eBhabhiloni, i-Asiriya, Egypt. ukuphila Siqu nale olungenakuzisiza ukuphila nesinyathelayo umuntu ayisebenzanga, kodwa usithonye isibaluli imbongi emsebenzini wakhe ukwanda agodliwe amanothi zefilosofi.

Life nemiSebenzi ngo-1940

Kwaqoqwa ngaphansi kwesihloko esithi "Ezincwadini eziyisithupha" izovela 1940. Wabuyela isikhathi esifushane ezincwadini zanamuhla isikhathi imbongi, Anna Akhmatova. Life and nomsebenzi wakhe ngalesi sikhathi kuba ngempela okukhulu. Akhmatova wathola eLeningrad I yiMpi Enkulu Yobuzwe. Ubethula bashiye lapho Tashkent. Nokho, ngo-1944 imbongi wabuyela Leningrad. Ngo-1946, ngaphansi ukugxekwa nokhahlo, yena waxoshwa Writers 'Union.

Buyela izincwadi Russian

Ngemva kwalesi senzakalo, kuleli shumi leminyaka ezayo ngemisebenzi wezinkondlo odumile ukuthi kuphela ngalesi sikhathi wahlanganyela translation etemibhalo Anna Akhmatova. Ukudala kombuso walo Soviet ngangingenasithakazelo. L. N. Gumilev, indodana yakhe, wayekhonza ngesikhathi isijeziso emakamu okufukuzwa kuwo njengeselelesi zezombusazwe. Buyela izincwadi Russian, izinkondlo Akhmatova kwenzeka kuphela engxenyeni yawo-1950 yesibili. Kusukela ngo-1958 amaqoqo amazwi imbongi yake ngiqala futhi ishicilelwe. Laqedwa ngo-1962, "Inkondlo Ngaphandle Hero," kakade kukhiqizwa iminyaka 22. Anna Akhmatova washona ngo-1966, ku-5 Mashi. Poet wangcwatshwa eduze Petersburg, e Komarovo. Grave linikezwa ngezansi.

Acmeism ngemisebenzi Akhmatova

Akhmatova, omsebenzi wakhe manje omunye kazwelonke izinkondlo eziqongweni, encwadini yakhe yokuqala izinkondlo kwakungekaNkulunkulu kamuva pretty cool, kuphela umugqa owodwa ngokukhetha kwaso: ". ... ukuthola umsindo odakiwe izwi ezifana nezakho" Nokho, Mikhail Kuzmin, isandulela sakhe kuleli qoqo saphela amazwi esisithola abasha, imbongi entsha, kokuba yonke idatha ukuze abe ngokoqobo. Buvezwa le Poetics ka "Ntambama" theory Uhlelo acmeism - mkhuba omusha izincwadi, evame ukuhlanganisa poetess Anna Akhmatova. Iveza ubuqambi amaningi izici isici lokhu kuthambekela.

Photo ehlinzekwe ngezansi kwenziwe ngo-1925.

Acmeism zavela yokusabela kuya Ukweqisa isitayela Symbolist. Ngokwesibonelo, isihloko esithi V M. Zhirmunskogo eyaziwa umhlaziyi tetemibhalo, ngomsebenzi abamele lo mkhuba kuthiwa ethiwa ngokulandelako: ". Zephule kufanekisa" Dalyam "imihlaba onsomi" ezingaqondakali futhi waqhathanisa ekuphileni kuleli zwe, "lapha futhi manje". Umbono wokuthi ukuziphatha kuyaxhomekeka kanye netinhlobo letehlukehlukene ubuKristu sithathelwe indawo entsha "amagugu idwala buqinile."

Isihloko uthando emsebenzini imbongi

Akhmatova wangena izincwadi kwekhulu lama-20, ikota walo wokuqala, ne-bendabuko indaba ephathwayo for World isosha esihlatshelelwayo - isihloko uthando. Nokho, isixazululo yayo imisebenzi imbongi ngokuyisisekelo entsha. izinkondlo Akhmatova sika kude isihawu izinkondlo isifazane, okwethulwa kwekhulu le-19 ngamagama ezifana Carolina Pavlová, Yulia Yulia Zhadovskaya, Mirra Lokhvitskaya. Bakude futhi kusukela "enhle", abstract lyricism nobuntu uthando izinkondlo we Symbolists. Ngalo mqondo, ke wathembela kakhulu Russian isosha temibhalo yephrozi netindzaba kwekhulu le-19, Akhmatova. Ukudala kwathiwa obungahluleki. O. E. Mandelshtam, isibonelo, wabhala ukuthi isosha esihlatshelelwayo waletha eyinkimbinkimbi kule noveli Russian kwekhulu le-19, Akhmatova. Indatshana phezu imisebenzi kungaba ukuqala nale mqondo.

"Ebusuku" Kwalethwa guises ezahlukene imizwa yokubonisana uthando, kodwa Heroine bezilokhu sinqatshiwe, ngidumele, ukuhlupheka. Chukovsky wabhala ngayo, ukuthi owokuqala ukuthola ukuthi akasithandi - a olusankondlo, kuba Akhmatova (indaba imisebenzi ke, "Akhmatova futhi Mayakovsky", wadala by the author efanayo, uye baba neqhaza elikhulu ukushushiswa yayo emavesini imbongi asishicilelwa). I uthando unrequited wabona umthombo lokusungula kunokuba aqalekise u. izingxenye ezintathu weqoqo abizwa ngokuthi, ngokulandelana, "Ngothando," "Ukukhohlisa" futhi "Muse". ubufazi Fragile nangobuciko ezihlanganiswe isosha Akhmatova nge ukwamukelwa kwakhe ngesibindi wokuhlupheka. Izinkondlo 46 kufakwe leli qoqo, cishe isigamu yayizimisele sokuvalelisa nokufa. Lena akukho ngozi. Esikhathini kusuka 1910 kuya 1912 imbongi possessed kratkodnevnosti umqondo, enomuzi presentiment sokufa. Ngo-1912, ababili odadewabo ebulawa isifo sofuba, ngakho-Anna Gorenko (Akhmatova, okuphila kwakhe kanye nomsebenzi sisuke sicabanga) wayekholelwa ukuthi zabulawa sisehlela wakhe. Nokho, aliboshiwe ngokungafani kuya Symbolists, ngokwahlukana ukufa nge imizwa yokuphelelwa yithemba, usizi. Lokhu isimo emenza isipiliyoni izwe lobuhle.

Zichazwe encwadini "Ubusuku" futhi ekugcineni wathatha ijamo wokuqala kule "OKUHLE", bese uthi "iphakethe White" izici ehlukile ye isitayela imbongi.

Izisusa kanembeza inkumbulo

Komlando kuyinto lyricism obuseduze kakhulu Anny Andreevny. Kakade "ecacile" futhi "kusihlwa" unesihloko esithi uthando, kukhona esinye isisusa ezimbili eziyinhloko - onembeza inkumbulo.

"Zikhathi kwesibhamu", okuyinto kwaphawulwa umlando yasekhaya (olwaqala ngo-1914, Okokuqala kweMpi Yezwe), kwaqondana nenkathi enzima ekuphileni kwezinceku imbongi. Yavula ngo-1915, isifo sofuba, umndeni nesifo sakhe utalwa naso.

"Pushkinizm" Akhmatova

Ngaphezu kwalokho sithuthukisa izisusa kanembeza imemori 'umhlambi White ", ngemva kwalokho-ke usebenza kuthiwa predominating. isitayela esankondlo imbongi kule minyaka 1915-1917 ivela. Bayanda wagxeka okukhulunywa uhlobo "pushkinizm" Akhmatova. Ingqikithi Its ukuphelela kwezobuciko, ukunemba yokukhuluma. Kuyaqapheleka futhi khona "citationality ungqimba" ngezinkulumo eziningi kubizwe namazwi avela kokubili besikhathi begodu ababengaphambi nge: O. E. Mandelshtamom, B. L. Pasternakom, AA Blok. Zonke ingcebo engokomoya yesikholwa isiko yezwe lethu esabangela Akhmatova, futhi yena kufanele wazizwa kwendlalifa yakhe.

lenkaba Isihloko emisebenzini Akhmatova sika, ezihlobene Revolution

Ayikwazanga kodwa kuthinte umsebenzi we izenzakalo ezimangalisayo ezenzeka kwempilo imbongi. Akhmatova, okuphila kwakhe kanye nomsebenzi abekade sikhathi esinzima ezweni lethu, wamukela Revolution-1917 ngonyaka njengoba kuyinhlekelele. Izwe ubudala, ngokombono wakhe, kwakungasekho. lenkaba Isihloko ngemisebenzi Akhmatova emelelwa, isibonelo, encwadini "Anno Domini". Isigaba esivula leli waphuma ngo-1922, ukuqoqwa ibizwa ngokuthi "Ngemva Zonke". epigraph umugqa wayiswa yonke le ncwadi "ngesikhathi leyo minyaka fabulous ..." F. I. Tyutcheva. Homeland ayisekho ngoba imbongi ...

Nokho Akhmatova revolution - liphinde payback ukuphila esedlule yesono, retribution. Ake Heroine lyrical futhi akwakhi uqobo okubi, unomuzwa wokuthi kuhileleke e iphutha jikelele, ngakho Akhmatova zilungele ukwabelana ingxenye nzima abantu babo. Homeland ngemisebenzi isibopho Akhmatova ukuba ahlenge ngokwakhe.

Ngisho isihloko sencwadi ihumusha ngokuthi "Ngonyaka iNkosi", lithi imbongi ubona njengoba intando kaNkulunkulu yobudala bakhe. + Ukusetshenziswa ukufana zomlando kanye motifs waseBhayibhelini iba ngenye yezindlela ukuqonda art ukuthi kwenzekani lapha eRussia. Basuke ngokuya asesebenzisa Akhmatova (isibonelo, inkondlo "Cleopatra," "Dante", "amavesi eBhayibheli").

Izosha le mbongi omkhulu, "Mina" ngalesi sikhathi kuba "thina". Akhmatova ukhuluma egameni "abaningi." Njalo ngehora, hhayi kuphela imbongi, kodwa futhi abantu besikhathi yayo, bekuyoba ukulungisiswa izwi imbongi.

Lawa izindikimba eyinhloko lokusungula Akhmatova, njengoba okuphakade, futhi kuba ejwayelekile inkathi yokuphila imbongi. Kuvame kuqhathaniswa nomunye - ne Marina Tsvetaeva. Zombili lezi namuhla izimiso izinkondlo isifazane. Nokho, akubona kuphela it has eziningi esifana ngazo, kodwa uhluke abaningi ezicini lokusungula Akhmatova futhi Tsvetaeva. Okubhaliwe ngale ndaba bavame ukubuza abafundi ukubhala. Eqinisweni, kuyathakazelisa ukuqagela kungani kuba cishe engenakwenzeka ukudida inkondlo ebhalwe Akhmatova, ngemisebenzi adalwe Tsvetaeva. Kodwa lokho kuwukuhlasela esinye isihloko ...