Administrative iyunithi indawo. division zokuphatha

Kunamaphuzu amaningana asho okufanayo nokubaluleka imiqondo ukusiza ukuchaza isakhiwo esisemthethweni zezombusazwe ezweni. Lokhu "iyunithi zokuphatha-indawo" futhi "ukuphathwa kwenhlangano-indawo," futhi "division zokuphatha" (ATD).

Uyini division indawo yezwe futhi kwenzeka kanjani?

Njengoba umthetho, ADT ngumqondo nge incazelo eyanele ezibanzi. division Administrative ingase ibeke njengoba ibalazwe yezwe, ehlanganisa izifundo ehlukile. Yezombangazwe nokunqoba amazwe isimo uhlelo - incarnation ezivame kakhulu ADT, okuyinto, ngaphezu, ungakwazi waqonda njengoba inqubo sesigaba oqondile yenarha amayunithi ehlukile. inqubo nokuklanywa kanye nokuqaliswa ADT zifana kakhulu, kodwa umehluko omkhulu phakathi kwabo ukuthi amayunithi zokuphatha-indawo (ATU - element eyinhloko isakhiwo ADT) asethwe iziphathimandla zomphakathi. imingcele yasibamba kwendaba ngayinye ezenziwe ngokusemthethweni kuqinisekiswa iziqondiso ezifanele.

kanjani izingxenyana zezombusazwe?

Administrative iyunithi indawo kuleli zwe Ibhekwa esifundeni. Khonamanjalo division zokuphatha inohlelo volumetric ukuthi usebenza kuphela ngendlela phezulu. Njengoba "unodoli lokushutheka" uhlelo ADT ngemazinga ukuphathwa amaningi. At ngamunye Ezingeni, kukhona isakhiwo zawo zezombangazwe kanye nezokuphatha.

Isiqalo nesigcino amayunithi indawo wokuqala, wesibili, ukuze okwesithathu, njll, ngaphambilini uhlelo ADT, ejwayelekile kubo bonke kwamazwe anamuhla. Lesi sigaba ku emazingeni ehlukene ngaso sonke isikhathi kuyoba gqwa, indawo degree oyinkimbinkimbi kwenaba. • Inhlalo engenayo inxushunxushu unomphela division zokuphatha-indawo isici kuphela isimo yesimanje. Phakathi naleso sikhathi, ngaphansi njalo angabhekwa ukusatshalaliswa endaweni wezwe ne ezisalayo esincane noma abangenaso nhlobo ezingeni asemthethweni muntu, zizimele kusukela nezinye izingxenye (izifunda). Amandla, njengoba umthetho, ngamunye kubo, avame limelela isimo, kodwa ngokuvamile iyunithi ngayinye zokuphatha indawo unelungelo lokuthathwa njengomsulwa ukuzibusa noma ukuzimela.

ithonya zomlando kwi ukwakheka uhlelo ADT

Division of the state ku izingxenye ezithile - into ukuthi elisuka ngempela lasendulo kanye nemlandvo wesikhatsi lesidze. Isibonelo kunazo yesiteleka kungenziwa ngokuthi ATD division okubi okwakugcwele eMbusweni WaseRoma esifundazweni. Ngokuphathelene inkathi feudalism, kukhona, kunalokho, the wokulwa njalo uvinjelwe kumiswa amayunithi unomphela. Le modeli kahulumeni kusho ukwehlukaniswa nobuntu yedolobha, okuyinto lalibuswa abalimi amakhosi asendulo.
Njengoba kumbusi wezwe kanye umnikazi oyedwa, ummeleli isigaba salo ngokuzenzakalelayo iba umnikazi we-Territory futhi ukukhishwa badla.

Yikuphi kuthinta inqubo nezokuphatha regionalization isimo?

Ngokuphambene nendlela ephakathi yokuphila isimo, namuhla wokuphatha division uhlelo isetshenziswa cishe yonke isizwe yesimanje asethuthukile. Inguquko kusuka feudalism ukuze amandla eyodwa baba imfuneko esobala isibukeza olukhulu yezindlela zendawo ethile.

Isimo amayunithi zokuphatha-indawo buvezwa izici of isakhiwo lesifunda. Njengoba lesi simiso, njengoba sekushiwo, walibumba is isikhathi eside futhi umphumela izinqubo eziyinkimbinkimbi yokuziphendukela kwemvelo ezingase zokuphatha iyunithi indawo zimiswe by superposing gradations ezahlukene imvelaphi. Ikakhulukazi, Russian District yesiFunda ngasinye simele inhlanganisela izakhiwo:

• ethnocultural;
• zomlando;
• sa etenhlalo;
• kwezomnotho;
• yemvelo-kwendawo.

Uhlobo njengesici esibangela i-ukwakheka imingcele ezifundeni

Ukuze uhlelo njengendlela ehlukene iyunithi ADT indima ebalulekile eyadlalwa izici namasiko. Ensimini ka isimo isiRashiya, lesi simiso eliyisisekelo. Isici nobuntu kumiswa izindawo namasiko ngukutsi akhiwa ngokuzimele intando omkhulu amandla izibalo, izifiso zabo. Ngamunye isixhumanisi ohlelweni ADT esekelwe lesi simiso, ine ungubani emele evelele iseli isakhiwo lesifunda.

Nokho, engasafuni ukuvela inhliziyo separatist, kuyilapho nawe ungalushayi ekufezeni izidingo ezincane kazwelonke, isimo elinabantu multi-yobuhlanga ngokuvamile kuvimbela ukuziqhelelanisa izinkinga ezinjalo ngokubeka endaweni ethize yokuhlala senhlobo yobuhlanga yezakhamuzi.
Esinye isizathu sokuba ukwakheka izifunda elinabantu lobuzwe ethile kungenziwa ngokuthi ukungakwazi ukusungula umngcele ecacile uhlukanisa ezindaweni ezithile yokuhlala Amaqembu ezizwe.

Njengoba umlando oye wonakalisa definition yomuntu badla?

Enye imfuneko ukuze kwakhiwe amayunithi indawo sesigaba zokuphatha kusekelwe izici zomlando. Phakathi umbuso owodwa izifunda ngokuvamile eligoqiwe zisekhona eminyaka ambalwa adlule, ngokugcina izakhamuzi iziphathimandla State, njengoba zivalelise emasikweni kazwelonke. Yini shayela indawo iyunithi sokuphatha kabani indawo ngokucacile ngenxa ukwakhiwa kwezinhlaka esimeme, Kulula ukuqagela. Iinhlokwezi zihlukaniseke ngokuthi ingqopha-mlando. Kukholakala ukuthi iyunithi zokuphatha-sendawo isimo okuthwala leli gama, uma imingcele yalo ayizange ithuthuke past cishe 2-3 eminyaka.

Kufanele kuqashelwe ukuthi izici zobudlelwane zomlando ezindaweni ezithile kwendawo e ukuqaliswa kwe-ADT akunzima umkhondo ku izakhiwo kwamazwe the Old World. Futhi uma imingcele emazweni KweNkathi Ephakathi akakwazanga ukuhlala static, isakhiwo izifunda ngazinye yaqhubeka iba ngcono, bathuthela abanye ababusi ngefomu koqobo. Europe Modern, ngokusho kwezazi-mlando eziningi, esekelwe izingxenye compact kuchazwe amaseli ethize indawo ngisho noma izinduna uwuhlobo oluthile lukahulumeni.

Ezinye izici besigaba zokuphatha-indawo yezwe

ukusimama kwezomnotho kanye nezepolitiki kuthinte isakhiwo indawo yezwe akuyona esingaphansi izizathu ngenhla. izimiso isiphetho zisekelwe okuthiwa izindawo esigungwini. Okukhulu zokuphatha kanye indawo iyunithi bekulokhu kuyinto esemqoka gravity izakhamuzi zezwe. Kumiswa simiso "isikhungo-azungeze" is, njengoba umthetho, esekelwe ezindawo orientation nemizana yayo kanye nobuhlobo esimeme phakathi nezinye izindawo esigungwini.

izici kwedemografikhi, okuyizinto izimiso zomphakathi, ezomnotho kanye nezepolitiki ADT, kulula ukubona kumiswa izifunda ezifundeni ngokuncane evelele isakhiwo Ethno-zamasiko nezomlando. Ngokuvamile lezi amazwe abasha amandla amadivayisi ebumbeneko. Izibonelo uthi ezifana wayesengaba wezwe emaphakathi-empumalanga yeYurophu.

kungase zimiswe Administrative iyunithi indawo ngenxa yethonya ku inqubo ATD izici zemvelo womhlaba. Ngokwesibonelo, uyisibonelo esivelele kungenzeka siqhingi noma entabeni izindawo isimo.

Izici unit zokuphatha-indawo eRussia

ADT Russian Federation iyona ingxenye ebaluleke kakhulu inhlangano lesifunda yezwe. Lonke uhlelo lukahulumeni, ukusatshalaliswa nokubekwa kahulumeni, imigwamanda yohulumeni basekhaya kanye nezinhlangano zomphakathi isekelwe division zezombusazwe kanye nezokuphatha. Namuhla, isakhiwo sendawo Russia kungenxa yokungabikho komkhathi engapheli isimo, kanye ezihlukahlukene okubanzi ezinomthelela kumiswa izici badla: ukubalwa kwabantu, kwezomnotho, yemvelo, namasiko.

Isimiso sesigaba indawo eRussia

amayunithi Administrative-indawo Russia nekuhambisana federal isakhiwo isimo. Ngaphezu kwalokho, ADT eRussia Kwenziwa kwenye indawo - kamasipala. Ngaphezu division zokuphatha kanye indawo ezidingekile ukugcwaliseka ngendlela ehlelekile. Imisebenzi lokulawula lelitimele, uhlelo nokuklanywa wezwe sihilela division zibe izingxenye ukuqaliswa okulula uhulumeni wendawo.

Ngokucacile of ADT kwezinye izindawo futhi inhloko-dolobha

ERussia, kulezi zindlela ukuze ubuhlobo division zokuphatha nokusatshalaliswa omasipala ungaboniswa:

1. Ngokuhlanganisa izindlela ezimbili kumiswa lesifunda (okusho ukuthi omasipala umngcele zizofana imingcele ezifundeni nezokuphatha). Ngokwesibonelo, uhlelo ezinjalo kuchaziwe Chelyabinsk ATD.
2. Ukungafani elisemthethweni izinhlobo ezimbili izindlela division ngekwendzawo (imingcele amayunithi zokuphatha kanye nomasipala ingahluka). Ngokwesibonelo, e-Sverdlovsk esifundeni ADT kukhiqizwa ngokuvumelana nalesi simiso.

Ngaphezu ukwehlukana okuhlukile lezi zindawo, enye izingqimba olungeziwe olunikezwe kwezinye izindawo eRussia. Ikakhulukazi, inhloko-dolobha isimo Russian lihlukaniswe ngumasipala ukuhlonza izindawo (146 intracity izindawo edolobheni federal) , kanye nezifunda zokuphatha 12.