Yini iyisikhukhula? Izimbangela Nezingozi izinhlobo izikhukhula

Isintu ujwayelene izikhukhula kusukela ezikhathini zasendulo. Sine ulwazi mayelana izikhukhula eziyinhlekelele ku Yellow River (e 2297 BC) kanye neNayile (iminyaka 3000 edlule). Ngaphambilini, le izinhlekelele zemvelo kuyinto ngempela ezingavamile, kodwa ngekhulu elidlule, ukuvama kwazo futhi ubukhulu umonakalo seliphakeme kakhulu. Uma sithatha isikhathi BC, uzamcolo eziyingozi kakhulu, izimbangela zezinkumbulo iluphi okuzoxoxwa ngalo ngezansi, kwenzeka kanye ngemva kweminyaka 50 (isib China). Nokho, manje, izinhlekelele ezinjalo zenzeka izikhathi eziningana ngonyaka. Esikhathini kakhulu "ezinezithelo", lezinhlekelele kwenzeke ngezikhawu ezingu-2-3, yini ngokushesha usitshele nakuthelevishini. Mhlawumbe yingakho "Flood" isihloko sihambisana kubantu abaningi. Futhi isithakazelo kuyo sikhulela njalo.

izinkinga Amanzi

Kuyaziwa ukuthi ukuthuthukiswa komphakathi wesintu incike izinga kwemithombo yamanzi. osopolitiki abaningi futhi ochwepheshe bakholelwa ukuthi inkinga yamanzi usendaweni kuqala uhlu lwezinkinga ezivamile mashumi eminyaka ambalwa okugcina. "Nezindaba Water" ezingase ziphakame izimo ezine: uma kungekho noma alanele anikeza ukuphila emanzini, non-ukuhambisana umbuso zemizimba amanzi ukusebenza elikhulu zemvelo, ngesikhathi imodi okuphakelayo okungahambisani nezidingo zezomnotho nezenhlalo sabantu, kanye ngokweqile umswakama ezindaweni ezinabantu ukuhlupheka ngenxa ngenxa zikhukhula. Emhlabeni jikelele, izimpikiswano yokuqala emithathu yenziwe ngekhulu wamuka, kanti owesine haunts abantu kusukela ezikhathini zasendulo. Nakuba abantu baqonda ukuthi ngesikhukhula, futhi wathatha izinyathelo zokuzivikela ngokumelene nalo, abakwazanga umuntu aphumelele kuleli. Futhi leminyaka umonakalo kule nhlekelele ngamunye liyaqhubeka landa. Kuphela engxenyeni kwekhulu lamashumi amabili wesibili, umonakalo yayo kukhuphuke ngo izikhathi 10.

indaba

Funda usuku kufanele kazamcolo, ungasebenzisa umhlahlo kwamanzi. Kuyinto cwaningo okuhloswe ngaso substantiation yesayensi ubukhulu kanye nohlobo inhlekelele. Izibikezelo zihlukaniswe super eside (ngaphezu kuka-1 ikota), yesikhathi eside (kufika ku 3 amaviki), zesikhathi esifishane (izinsuku 10-12), indawo kanye lendawo. Imiphumela kanye nezinga yezikhukhula incike ubude bawo, ubunjalo inhlabathi, zonyaka, isimo sezwe, ijubane ukugeleza, ukuphakama kwamanzi rise nezinye izinto. Wonke umuntu oye wezwa kuBaba futhi legend of kukaZamcolo. Abacwaningi abaningi abazi ukuthi yini ngesikhukhula, Bakholelwa ukuthi ngesisekelo emasikweni uzamcolo ngempela eyenzeke ezingxenyeni ezahlukene zomhlaba nhlekelele. Ethnographers, izazi-mlando, zokuma kwendawo nezazi abavubukuli baye bathola ukuthi 3 rd futhi 4 th yeminyaka BC, lezi zinhlekelele ziye zenzeka laseMesophothamiya. nezindawo okuhlalwa kuzo esigodini Ewufrathe and ITigrisi owayebonakala abantu umhlaba wonke. Ngakho-ke uzamcolo ezinkulukazi nge eziningi izisulu ziye zahlobana kukaZamcolo. Manje abavubukuli, izazi-mlando nabanye ochwepheshe usukwenzile omningi cwaningo emasikweni KuZamcolo Omkhulu. Kususelwa ngokusemthethweni uhlu lwala amasiko, izikhukhula ezinkulu ezenzeke cishe zonke izingxenye Earth. Futhi uma uhlu ngempela umxhwele. Kuhlanganisa yezinganekwane kazamcolo wonke amazwekazi planethi.

Izikhukhula ngobukhulu

Nge kwenani labantu, ukuqothulwa kwamahlathi nezinye yingozi ubunjalo izinto ezenziwa abantu, kazamcolo aqala zenzeka kaningi. Ekuqaleni kwalesi sihloko sishilo izikhukhula ezimbili inhlekelele. Ngubani oyolandisa kabanzi mayelana ambalwa.

1. Izikhukhula Europe. Ukufunda eJalimane, UK naseNetherlands ngo-1953. Uma enamandla yiziphepho imimoya asibekela ogwini olusenyakatho lwalesi amagagasi amakhulu. Lokhu kwabangela ukwanda kokutheleleka kudlange yamanzi (3-4 amamitha) ku zemifula we Scheldt, Meuse, Rhine kanye neminye imifula. Angaphezu kuka lonke Netherlands wahlupheka. 8% zensimu wawudla izindwali. Ebulala abantu ababalelwa 2,000.

2. Izikhukhula e iGanges delta. Kwathi ngo-1970. 10 imitha wave ehlanganiswa emfuleni engcwele, baphendukela phezu emuva. It wawudla izindwali cishe 20,000 sq. km. emakhulwini batshabalalisa nasemizaneni inqwaba amadolobha. Zabulala abantu abangaba ngu 1.5 million. Man. Njengoba uzamcolo wabhubhisa cishe yonke imithombo, i Ukushoda okukhulu kwabantu amanzi okuphuza. Amakhulu ezinkulungwane zabantu abafela kuyo ngenxa yendlala futhi ubhubhane lwe-typhoid futhi nekholera.

3. Amur kukazamcolo. Kwathi Insimu Russian Federation ngoJulayi 2013. Umonakalo Imininingwane kudlulwe ruble no 3 billion. It phephetha amabhuloho 29. Anyakaza cishe 300 amakhilomitha kwemigwaqo. Zonakala ezolimo. Esikhathini indawo inundation kwaba nemizana engaphezu kweyishumi ziqhubeka.

Izimbangela Nezingozi izinhlobo izikhukhula

Ukuze uthole ukuqonda ngokujulile ngesihloko, ake ukuchaza lokhu inhlekelele. Phela, akubona bonke uyazi uzamcolo onjalo. Ake ulungise lokhu ukungenzi. Inchazelo elula - ivele igcwale amanzi ezindaweni abalulekile umhlaba. Asibhale izizathu zale nhlekelele.

izizathu

1. Snowmelt.

2. Tsunami amagagasi.

3. izimvula engapheli eyayiqhutshwa.

4. izimbangela yabantu.

Kukhona izimbangela ngqo ezihlobene nokubhujiswa kwamadamu wokubacindezela izenzakalo ebambe, futhi engaqondile - Izakhiwo zokuhlala nendawo yezimboni, amanzi kwamaxhaphozi, ukuqothulwa kwamahlathi. Konke lokhu kushintsha kwamanzi umbuso yemifula ngenxa ukwanda izingxenye ebusweni amanzi emifula. Ukuncishiswa zonke amahlathi kuzokhulisa ukugeleza esiphezulu of afinyelela ku-300%.

Manje cabanga izinhlobo ezinkulu izikhukhula. Siyaqiniseka ukuthi abafundi bethu, lesi sihloko kuyoba mnandi kakhulu.

izinhlobo

1. kukaZamcolo. Kuvela lapho uma kuncibilika iqhwa entwasahlobo emathafeni noma ezintabeni. It has a PERIODICITY kwesizini. Elinesimo Ukwanda okuphawulekayo kokuthandwa ezingeni amanzi.

2. kukaZamcolo. Kuvela ebusika thaws ngenxa iqhwa ncibilika yezimvula ezinamandla noma. Akukona ngokucacile liphinyiselwe PERIODICITY. Elinesimo kuyanda kwetfulwe esifushane futhi okukhulu izinga lamanzi.

3. uhlanganyela ice amadamu nasemanzini Mash. Kuzokwenzeka uma iziqephu zomhlaba ngasinye emlanjeni kudala ukumelana kwamanzi. It kuvela ukwenyuka kwezinga zeqhwa kule nokuminyaniseka isiteshi ngesikhathi iqhwa drift (ukucinana), noma umise-up (ice sezimoto). Bahlanganise kwakheka esikhukhulayo umfula ngasekuqaleni kwentwasahlobo noma ngasekupheleni ebusika. It has a kuqhathaniswa okusezingeni eliphezulu kuyanda esifushane izinga lamanzi. Ulenga ice amadamu izikhukhula kwenzeka ekuqaleni ebusika. It libhekene nokwanda okuphawulekayo ezingeni amanzi isikhathi eside ngemva kwenhlekelele.

4. okhuphuka izikhukhula. Vuka ngenxa umoya okhuphuka e izizalo zemifula, izindawo kanye ngempela ingxenye ezinomoya kwesigubhu, amachibi amakhulu futhi kolwandle. Abakwazi zenzeka ngasiphi isikhathi sonyaka. Awunayo PERIODICITY. Lo rise izinga lamanzi - abalulekile.

5. Izikhukhula ukwehluleka edamini. Zokucindezeleka kwenzeka amanzi itjhubhu kusukela kwesigubhu samanzi noma ngenxa ukufohla ingcindezi izakhiwo (amadamu, dykes futhi t. D.) Noma amanzi osenyameni eziphuthumayo. Esinye isizathu - break engokwemvelo edamini ngenxa izici zemvelo (kwenhlabathi, izikhukhula zeqhwa ezintabeni ze, njll ...). Ngokuhamba le nhlekelele kukhicite wave ukufohla Ugcwalise ezindaweni eziningi ngokonakalisa noma ukubhubhisa izinto (izakhiwo, izakhiwo, kanye nabanye.), Found ngendlela lokuya kwaso.

Ngakho, lapho sathola khona izimbangela nezinhlobo yezikhukhula, kodwa akunakwenzeka ukhohlwe ukuthi lezi zinhlekelele zemvelo nazo yizigaba. Izimiso eziyinhloko lokwehlukaniswa yilezi zinhlekelele - a repeatability eside nokusatshalaliswa esikalini.

amakilasi izikhukhula

1. okuphansi. Ngokuvamile kubangele umonakalo omncane. Ihlanganisa insimu elisogwini usayizi encane. Amasimu Agricultural zigcwele angaphansi kuka-10%. Lutho neze knock labantu kusukela isigqi zamanje zokuphila. Repeatability - 5-10 kweminyaka.

2. High. Imbangela enkulu umonakalo (zokuziphatha futhi impahla). Cover izindawo ezinkulu emfuleni izigodi. Mayelana 10-15% Ugcwalise umhlaba. Esephula kokubili isakhiwo zasekhaya kanye nezomnotho sabantu. Cishe abantu baphume ngokwengxenye kwabantu. Imvamisa - iminyaka 20-25.

3. Ezivelele. Owabangela umonakalo omkhulu impahla, esehlanganise imicengezi emfuleni. Ngaphansi kwamanzi cishe 50-70% of yokulima, kanye ingxenye nemizana ezithile. izikhukhula Ezivelele hhayi kuphela eziphula indlela umthengi zokuphila, kodwa futhi thwebula umsebenti wetemnotfo. Kuhlengwe impahla engokoqobo kanye nabantu abavela nenhlekelele kanye nokuvikelwa izinto eyinhloko ukubaluleka kwezomnotho. Repeatability - iminyaka 50-100.

4. inhlekelele. Abangela umonakalo impahla enkulu, esakaza phezu insimu enkulu kohlaka okukodwa noma ngaphezulu emfuleni izinhlelo. Hola ekulahlekelweni ukuphila komuntu. Yayikhukhula ezingaphezu kuka-70% ezweni, nezindawo eziningi, Tinsita amabhizinisi ezimbonini. Ngokuphelele ukukhiqizwa owayekhubazekile imisebenzi yebhizinisi, kanye nokushintsha umthengi yokuphila sabantu. Imvamisa - iminyaka 100-200.

imiphumela uzamcolo

Izici eziyinhloko isimo lapho kuphakama lapho izinhlekelele ezinjalo zibizwa: nokukhula ngokushesha nebutho ezithinta izici, ukufinyelela nzima isisulu, ubunjalo okubhubhisa lesi simo, esinye izibalo izisulu sokusinda ezincane, kanye khona enqabayo sezulu izimo (wahlala, iqhwa drift, izikhukhula, njll ... ).

Ukugeleza izici amanzi njengesizathu esinomthelela elimazayo

1. eliphakeme izinga lamanzi.

2. eliphakeme amanzi ukusetshenziswa.

3. Izinga ukugeleza.

4. Le ndawo yezikhukhula.

5. Imvamisa amagugu esiphezulu izinga lamanzi.

6. Isikhathi izikhukhula.

7. kwezinga lokushisa lamanzi.

8. Ezokuphepha esiphezulu izinga lamanzi.

9. Isikhathi sokuqala zokucindezeleka.

10. Izinga ukuvelela ezingeni amanzi kuzo zonke kukazamcolo.

11. I yezikhukhula insimu e-yalendawo ukujula.

Izici nemiphumela

1. labantu endaweni yenhlekelele (izisulu abaye bahlupheka futhi ngakho. N.).

2. Inani lezinto ezimbonini ehlaselwe inhlekelele yemvelo.

3. Inani ezindaweni okuqondene njengendawo yenhlekelele.

4. Ubude imigwaqo (imigwaqo emikhulu nojantshi bezitimela), ukuxhumana kanye nezintambo zikagesi, abanjwe endaweni ethandwa izikhukhula.

5. Isibalo imigudu, amabhuloho futhi izindlu, ezilimele, wabhubhisa waphuphuma ngenxa yale nhlekelele.

6. Isibalo izilwane ezifile ehilelekile selhozotrasli ngaphambili.

7. Indawo ehlanganiswa yokulima nezinye inhlekelele.

wokutakula

Injongo eyinhloko yawo wokutakula - a search and khulula abantu babambeke zone kukazamcolo. Kuyadingeka ukuba ubasize ngokushesha ngangokunokwenzeka futhi ukuqinisekisa ukuphila kwazo isimo samanje. Impumelelo umsebenzi wokutakula ibangelwa eziningi izenzo.

1. Kuphethe ekuseni futhi ehlelekile ukuqeqeshwa ka izinduna kanye amasosha ukuzivikela civil, abazi kahle ukuthi uzamcolo, kanye namalungu search and khulula izisebenzi ukuqhuba ukutakulwa.

2. ukusabela ngokushesha le nhlekelele sekukhona, ixwayisa kanye nokunikeza Manpower esidingekayo kanye nemithombo.

3. Inhlangano intelligence tekusebenta kanye ukuthunyelwa zokulawula.

4. Ukusetshenziswa ephumelelayo hit yokusesha ubuchwepheshe kanye insindiso yabo, kanye nezindlela zokuvikela labantu kanjalo nezinhlelo ezihlukahlukene zomnotho.

Ezifaka umsebenzi oluphuthumayo ngokushesha?

1. Ukwakhiwa befaka imiphini namadamu.

2. Ukwakhiwa iziteshi amanzi.

3. Izinsiza kusebenza berths ngoba izikhali ezingekho ezibulalayo.

4. Ukuqedwa ice sezimoto.

5. Buyisela amandla.

6. yokuvuselela nokuvikelwa ukwakhiwa kwemigwaqo.

7. kwasendaweni we izilonda yesibili lesion izici.

intelligence imisebenzi in kukazamcolo

1. Ukunqunywa endaweni enezikhukhula.

2. Ukuphathwa we Dynamics ukuthuthukiswa inhlekelele.

3. Khomba izindawo lapho abantu nemfuyo abadinga usizo.

4. Ukuthola zezinto ezibonakalayo ezenziwa ngokungakhathali okuyizinto zisuswe isayithi inhlekelele.

5. Ukucinga bese imishini amapulatifomu kokufika ezinophephela emhlane ezonini inhlekelele.

6. Ukucinga bese ukukhethwa imizila esiphuthumayo impahla engokoqobo, abantu nezilwane ngosizo izikebhe. Uma kudingekile, imishini berths.

umsebenzi Rescue eyenziwa lempi ukuzivikela civil, ukucinga kanye khulula amasevisi athuthukisiwe ferrying Airborne izindlela ezikhethekile. Ukuqalisa nezinye umsebenzi eziphuthumayo, ikhumbula ukuthi yayiyini, ubunjiniyela esimisiwe nomthamo ekubumbeni. Uma usesha izisulu ezindaweni enezikhukhula, abatakuli kufanele asebenzise izindiza (enophephela emhlane, kanti izindiza).

Futhi odlule. Ungakhohlwa ukuthi usongo uzamcolo sihlala sikhona. Ngakho-ke, uzilungiselele kusengaphambili umhlangano lo engokwemvelo.