"Beka": An Analysis. "Beka": isifinyezo

"Beka" - i lesikhumbuzo esivelele izincwadi zasendulo, yabhalwa ngekhulu le-12. Ukufunda lokhu umsebenzi usenayo nethonya elihle kubantu, luvula khathizwe entsha ngabo.

"Beka." umlando imisebenzi

"Beka" kuyinto elotshwe ngobuciko, umsebenzi wadala eRussia lasendulo. Lo msebenzi yabhalwa eduze ekuqaleni kwekhulu weshumi nambili, futhi 1795 Satholwa Ukubala Alexei Ivanovich Musin-Pushkin. Ngo-1800, lanyatheliswa. I yokuqala "Amagama" unyamalale umlilo 1812, phakathi neMpi Patriotic Omkhulu, abantu Russian ngokumelene French.

Isifinyezo umkhiqizo

Ukuhlaziywa kwe-"Beka" kubonisa ukuthi umkhiqizo has a ukwakheka, kuba ejwayelekile ye Old Russian izincwadi okudaliwe. Ngo oyiyo kukhona buviyoviyo iningi, kanye ubhontshisi.

Buviyoviyo kuyinto ukubingelela abafundi umbhali, kanye umbono wombhali lembula okuncane mayelana izenzakalo azolibhubhisa ukuchaza. Umbhali ufuna ukutshela konke mayelana nomkhankaso Prince Igor sika kahle, ngaphandle kwendawo ebekelwe, ngaphandle kokuqagela ngokungadingekile. It ukhonza njengelungu isibonelo sokuba umlingisi odumile Bojan, oye njalo hhayi kuphela walandela epics lasendulo, kodwa futhi ngokusankondlo wahlabelela wezikhulu wesimanje.

Ukuhlaziywa kwe-"Beka" kafushane ebonisa ukuthi umbhali uchazele ikhomishana ngokutshalwa imingcele ngokulandelana kwazo zonke izenzakalo eyibhalela ngaleyo ndlela: ekhuluma ngokuphila Vladimira Svyatoslavicha Kiev, bese kancane kancane libe selichaza ukuphila Prince Igorya Svyatoslavicha.

Imisebenzi ngesakhiwo

amabutho Russian wathumela ukuba alwe no-Umphikisi esesabekayo - Polovtsy. Ngaphambi kokuqala umkhankaso ihlanganisa esibhakabhakeni ilanga, ukusitheka kwelanga kuqala. Zonke ezinye umhlali Rus lasendulo 'babethuka bese uqobo ngabe umelene amacebo akhe, kodwa Prince Igor akunjalo. Yena nebutho lakhe namanje iya phambili. Kwakuwusuku lokuqala Meyi 1185. Igor izinhloso isekela umfowabo, Vsevolod Bui Tour.

Ngemva kokudlula ezikhungweni kwenkathi ethile endleleni, uhlangana Igor Polovtsian ukuqamekela kwakhe. Isibalo sawo idlula kude isibalo sabantu Russian. Kodwa Russian namanje impi iqala.

Igor futhi Vsevolod Bui ukuvakasha babe anqobe empini yokuqala phezu Polovtsy. Kunalokho, bavumela uphumule. Kodwa kababoni noma unomuzwa wokuthi amabutho azo ngiligijimile ongaphakeme futhi inani lamasosha Polovtsian namanje idlula isibalo Russian ngokuphindaphindiwe. Ngosuku olulandelayo, amabutho Polovtsian ukuhlasela ibutho Russian futhi ukuyinqoba. amasosha amaningi Russian wabulala, Prince Igor is bathunjwa.

Kulo lonke izwe-Russian liyakhala sokwahlulela abafileyo, futhi Cumans, ukunqoba impi, ukunqoba. Ukunqoba Owayengamele ibutho Igor Polovtsian wenza kwaba nehlabathi eyomileko Russian ngamashwa amaningi. amasosha Abaningi babulawa futhi abanye a Cumans eminye baqhubeka bezophanga umhlaba Russian.

Svyatoslav Kievsky

Ukuhlaziywa kwe-"Lay", umsebenzi okuyinto kuthiwa kubangelwa i umbhali akaziwa, izingxoxo mayelana iphupho ongavamile Svyatoslav Kiev, lapho ebona ngokwakhe ku umngcwabo idili emngcwabeni. Futhi iphupho lakhe sagcwaliseka.

Lapho Svyatoslav efundile ukunqotshwa kwezinhloko zamaviyo isiRashiya, wawela emgodini usizi. Prince Igor lathunjwa. Wayehlala ngaphansi kokuqondisa Polovtsy, kodwa uma omunye wabo, Laurel, wammemela ukubaleka. Lokhu kwaba ngenxa yokuthi ukuthi Cumans wanquma ukubulala zonke iziboshwa Russian. Igor bavumelana ukusebenzisa. Ngaphansi ebusuku, wayibophela ihhashi lakhe futhi ehamba ngokusebenzisa imfihlo ekamu Polovtsian.

Wenza eya eDonets River izinsuku eziyishumi nanye, futhi Cumans wamlandela. Ngenxa yalokho, Igor wakwazi ukuya ezweni Russian. Ekhatsi Kiev futhi Chernigov sahlangana naye ngenjabulo. Iphela "Igama elithi" enhle asebenzisa olusankondlo ngokumelene Prince Igor futhi retinue yakhe.

Abalingiswa "Lay"

Umlingiswa oyinhloko webhayisikobho "Beka" Yiqiniso, Prince Igor Svyatoslavich. Lena umholi ovelele, elingafunwa into esemqoka - ukunqoba isitha futhi bavikele izwe Russian. Ndawonye nomfowabo nebutho lakhe enqobile ilungele ukwenza konke kwenzeleni udumo njengezitha zezwe lokhokho.

By endleleni, uma ubheka Ukuhlaziywa "Lay", Ibanga 9, ungakuthola yezincwadi ezikoleni zethu.

Igor Svyatoslavich lenza iphutha, ngoba kuyo impi wahlula, abafazi Russian abafelokazi, kanye nezingane - izintandane.

Kiev isikhulu Svyatoslav - indoda efuna nokuthula-Russia, uyakulahla umfowabo Igor futhi Vsevolod ngoba uphuthuma ekwenzeni izinqumo futhi ngenxa yosizi basondeze ezweni Russian. Svyatoslav kwaba esivuna inyunyana neSikhulu sezikhulu, ngokuthatha isinyathelo ngokuhlanganyela ngokumelene Polovtsy.

Yaroslavna sika isithombe umkhiqizo

unkosikazi Igor sika - - Yaroslavna umlingisi emaphakathi zesifazane, "Lay." Uma ekuhlaziyweni "Beka" ukukhala Yaroslavna kungaba ingxenye ekhululekile iningi wonke umsebenzi. Yaroslavna ungathuli ngamazinga aphakeme umbhoshongo Putivel (lo muzi wawuyinhloko kakhudlwana asemaqeleni Polovtsian). Uthi nge izici zemvelo. Amandla ngamazwi akhe, 'Yilezi ugqozi. Yena usola umoya ukuthi ngakuphephetha ku hobbling kumnandi yayo, ibhekisela Dnieper futhi ilanga.

Ukuhlaziywa kwe-"Lay", sifinyeto okuyinto ungafunda ezihlokweni zezilimi abacwaningi ebonisa ukuthi Yaroslavna okubangelwa subsequent zukulwane kwezinhloso zenzuzo okukhulu kunalokho protagonist umsebenzi, futhi wakhe ukukhala lahunyushelwa ezilimini eziningi. Umbhali "Amazwi athi" ukholelwa ukuthi Isililo Yaroslavna sika luwuthinte emvelo, futhi ngenxa yalokho Igoryu Svyatoslavichu wakwazi ukubaleka ekuthunjweni. Isenzakalo esidume kunazo zonke isithombe samuntu Yaroslavna - opera A. B. Borodina "Prince Igor" (esibhaliwe phakathi 1869 kanye 1887).

Cumans ku "Beka"

Nabaphikisi eyinhloko Prince Igor namabutho Russian e umkhiqizo kukhona Polovtsy. Ziyakwazi abakhileyo ensimini, okungukuthi, asemaqeleni engapheli, emathafeni Russian s.

ubudlelwane Russian nge Polovtsy abantu zazihlukile, zingase zibe abangane, ungase ziyaphikisana. Ngekhulu le-12, ubuhlobo babo kuba nobutha. Uma ekuhlaziyweni "Beka" izwi segolide uxwayisa Igor Svyatoslav nangobungane Polovtsy. Kodwa ubuhlobo bakhe Polovtsy ngokuvamile singakabi sibi kangako. Ngokusho ucwaningo zomlando Igor Svyatoslavich waba nobuhlobo obuhle khans Polovtsian Kobyakov futhi Konchak. Indodana yakhe ngisho indodakazi Konchak.

Unya Polovtsian, okuyinto kugcizelelwe zonke mlando okwalandela, kwaba asisikhulu kunenkosi amasiko edingekayo yesikhathi. Prince Igor, uthunjwe ngabantu le Polovtsy, zivume ngisho amukelwa yisonto lobuKristu. Ngaphezu kwalokho, ukuxhumana ne-Russian Polovtsy nenzuzo kokubili abantu Russian abalala ngaphansi kwethonya leSonto LamaKatolika. Ngaphezu kwalokho, imikhiqizo Russian udayiswa ezimakethe Polovtsian, isibonelo, e Trabzon futhi Derbent.

Umlando "Lay"

Ukuhlaziywa kwe-"Beka" kubonisa ukuthi lo msebenzi yadalwa iminyaka lapho Russia waba yizinqamu ehlukile.

Okusho Kiev njengoba isikhungo Russian womhlaba isikhathi cishe iphele. ubukhulu Russian baba uthi ehlukile, futhi ukuba nesizungu izwe lazo unamathele oPhethe Liubech e 1097.

Incwadi yesivumelwano esiphakathi izikhulu kulowo mhlangano, lwaphuka, yonke imizi okuyinhloko kwaqala ukubabela ukuzimela. Kodwa ambalwa ziye zaqaphela ukuthi luyaphumelela Russia kudingeka ivikelwe emandleni, ukuthi izitha abasondela kakade kuzo zonke izinhlangothi. Polovtsy wavuka waqala ukulwa abantu Russian.

Phakathi nekhulu le-11, basuke sebeke uyayenza usongo olukhulu. "Lay", ukuhlaziywa okuyinto sizama ukuwufeza, Iyindaba ushayisile edabukisayo Russian futhi Polovtsian.

Russian phikisa hhayi ngempumelelo Polovtsy ngenxa yokuthi abakwazanga naloko ababekusho. ngokuxabana njalo buthaka amandla isimo kanye omkhulu Russian. Yebo, ngalesi sikhathi eRussia kwafika ukufukulwa komnotho, kodwa angabekwa icishiwe ngenxa yokuthi ukuxhumana phakathi kwe-amapulazi ezahlukene ayebuthakathaka.

Ngalesi sikhathi kukhona ukusungulwa kancane kancane oxhumana nabo phakathi kwabantu Russian. Russia ulungiselela ngokushesha ihlangana zibe munye, kodwa izici eziningi kakhulu yinkinga ngalesi sikhathi.

Umbhali waleli ucezu ubhala hhayi kuphela mayelana Russian yalwa Polovtsy. Uyazazisa ubuhle emaqeleni lwabo lwendabuko namahlathi, olunothile izilwane zasendle zakule ndawo. Uma ekuhlaziyweni "Beka", isimo ke kudlala indima enkulu. Kuyasiza Prince Igor ukuze aphume ekuthunjweni bese ubuyela imikhawulo Russia. Umoya, ilanga kanye emfuleni Dnepr babe namasosha akhe main endleleni kusukela Polovtsian umbuso ekhaya.

Ukuba yiqiniso "Lay"

Cishe ngokushesha nje ngemva "Lay" yanyatheliswa, kwaqala ukuvela sokungabaza ubuqiniso bayo. Njengoba lo mbhalo wesandla yalo msebenzi kwashiswa umlilo 1812, khona-ke ukuhlaziya kanye cwaningo kwakukhona kuphela lokuqala olunyathelisiwe kanye ikhophi wesandla.

Abacwaningi ngemibuzo yokuthi umkhiqizo luqotho, ngenxa yezizathu ezihlukahlukene. Iqiniso lokuthi kwakunzima ukuthola ubunikazi umbhali, futhi okwesibili, ku ngemuva eminye imisebenzi wangaleyo nkathi, "IZwi" Kwakumnandi kakhulu, kwakubonakala ngiyaphupha ukuthi ngekhulu le-12 kwaba kungenzeka ukubhala lokhu.

Ngo-1963, umsekeli odumile zomlando sibalo A. A. Zimin aphakanyisiwe ngokuhlaziya "Beka" izwi Svetoslav segolide okwakubonakala osolisayo kuye ukuthi umkhiqizo ekhulwini le-18 wabhala Joel Bykovsky, le ke-Archimandrite uMsindisi sezindela Yaroslavl.

Kodwa ngokushesha kwakukhona ubufakazi entsha ubuqiniso "Beka". ubufakazi obuqand 'ikhanda lokhu kwaba «Codex Cumanicus», ulimi Dictionary Polovtsian, eyahlanganiswa ngasekupheleni kwekhulu le-13. Lathengwa kanye imbongi omkhulu Italy uFrancesco Petrarca. It is ukuthi "uLizwi" ukuboleka njalo ngalolunye lulwimi Polovtsian, okungukuthi, amagama Polovtsian ezaziwayo. Wona la magama afanayo zingatholakala kuyiCodex Cumanicus. Kuyaziwa ukuthi abantu Polovtsian njengoba enjalo abasekho Ephakathi. Ngakho-ke, kulokhu falsification asikwazi ukwenziwa. Kakade ngekhulu weshumi nesishiyagalombili, akekho eRussia Polovtsy sasingazi ukuthi kungani bese unamathisela amagama Polovtsian embhalweni umsebenzi bahluleka.

Ukuhlaziywa kwe-"Beka" izwi legolide eliphambi wake wathi Academician Likhachev, usebenzisa i-Codex Cumanicus alethwe banikela ngendlela ebalulekile ekutadisheni izincwadi Russian. Ukuqhubekela Codex Cumanicus kakhulu kwakungenakwenzeka: iqiniso liwukuthi lokhu isichazamazwi ukuthi washiyela ngu Petrarch e 1362 esontweni lombhishobhi San Marco e Venice, lapho yayigcinwe kuze 1828. Kulo nyaka, isiJalimane Orientalist uJulius Heinrich Klaproth wathola le ncwadi futhi ishicilelwe. Engxenyeni yesibili yekhulu nesishiyagalolunye Codex Cumanicus bazijwayeze baseMpumalanga Russian.

Indawo yokubhala "Lay"

Ukuhlaziywa kwe-"Lay" kusho kutsi lomsebenti egcwele uthando ezweni Russian kanye nabantu balo. Beka le yindinyana - kungenzeka Novgorod. Futhi kudala Novgorodian yakhe. Lokhu kungenziwa abahlulela izwi sesigodi ukuthi iwela "uLizwi," bese lisetshenziswa eNovgorod. Lawa amazwi afana "Karna Osmomysl, haraluzhny, Goreslavich".

"Beka" - ukuhlaziywa lo msebenzi bubonisa ngokuqondile ukuthi yokuthi umbhali ongowokuzalwa Novgorod. Ukhuluma edolobheni Dudutki, ngaleso sikhathi owayese eduze Novgorod. amayunithi Wemali, okubhekisele ukuhlaziya "Beka" nogata futhi ukuzisika, abacwaningi bathola kuphela kwelinye yezindaba zemihla ngemihla eminingi yasendulo - eNovgorod. Ngo Hypatian futhi Laurentian ilandisa of akukho mazwi. Goreslavich Patronymic futhi Osmomysl ezishiwo "Lay", nazo ezitholakala ngokokukhetha kwabacwaningi ku Novgorod yesandla birch namagxolo.

Northern umsuka nombhali "Amagama" kuqinisekiswa yokuthi izibani enyakatho okukhulunywe ngawo encwadini. Ngosizo lukaNkulunkulu ayilo phendla Prince Igor, indlela eya ekhaya ekuthunjweni. Mhlawumbe, umlobi "Amagama" wavakashela e-Arctic Circle, wabona lapho Borealis aurora.

Ucwaningo "Beka"

"Beka", ukuhlaziywa okuyinto ithakazelisa kakhulu ngabo bonke abafundi lokhu umsebenzi wokubhala, eyenziwa nge ekupheleni kwekhulu weshumi nesishiyagalombili, okungukuthi, kusukela esikhathini lapho lo mbhalo wesandla Satholwa Ukubala Musin-Pushkin. Okokuqala ne "izwi" kwakungumsebenzi onzima. Okokuqala, kwakufanele ahunyushelwe. Okwesibili, kwakudingekile ukuba ahumushe bonke endaweni angayazi, zonke izingathekiso nzima. Ikakhulukazi eziningi ososayensi abaqavile sekuyisikhathi utadisha "uLizwi" nenkathi yamaSoviet, phakathi kwawo - Academician Likhachev futhi A. izaqheqhe. Babefuna ukubuyisela inguqulo yasekuqaleni "Amagama" ngiwunike incazelo enembile.

Ucwaningo "Beka" esikoleni

"Beka" Sekuyisikhathi eside wafunda ezikoleni zamabanga namanyuvesi. Ucwaningo lwakhe abathintekayo 7, 8, 9 amakilasi. Ukuze ukufunda kangcono imisebenzi usebenzisa amathuluzi ezahlukahlukene, kufaka phakathi idrayivu lapho yabonisa indaba imisebenzi lasendulo. On the cwaningo "ULizwi" ngokukhethekile Yaroslavl Museum-Reserve, nabafundi nethuba azijwayeze ezihlukahlukene izinto ezihlobene nalesi sihloko.

nezimfumbe imisebenzi

Naphezu kweqiniso lokuthi "Beka" uzifunde ngokucophelela futhi isikhathi eside, embhalweni umsebenzi lingacaci yize kunjalo ukuba abacwaningi zonke.

Ukuhlaziywa kwe-"Lay", ubunjalo okuyinto kuze kube sekupheleni futhi ayichazi, namanje ikhombisa ukuthi usadinga ukuhlola okwengeziwe. Ngakho, akucaci ukuthi umlobi we "Igama" kwezilwane ezivamile, wabhala, noma wayecabanga Cumans, eyayinecilongo igama isilwane amadlozi. Akukacaci namanje ukuthi bafika kungani Prince Igor Pirogoscha wavakashela isonto eKiev. Zonke lezi izimfihlakalo namanje elinde okufanele kutjhejwe.