Amagama yendiza. Ukuhlukaniswa kwezindiza, izinhlobo nezinhlobo zazo

umlando Aviation uyazi eziningi kakhulu imishini flying ezinhlobo ezehlukene futhi izinhlobo. Zonke amagama izindiza cishe nasezinganeni uhlu. Nokho, onobuhle eziyisisekelo encompass ngempela ngempela. Ake sifunde indlela yokwenza izindiza ngezigaba, izinhlobo zabo, izinhlobo, amagama futhi ucabangele.

igama

Ake sibheke uhlu amagama abenzi bezindiza bakwamanye amazwe main alfabhethi. Uhlu lukhombisa ukuthi inkampani ekhona manje futhi uyekwa:

• Aérospatiale (France).
• Airbus (EU).
• Boeing (US).
• British Aerospace (UK).
• British Aircraft (United Kingdom).
• Heinkel (Germany).
• Junkers (Germany).
• Mcdonnell Douglas (USA).
• Messerschmitt (Germany).

Amagama izindiza ngokulandelana kwezinhlamvu zamagama ezikhiqizwa e-USSR futhi post-Soviet amazwe, tibalwe lapha ngentasi:

• Kuvele (Antonov).
• Futhi (Polikarpov).
• Yl (Iliushin).
• La (Lavochkin).
• LaGG (Lavochkin, Gorbunov, Gudkov).
• Lee (Lisunov).
• MIG (Mikoyan futhi Gurevich).
• Ngu (Polikarpov).
• AseKhupro (ezomile).
• Tu (Tupolev).
• Yak (Yakovlev).

Kanjani ukuze uhlukanise izindiza?

Okokuqala, thola ukuthi yiziphi izindiza. Amagama amathekhiniki flying ukuxoxa ngezinto eziningi, kodwa ngezigaba ngeke usitshele kabanzi. Njengoba indiza libhekwa? Kwenze ku nemingcele ezilandelayo:

• lapho uya khona;
• isivinini;
• Phakathi izinjini;
• thayipha izinjini;
• thayipha chassis;
• isisindo;
• inombolo ngamaphiko amabili;
• usayizi fuselage;
• uhlobo lokuphatha;
• ifomu ukusuka.

Manje thina kufanele sixoxe ngezinye zazo maphuzu ngokuningiliziwe.

Ukwahlukanisa injongo

It kubhekwa ezivamile. Ngenxa yalesi inkomba, zonke izindiza deyalsya zibe izinhlobo ezimbili eziyinhloko: amasosha nezakhamuzi. Ngaphezu kwalokho, amaqembu alezi zinhlanga khona ngumnikazi division ngezigaba ezincane.

Ngokuhambisana umsebenzi ethile zempi oluthathwa zibe izigaba eziyinhloko ezilandelayo: webhomu, Interceptor izindiza, emoyeni bomlilo, ukuhlaselwa izindiza, imikhumbi yezempi, fighter-ekuhlaseleni kanye scouts.

I Civil Aviation amadivayisi indiza zihlukaniswe izigaba ezilandelayo: umgibeli, umhlaba wokulima, ezokuthutha, okuthunyelwe, zokuhlola, njll ...

Bombers

Umsebenzi webhomu ukunqoba ngenhloso okuyizinto emhlabathini. Lokhu bakwenza ngokusebenzisa amabhomu nezikhali ezicitshwayo.

Manje ake ukuthola amagama izindiza zempi. Phakathi webhomu ungakwazi ukuhlukanisa onobuhle ezifana yokukhiqiza yasekhaya: Su-24, TU-160, SU-34. Phakathi kwempi yezwe yesibili ukujabulele ekhethekile idumela webhomu yasekhaya Pe-2. Kodwa wokuqala obizwe edumile "Ilya Muromets" - ukudalwa umklami okukhulu Igorya Sikorskogo. Le yunithi wakhumula okokuqala emoyeni emuva lé ngawo-1913. Ngo kweMpi Yezwe Yokuqala inkathi kwathiwa iguqulwe ibe webhomu. Aircraft "Ilya Muromets" babephinde basetshenziswe ngesikhathi kulwiwa.

Phakathi izimoto angaphandle ungabahlukanisa yesimanje ekuhlaseleni American Northrop B-2 uMoya, XB-70 Valkyrie, Rockwell B-1 Lancer, B-2, B-52 Stratofortress, US ezenziwe izindiza 30s Boeing B-17 kanye Martin B- 10 ekuhlaseleni German phakathi nempi yezwe yesibili, Junkers Ju 86 futhi Heinkel Yena 111.

Fighters

Umsebenzi oyinhloko lezi amadivaysi ukubhubhisa izindiza kanye nezinye izinto emoyeni.

Amagama fighters isazi ezindabeni zezempi, futhi, khona oyothi eziningi. imodeli eyaziwa kakhulu Soviet kweMpi Yezwe II - lagg-3, mina-15 bis, Mig-3, mina-16, mina-153, Yak-1. Enkathini yangaphambi kwezincwadi ezifanayo ube iwine emhlabeni odumo German Bf.109 izindiza, Bf.110 futhi FW 190, kanye Me.262 esisheshayo, Me.163 Komet He 162 Volksjager.

Phakathi fighters Soviet kamuva isikhathi kufanele kwenziwe MIG-31, Su-27 futhi u-MIG-29. Okwamanje, isibhakabhaka sigcwele izindiza yesimanje Russian. Amagama abo baziwa indiza art kahle. Lesi sizukulwane fighters 4 ++ Su-35 futhi u-MIG-35.

onobuhle Contemporary American abelwe-lokuqala isizukulwane wokulwa inombolo emhlabeni emihlanu Boeing F-22, kanye imodeli ngaphambili F-4 kanye F-15 Eagle.

Fighter-webhomu

Lapho zihlanganiswa imisebenzi izigaba ezimbili zokuqala izindiza siye echazwe. Okungukuthi, ababhubhise njengoba umoya phansi amatshe.

Eyokuqala fighter-ekuhlaseleni ezibhekwa German Me.262, umfuziselo sokulungisa fighter British Supermarine Spitfire, De Havilland Mosquito kanye Yak-9 Soviet.

Phakathi yesimanje ekuphonsweni kudingeka ukwaba yasekhaya MIG-23b kanye Su-17M kanye MIG-27 futhi imodeli American F-105.

interceptors

Bayisibonelo zenyathi elikhethiwe bomlilo, eklanyelwe ukubhubhisa ekuhlaseleni isitha. Ngokungafani ezivamile fighter aircraft, ke ifakwe imishini radar enamandla.

Phakathi Soviet Interceptor eyaziwa izindiza amagama alandelayo: SU-15, SU-9, Tu-128, Yak-28, Mig-25. onobuhle American kungenziwa oqokiwe F-16 futhi F-14 Grumman. Futhi nezwe odumile izindiza Japanese Mitsubishi F-2 kanye Interceptor British Panavia Tornado ADV.

stormtroopers

umsebenzi wabo ukusekela phansi amabutho emoyeni.

Isenzakalo esidume kunazo zonke IMpi Yezwe II-inkathi ukuhlaselwa izindiza ezibhekwa izindiza IL-2 kanye IL-10. Ngesikhathi esifanayo, efana apharathasi abaphikisi isicelo HS 129 futhi Ju 87. Phakathi kuhlasela izindiza yesimanje kufanele zabelwe igama SU-25 izindiza, F / A-18, A-10.

izimoto zokuthutha impahla yempi

Imisebenzi eyinhloko izindiza zokuthutha impahla yempi kuyinto ukulethwa wezimpahla lempi kanye nabasebenzi.

Aircraft alesi sigaba, ngubani okwamanje ukusebenza kwe-Russian Federation Armed Forces kukhona IL-76, AN-26 AN-124 AN-12. Phakathi American analogue kufanele ukwaba Douglas yc-15, i-Boeing C-17, i-Boeing C-97 futhi i-Boeing E-8.

ezindizeni ezithwala

Ukubuyekezwa kwe-Civil Aviation onobuhle uzoqala nabo. Lolu hlobo izimoto emoyeni, njengoba leli gama lisikisela, eklanyelwe bebanga abagibeli.

Ibhanoyi lokuqala ukukhiqizwa ngesikhathi ethutha yizakhamuzi, kubhekwe zonke ekhaya efanayo "Ilya Muromets", okuyinto aguqulwa esikhathini esizayo ngaphansi webhomu. indiza yakhe yokuqala kusukela Petersburg Kiev ne abagibeli elishumi linamithandathu wenza emuva ngo-1914.

I airliner ethandwa kakhulu kuso sonke isikhathi indiza ubhekwa kweyunithi American Douglas DC-3 izindiza wenza ngendiza yokuqala emuva ngo-1935. ukulungiswa ezihlukahlukene ezisetshenziswa namuhla. Ngokwesibonelo, samuntu Soviet indiza kwaba Li-2.

Ngenhla izindiza lokuqala ichazwe. Amagama izimbangi main emakethe umgibeli izindiza - Boeing futhi Airbus.

"Boeing"

Inkampani American Boeing wabuya e ezikude 1916. Kusukela ngaleso sikhathi liye Ekhiqizako izindiza, ngokuyinhloko ukuze civil aviation, nakuba kukhona imodeli zokuthutha impahla yempi. Amagama edume kakhulu izinkampani umgibeli izindiza - Boeing 737, Boeing 747, i-Boeing 747-8, Boeing 777 enezingxenye ezingu- Boeing 787.

Eyokuqala onobuhle ngenhla badedelwa ngo-1968, futhi kuze kube manje, iyona omkhulu kunayo yonke izindiza ezithwala. Boeing 747 ekhiqizwa ngonyaka kamuva, uyiphayona phakathi izindiza widebody. Boeing 747-8 - umgibeli izindiza nge ubude enkulu. Wadedelwa ngo-2010. Namuhla emakethe iyona enkulu kunazo zonke umgibeli izindiza Boeing 777 atholwe mass ekhiqizwa kusukela ngo-1994. Imodeli entsha Nhlangano okwamanje - Boeing 787 2009 ngonyaka wendalo.

"Airbus"

Njengoba kushiwo ngaphambili, oyimbangi main Boeing emakethe izwe kuyinto European nomkhiqizi Airbus, ehhovisi central itholakala e-France. It yasungulwa kakhulu kamuva imbangi yayo American kuka - ngo-1970. Amagama edume kunayo izindiza inkampani - A300, A320, A380 futhi A350 XWB.

Eyakhululwa ngo-1972, i-A300 iyona ububanzi-umzimba ibhanoyi lokuqala ku izinjini ezimbili. On the A320 ngo-1988 ekwakheni lokuqala wire uhlobo ukuphathwa isetjentiswe emhlabeni. A380, okuyinto esingu phezulu esibhakabhakeni okokuqala ngo-2005, iyona enkulu kunazo zonke emhlabeni. Uyakwazi ukuthatha ebhodini kuze kube abagibeli bayo 480. Ukuthuthukiswa entsha iyona A350 XWB. umsebenzi wakhe oyinhloko kwakuwukushumayela ukuncintisana Boeing ngaphambilini kudedelwa 787. Futhi lo msebenzi ngempumelelo ubhekana lo airliner, obohodya imbangi yakhe ngokuya kahle.

AbaseSoviet ezindizeni ezithwala

Ezingeni ehloniphekile futhi yayimelelwe yiSoviet umgibeli izindiza umkhakha. Iningi onobuhle - iyona izindiza "Aeroflot". Amagama brand ezinkulu: Tu, Il, An futhi Yak.

Eyokuqala yasekhaya jet airliner ikhishwe ngo-1955, Tu-104. Tu-154, i-qala-off eyaqala ngo-1972, kubhekwa ezinkulu kakhulu Soviet emoyeni umgibeli iyunithi. Tu-144 1968 ngonyaka imodeli imzuzele isimo edume ngokuthi airliner wokuqala emhlabeni, okuyinto uye wakwazi kanjani ukugqashula kulowo isithiyo umsindo. Wayengase ukufinyelela isivinini kuze kufinyelele ayizinkulungwane 2.5. Km / h, futhi leli rekhodi ezithile kwethu akulona washaywa. Okwamanje, imodeli zokugcina ukusebenza airliner akhiwa Tupolev Design Bureau, i-Tu-204 1990 model ngonyaka, kanye ukuguqulwa Tu-214.

Ngokwemvelo, ngaphandle Tu kunezinye izindiza "Aeroflot". Amagama kakhulu ethandwa: IL-18, IL-114, IL-103, u-An-24, An-28, Yak-40 futhi Yak-42.

Izindiza kwamanye amazwe

Ngaphandle kwezinto ezibalwe ngenhla, kukhona onobuhle esiphawulekayo nezinye Abenzi umgibeli izindiza.

airliner British De Havilland Comet, wadedelwa ngo-1949, kuba okokuqala emlandweni we airliner emhlabeni jet. Lodumo atholwe Franco-British Concorde airliner, eklanyelwe ngo-1969. Wehlela emlandweni sibonga yokuthi sesibili mzamo yimpumelelo (emva Tu-144) udala leSupersonic umgibeli izindiza. Futhi namanje lezi ezimbili izindiza kulokhu uhlukile, inqobo nje uma kungekho omunye wakwazi ukudedela efanelekayo mass ukuxhashazwa airliner, ikwazi ukuhamba ngokushesha kunokuba umsindo.

abathutha

The main izindiza injongo zokuhamba ukuthuthwa kwezimpahla olude.

Phakathi imishini yalolu hlobo kuyadingeka ukuze uqoke onobuhle Sasentshonalanga umgibeli izindiza Ushintshe ngaphansi izidingo ezokuthutha: Douglas MD-11F, Airbus A330-200F, Airbus A300-600ST kanye Boeing 747-8F.

Kodwa ngaphezu kwakho konke emsebenzini wokukhiqiza ezokuthutha izindiza isibe Soviet abadumile, futhi manje Ukraine Antonov Design Bureau okuthiwa. Uveza Jets ukuthi njalo beat irekhodi emhlabeni emsebenzini: AN-22, 1965 (umthamo - 60 m), Ru-124 ka-1984 (umthamo - amathani 120), AN-1988 225 g (253 ithatha ebhodini, 8 m). Latest imodeli kungokwalabo ingakamiswa ngobugebengu irekhodi payloads. Ngaphezu kwalokho, wahlela ukusebenzisa ukuthutha eSoviet mkhathi "Buran", kodwa lapho umsebenzi ayifakiwe, wokugoqa wase-USSR.

Esikhathini Russian Federation, zonke akuyona kamnandi kanjalo ezokuthutha izindiza. Amagama izindiza Russian zimi kanje: IL-76, IL-112 futhi IL-214. Kodwa inkinga iwukuthi IL-76 ekhiqizwa namuhla yasungulwa ngesikhathi sokubusa kwamaSoviet, ngo-1971, kanti bonke abanye uhlela ukuqala kuphela 2017.

izindiza Agricultural

Kukhona izindiza, ogama imisebenzi zihlanganisa yokusingatha izinkambu imithi yokubulala izinambuzane, yokubulala namanye amakhemikhali. Lolu hlobo imishini izindiza ngokuthi ipulazi.

Kusukela nenkambiso yamaSoviet yalezi amadivayisi aziwayo U-2 kanye AN-2, okuyizinto ngenxa isicelo othile eyaziwa ngokuthi "ummbila".

Unit Speed

Ngaphezu Ukwahlukaniswa izindiza nezinye izinjongo, esasiyifunda ngokuningiliziwe ngenhla, zikhona ezinye izinhlobo amazinga. Lokhu kuhlanganisa Ukwahlukaniswa ijubane indiza. Ngesisekelo izindiza zihlukaniswe izigaba ezilandelayo: Subsonic, izindiza transonic, leSupersonic futhi izindiza hypersonic.

Akunzima ukukuqonda ukuthi izindiza Subsonic wathutha kancane umsindo. izindiza Transonic flying ngesivinini eduze Sonic, leSupersonic unqobe umgoqo umsindo, futhi hypersonic idlule lesi sibalo ngaphezu kwezikhathi ezinhlanu.

Okwamanje, i-sezitimela ezinejubane kakhulu emhlabeni kuyinto umshini zokuhlola hypersonic kusuka eU.S. X-43A ngo-2001. Angaba uvuka esheshisa 11.200 km / h. Okwesibili, compatriot yakhe X-15, sakhishwa emuva ezikude 1959. Ijubane 7273 km / h. Uma sikhuluma Akanandaba apharathasi kokwazi, kodwa lezo izindiza ukuthi ukwenza imisebenzi ethize, kukhona ke ubuqhawe ngesikhathi SR-71 American, bakwazi ukuthuthukisa isivinini kuze kufinyelele 3530 km / h. the leSupersonic MIG-25 kufanele zabelwe phakathi izimoto yasekhaya. Izinga esiphezulu isivinini ongafinyelela afinyelela ku-3000 km / h.

Indiza umgibeli ngezinto isivinini zimbi kakhulu. Namuhla ekhishwe airliner leSupersonic ezimbili kuphela: lwasekhaya Tu-144 (1968) kanye Franco-British Concorde (1969). Eyokuqala yalezi, kutfutfukisa ukusebenza ngesivinini afika ku ayizinkulungwane 2.5. Km / h, okuyinto irekhodi of civil aviation, kodwa bezindiza yazo zonke aphoyintimenti kuphela endaweni yeshumi. Kufanele kuphawulwe ukuthi okwamanje akukho omunye airliner leSupersonic, eye ukusebenza kusukela ukusetshenziswa Tu-144 benqaba ngisho emuva ngo-1978, futhi ukusetshenziswa Concorde samiswa ngonyaka ka-2003.

Hypersonic umgibeli izindiza ze khona. Nokho, manje kukhona imisebenzi eminingana, amahhovisi basekhaya nabamazwe angaphandle kokubili design ukwenziwa izindiza hypersonic. Phakathi kwabo, futhi elalidume kunawo wonke lo ZEHST European. Indiza uyakwazi ngesivinini kuze kufinyelele 5.0 ayizinkulungwane. Km / h, kodwa ngesikhathi indalo yayo akucacile. ERussia, kukhona amaphrojekthi amabili anjalo - Tu-244 futhi Tu-444, kodwa ngaleso sikhathi bobabili simisiwe.

Ezinye izinhlobo ngezigaba

Ngokusho inani Izinjini izindiza kukhona ezisukela esalisekela ukuba dvenadtsatidvigatelnyh.

Ngokusho uhlobo injini ezindizeni zihlukaniswe izigaba elandelayo: ne-motor kagesi, piston, turboprop, jet, rocket, kanye imishini nge injini kuhlanganiswe.

Ngu uhlobo chassis Ukwahlukaniswa izindiza ezilandelayo: amasondo, ski, hovercraft, abakhasi, iflothi, amphibian. Ngokwemvelo, lokhu kusho ezivamile izindiza nge chassis ezinamasondo.

Ngesisindo sezinti izindiza zihlukaniswe superlogkie, izimoto ukukhanya, aphakathi isisindo izindiza osinda kangaka futhi super esindayo.

Ngokusho inani amaphiko bebheke ekunciphiseni isibalo sawo, izindiza zihlukaniswe polyplane, triplane, biplanes, monoplanes futhi polutoraplany.

Kukhona ngezigaba ngokusho ubukhulu fuselage: owodwa yezinto naseduze-umzimba.

uhlobo Ukuphathwa ngezigaba izindiza ihlukaniswe bavimba imigwaqo kanye unmanned izimoto zasemoyeni.

Ukuma zonke izindiza Take-off zingahlukaniswa izigaba ezilandelayo: mpo Take-off, evundla iDemo.

ukwehluka

Siyazi ukuthi kuyinto Ukwahlukaniswa izinhlobo izindiza, izinhlobo, amagama futhi bahlola. Njengoba ubona, ekubonisa inombolo enkulu kakhulu onobuhle anemisebenzi ehlukahlukene, okuyinto babe Ukucaciswa ezahlukene kakhulu. Izwe zezindiza uyazishintshashintsha ngempela, futhi omunye Ukubuyekeza ngeke uchaze konke kungxenye yakhe.

Noma kunjalo, umbono jikelele, sinikeza ngalolu daba kungaba, ukuchaza ezindizeni edume kunazo kufakwe indaba. Izinhlobo kanye namagama, naphezu inombolo yabo emikhulu, namanje ngempela ukuhlela ngendlela ethile, ukucacisa okushiwo isihloko.