Amabhethri: operation idivayisi, isimiso yokusebenza kohlelo

imithombo Autonomous kagesi kukhona phakathi ezisunguliwe ewusizo kakhulu esintwini. Kuyini ifoni noma umsakazo, ukuthi akudingeki amabhethri? Idivayisi amadivayisi amaningi, kanye nemibandela yawo nokusetshenziswa musa njalo nokuhlinzeka unomphela ugesi, ngakho le mithombo yamandla bangase usebenza cishe noma kuphi emhlabeni. Ngemva esethulweni esifushane, ake uthole phansi sihloko.

Kuyini ibhethri?

Ngomqondo obanzi, leli gama ehloselwe idivayisi ngaphansi kwezinye izimo yokusetshenziswa ingagcina noma yiluphi uhlobo amandla, kanti kwabanye - ukuchitha ukuhlangabezana nezidingo womuntu.

Amabhethri buthelela ugesi kusukela kumthombo wamandla ongaphandle, bese mnikeni abathengi exhunyiwe ukuze bakwazi ukwenza umsebenzi wabo. Ngakho, lapho amadivayisi zamakhemikhali unomphela phakathi electrolyte kanye amapuleti electrode. Phela, lo mklamo luyatholakala at amabhange, kanye zazo akhiwa amabhethri. idivayisi idatha ukwakhiwa sihlinzekela voltage, ngokuvamile 1.2-2 V, okuyinto kancane kakhulu. Ngakho-ke, ukwandisa ukusebenza amandla kagesi, futhi asebenzise izinhlobo ezahlukene uxhumano.

Usebenza kanjani olokugobhoza amabhethri?

kudivayisi Idatha ugesi ihlinzeka uxhumano ngokucophelela ngobuhle nangobubi bawo. Basebenta kanje: uma umthwalo ixhunywe electrode (njengesibonelo esingazicabangela ingilazi yesibani), kukhona ngesimiso somshini esivalekile kagesi. Njengoba uqala ukugeleza osenyameni zamanje. Lakhiwa ukuhamba electron, anions futhi cations. Ngolwazi oluthe xaxa mayelana nendlela nalokho okwenzeka, ungakwazi ukutshela nje ngendlela isibonelo.

Ake ucabange ukuthi sinawo ibhethri lapho electrode omuhle - kuyinto nickel oxide, okuyinto yengeziwe graphite ukuthuthukisa conductivity. cadmium isipanji elasetshenziselwa ipuleti ezimbi. Ngakho, uma kukhona khulula, izinhlayiya oxygen asebenzayo ikhishwe awele electrolyte. Ngakho bahlukene izingxenye okuyizinto ugesi (ezifana electron). I izinhlayiya umoya-mpilo asebenzayo baqondiswa ekufezeni amapuleti ezimbi, lapho oxidized cadmium.

ukusebenza yebhethri endaweni icala

Kufanele unqamule umthwalo ngesikhathi ezikhumulweni amapuleti. Futhi wapha, ngokuvamile zinamandla DC (kodwa kungase pulsed, kuye ngokuthi lelo cala) ukuthi mkhulu ukubaluleka ibhethri ukuthi bawubize. Ngaphezu kwalokho, polarity kumele kube okufanayo. Lokho lokususa kanye plus ukuphela zomthengi kanye nomnikezi umthombo kumele ifane. Qaphela ukuthi ishaja kufanele ngempela ifa amandla aminingi kunekhona ibhethri, ukuze abantu bangazazi izinto izinsalela amandla kuwo bese udale i kagesi kabani isiqondiso kuyinto okuphambene ukuchithela. Ngenxa yalokho, ushintsho futhi amakhemikhali izinqubo ezenzeka ibhethri.

Ake sibheke isibonelo kusuka esigabeni esandulele kwe-athikili. Lapha electrode omuhle kuyoyicebisa nomoya-mpilo, kanti negative alulame cadmium okumsulwa. Kufinyeta, singasho ukuthi ngesikhathi icala futhi zichithe kuphela ukushintsha ukwakheka amakhemikhali electrode. Lokhu akusebenzi kuya electrolyte. Kodwa kungaba shabalala, okuzodingeka nomthelela ongemuhle impilo yebhethri.

Ngakho, sahlola Umgomo we operation kwanoma iyiphi ibhethri. Manje ake ufunde indlela phakathi msebenzi ungenziwa ncono kusebenta kwato.

uxhumano parallel

Inani lamanje incike inani elikhulu izici. Ngokuyinhloko ngaphansi ukuthi ukuqonda design, izinto zokwakha kanye Ubukhulu yabo. Le ndawo enkulu electrode, kanjalo izibalo zamanje bakwazi ukumelana. Lomgomo isetshenziselwa uxhumano parallel yohlobo olufanayo lamaseli amabhethri. Lokhu kwenziwa, uma ufuna ukwandisa ukubaluleka wamanje eya umthwalo. Kodwa ngesikhathi esifanayo kudingekile ukukhulisa amandla umthombo wamandla.

uchungechunge uxhumano

Uma sicabangela amabhange zazo amabhethri, kubalulekile ukusho ukuthi kukhona, njengoba umthetho, e izindlu efanayo. Uhlobo ezifanayo uxhumano asetshenziselwa ukuthola ukusebenza okukhulu ngokuncane ukungezwani ukulahlekelwa.

Bheka ukusetshenziswa kwalesi design can, zezikhali amabhethri yezimoto kukhona nomthofu-acid. Kuthiwa lolu hlobo ukusetshenziswa hhayi kuphela idivayisi sebhetri imoto, kumane nje indlela okungenzeka kakhulu ukuba ingenzele, indlela owenza lolu hlobo lwe-Inthanethi. Kulesi simo, uyoba uqiniseke ukuthi akukho contact metal, futhi kwakukhona okuthembekile uxhumano kukagesi ngokusebenzisa electrolyte. Kodwa lokhu kuphela ukuba liqondwe maqondana zalolu hlobo. Kwezinye izimo, iqoqo umsebenzi ezahlukene oyokwenziwa uxhumano.

Izinhlobo amabhethri

Ziyahlukahluka kuye ngenxa injongo yabo, amathuba kanye nokuqaliswa impahla. Okwamanje, ukukhiqizwa yesimanje kahle ukukhiqizwa izinhlobo zokuhlola ezingu ezintathu, okuyinto zingafani yokwakheka electrode kanye electrolyte esetshenziswa. Ngokwesibonelo, li-ion kungaba ozibongayo zomkhaya 12 onobuhle abaziwayo. Ngokwemibandela ungakwazi ukuhlukanisa lezi zinhlobo ezilandelayo:

1. Ukuhola-acid.
2. Lithium.
3. Nickel-cadmium amabhethri.

Lona abameleli ethandwa kakhulu. Kodwa ukuqonda amathuba sinikeza ngijwayele uhlu izinto zingakhiqiza electrode:

• yensimbi;
• ukuhola;
• titanium;
• lithium;
• cadmium;
• ayibe;
• nickel;
• zinc;
• vanadium;
• esiliva;
• aluminium;
• eziningi ezinye izinto, Nokho, okuyinto, ezingajwayelekile kakhulu.

Usebenzisa amathuluzi ehlukene kuthinta izici okukhipha etholwe futhi ngenxa yalokho on ububanzi. Ngakho, ngokwesibonelo, li-ion asetshenziswa computer futhi kumadivayisi eselula. Ngenkathi nickel-cadmium asetshenziswa indawo ezivamile amaseli electrochemical. Kwakucatshangwa ukuthi zonke izinhlobo amabhethri ongasebenza nanoma yimuphi umthwalo. Umbuto ukutsi, indlela kulingane isicelo esinjalo.

Izici Key

Sesikubonile kakade ukuthi amabhethri esinjalo, Idivayisi izakhiwo kusuka lapho kwenziwa. Manje ake sigxile kulokho kuthinta ukusebenza kwabo. Okubalulekile kithi izici yilezi:

1. Ubuningi ngokuthi ubukhulu isici amandla isilinganiso yenqwaba noma isisindo ibhethri.
2. Libhekisela ngomthamo usuwonke ukubaluleka ibhethri kukunikeze phakathi kwenqubo osenyameni kuze zinamandla aphansi. Lesi sibalo lubonakaliswa ampere-amahora noma coulombs. Iphinde kungase kubonise amandla umthamo. It is kulinganiswa ngo watt-amahora noma Joules. Inkinga esitsheni ezinjalo - ukubika ubungako bamandla ukuthi kunikezwa ngesikhathi osenyameni kuze ubuncane voltage eyamukelekayo.
3. Temperature imodi kuthinta izakhiwo kagesi ibhethri. Lapho kukhona ukuphambuka emibi evela Kunconywa yokusebenza ibanga umkhiqizi, kukhona awokuthi ukwehluleka ugesi. Lokhu kungenxa yokuthi i-amakhaza nokushisa kuthinte izinga zamakhemikhali, kanye ingcindezi zangaphakathi.
4. Libhekisela self-osenyameni umthamo ukulahlekelwa ezenzeka ngemva ibhethri uma kungekho umthwalo phezu ezikhumulweni. Ngezindlela eziningi, lesi sibalo incike version futhi zingandiswa uma ukwahlukanisa abampofu.

Lawa izici amabhethri kanye nokunikeza ngabomvu kithi. Yiqiniso, uma kumele wenze into entsha futhi okukhethekile, ngaphambili ezingabonwayo, futhi kungase kudingeke okungaphezu kwalokho. Kodwa lokhu Mancane kakhulu amathuba.

I electrode kudivayisi

Njengoba isibonelo, sithatha amapuleti phambili. Nakuba labo ababeyikho. ipuleti Modern eyenziwe nomthofu-calcium ingxubevange. Lokhu ephumelelisa ezingeni eliphansi self-osenyameni ibhethri (50% umthamo kulahleka izinyanga ezingu-18). Iphinde ivumele ukusebenzisa amanzi kancane (1 igremu ngakunye ihora ampere).

Ungahlangana futhi hybrid ukwakhiwa lapho, ngaphandle phambili, yengezwe electrode omuhle ka-antimony, futhi omubi - calcium. Nokho, nangaphansi kwezimo ezinjalo, kukhona anda amanzi ukusetshenziswa. Ukuze kwandiswe ukumelana ukugqwala izinqubo, engeza ngothayela noma isiliva.

Electrode enziwe isakhiwo ngehele we asebenzayo Ukwakheka ungqimba camera. Umgomo we operation sebhetri ixhomeke kulokho impahla isetshenziselwa amapuleti. Sibheka phambili, okuyinto kulula ukufunda, kodwa ukugxila kuzo njalo Ungancomi.

electrolyte

Sibheka zonke okufanayo nomthofu-acid amabhethri. Njengoba electrolyte lapho baya khona ukuyofunda, ngokuvamile izenzo sulfuric acid. It has a kwabantu athize ziyahlukahluka kuye ngokuthi ezingeni ibhethri. Kulokhu, lesi simiso: enkulu, ayanda. Ngokuhamba kwesikhathi, electrolyte iyasha, futhi umthamo webhethri incipha. Ihlala Isikhathi Esingakanani I ezithinta ukusebenza ethile (ukuthobela imithetho yokuphepha). I electrolyte ibhethri kungaba ezimbili zama:

• uketshezi;
• ngesimo izinto ezikhethekile elifakwe.

Okwamanje, uhlobo luvame kakhulu kuqala.

Ukusebenza amabhethri

Ukusebenzisa amabhethri elishajekayo kungabonwa cishe kuyo yonke indawo. Cabanga umakhalekhukhwini noma yakho amandla uninterruptible izimpahla amakhompyutha. Esimeni flashlight abavamile inganikelwa njengesibonelo (imiklamo yesimanje ngokwethukela ekhiqizwa nge esakhelwe Ibhethri elishajekayo futhi kungukuthi eyenzelwe amaseli kukagesi). Futhi izimoto? Systems of "ayeke-isiqalo" nokuhlale unyathela amabhuleki, okuzivuselela ngokufaka ukusebenza amabhethri, futhi kuzikhandle phezulu le kokuqala zamanje, osenyameni ezijulile futhi ihlala isikhathi eside. Njengoba ubona, ngaphandle lezi zimpahla amandla kunzima ukwenza empilweni yesimanje kunoma ubani.

Isikimu yokwakhiwa ibhethri

Sibukeze ulwazi oluyisisekelo kulezi amadivaysi. Ake ngisho sinake umqondo ezifana wesifunda ibhethri. Ngempela, ngo kohlaka izihloko kuye esikhathini esidlule, kuphela edlulayo. Ibhethri isikimu zamanje, ngokuvumelana nomlando, lamiswa ngo-physics French Gaston Plante. Le ndawo ngendalo yakhe kuka-10 square metres! amabhethri Modern, eqinisweni, kuthiwa nje ziyancipha kakhulu futhi amakhophi kancane siphelile ibhethri yakhe. Kubonakala kungxenye womuntu kunjalo nje. Linikeza commonality nobuqotho kwesakhiwo.