Yini eyenza ikhofi? Lapho benza ikhofi? Ukukhiqizwa ikhofi osheshayo

Ngokungafani itiye ukuthi ukwenziwa kusukela izitshalo ezihlukahlukene kakhulu (amakhambi, izimbali noma izithelo), ikhofi wenza kuphela kusuka okusanhlamvu Rubiaceae lozalo (Rubiaceae). Kodwa nakuba isikhona narrowness kwezinhlobo, abalimi baletha izinhlobo eziningi lokhu esihlwabusayo, kuqabule ekuseni isiphuzo. Umlando ukutholakala yayo ligubuzelwe-legends. Indlela, azenzayo isuka eTopiya iya amatafula gourmets European, lwalulude futhi zigcwele izingozi. Ake sifunde kulokho kwenza ikhofi, futhi yini inqubo kukhona okusanhlamvu obomvu ukuze iphenduke isiphuzo black elimnandi nge Crema enhle.

Legend kokusunguliwe

Le nganekwane isitshela elandelayo. A Kaldi, umalusi Ethiopia waphawula izimbuzi zakhe emva kokudla amaqabunga kanye amajikijolo iba nsundu ngokubomvu we isihlahla sekhofi, babe eyingqabavu futhi aqine. Wakhuluma wesigodlo ka esigodlweni sezindela sithombo esingatshalwanga unqume uzame umphumela okusanhlamvu ku izindela, waphoqa ukuhlafuna i nemiphumela ebuhlungu phambi Vespers. Kamuva izindela wafunda ukuze ome futhi yokosela imbewu, ukupheka aphume ke aphuze. Kwakungenxa Maphakathi nekhulu IX. Yaqala kanjalo ukufuywa kwamakamela izihlahla zasendle ngamabele amahle. Kodwa kwadlula isikhathi eside, akukho ngaphandle omunye Ethiopia Wayengazi ukuthi yini eyenza ikhofi.

Indaba yangempela

Kwaphela isikhathi eside amajikijolo eluhlaza nje ezokuhlafunwa, enikwa yibo ngokwenama. Kwabe sekuthi ngo-Yemen wafunda indlela yokwenza isiphuzo esenziwe kusuka omisiwe ubhontshisi oluhlaza. "Kishr" noma "geshir" nangokuthi "ikhofi emhlophe". walo wokusanhlamvu ezivezwa ingcindezi. Kwakukhona futhi indlela evame yokuhlanganisa amajikijolo nepepper nge amafutha ezilwane. Ungqimba ingezwe ubisi kancane, usongwa amabhola ukuthi ngathatha umgwaqo ukukhulisa ithoni bese rejuvenation. By the way, green (eluhlaza) ikhofi kahle ashise amanoni ngokweqile. Futhi manje, isetshenziswa ne izithasiselo ehlukahlukene e umsoco kwesisindo. Lokho ka okwenza ikhofi green - corn okuluhlaza - ngaleso sikhathi zaqala ukwamukelwa Fry. Ngemva kokudlulisa ukwelashwa ukushisa, amajikijolo badedelwa iphunga ukunambitheka ocebile, gaya emihle. powder okunjalo Arab iqeda ngamanzi alethwe ngamathumba. Yidla isiphuzo ngaphandle ushukela, unezela ezihlukahlukene izinongo (ginger, cardamom, isinamoni). Kodwa ngaphambi kwekhulu XII Arabhu ukulondoloza esinakho lapho kuvezwa ikhofi.

mashi ungena emhlabeni wonke

Yezindaba zemihla ngemihla Turkish eyaziwa lapho okukhethekile esitolo wokuqala wavulwa isiphuzo. Istanbul "Kiva Han" iye yakhoselisa kumakhasimende 1475. Libuye libe yinhloko-dolobha yoMbuso WaseTurkey kungokwalabo umbono walokho okubizwa ngokuthi ikhofi izindlu zomphakathi: owokuqala lavulwa ngo 1564. EYurophu lehla ngokushesha inani okusanhlamvu alethwe abathengisi isiNtaliyane, ukuthenga kubo izintuba Turkish. Kodwa isiphuzo iyathandwa ikakhulukazi ngoba wasebenzisa ukukopisha Arabhu, ngaphandle ushukela. Lokho konke kwashintsha ngo-1683 ne ukuvinjezelwa esilandelayo Vienna ngu abaseTurkey. Ukrainian Kazak Yury-Franz Kulchytsky wachitha amabutho amaZwe Asizanayo kuya bevimbezela futhi wasiza eziphonsa abaseTurkey ukubaleka. Lo mklomelo wayeziqaphela Cossacks isakhamuzi zokuhlonipha of Vienna, wamnika isitha kwesokunxele Georgia - izikhwama 300 okusanhlamvu iba nsundu ngokubomvu. KULCHYTSKY kwakunganele ukwazi ukuthi yini eyenza ikhofi, kwakufanele bonyana enze ngandlela-thile ukwenza saseVienna umlutha lesi siphuzo. Ngakho-ke, i-Cossack inethiwekhi Yesikhashana Uphinde abhekwe umsunguli we ukukhangisa. Yena ukuyichaza ushukela nobisi isiphuzo. Umcimbi wakhe wokuqala yokukhangisa elihlobene ne bagel, ukuthi zonke Patriot wakubona kufaneleka udle (nge inkomishi yekhofi, vele) ukuze bakhumbule ukumehlula abaseTurkey. Kulchytsky wavula ikhofi endlini yakhe e Vienna e 1684. Eminyakeni embalwa kamuva isikhungo esifanayo lifanelwe Paris - umnikazi we Le ikhefi Procope kwaba Pascal yena. France - a trendsetter neyaziwayo - umane esasizobhujiswa ikhofi ngempumelelo emhlabeni wonke.

Kunwetshwa uhla izihlahla

Naphezu boom-Europe-wide, ukukhiqizwa ikhofi izwe eliye bagxila eNyakatho Afrika. Kodwa izihambeli zomhlaba Islamic waya naseMecca hhayi kuphela Hajj. Esikhathini XVII eyodwa isihambi ezifana ezazishushumbiswa kwakunezigqiki ezithambile ikhofi kwesihlahla eNdiya. Ngesikhathi, abahwebi Dutch waletha isitshalo ku esiqhingini Java kanye yeSumatra. Ekuqaleni kwekhulu XVIII French ozama ukuphoqelela emasimini ekhofi esiqhingini Bourbon (namuhla Réunion). Ngakho-ke akuzange kuphela eyisa njalo ngemikhumbi-Arabhu. Kwavela ukuthi ensimini ka ukukhula izihlahla ushintshe ukunambitheka ikhofi. Kwakukhona izinhlobo "arabica Bourbon" (elinegama elifanayo yalesi siqhingi), Blue Mountain (kusukela masimu entabeni e Jamaica), kanye nabanye.

Okwenza ikhofi

Rubiaceae Rubiaceae lozalo njalo seliphindeke izikhathi ezingaphezu ayisishiyagalolunye zilwane. Kodwa asetshenziswa umkhakha ezimbili kuphela. Kuyinto Coffea arabica futhi Coffea canephora. Uhlobo lwesibili uvame ukubizwa ngokuthi i-robusta noma isiphuzo Congolese. ukukhiqizwa ikhofi Umhlaba kusekelwe arabica. Kulolu hlobo akhawunti cishe 69% of the volume ingqikithi ukukhiqizwa. Arabica emnandi kuzo zonke izici: iphunga, ukunambitheka, igwebu okusezingeni eliphezulu. okusanhlamvu side ube nomugqa lwalugobile esime incwadi S. Kodwa robusta iqukethe caffeine eyengeziwe, futhi ngokubhukula yingakho kangcono. Sikhula, ngokungafani arabica endaweni engamamitha amamitha 600, zingabantu linesizotha futhi livikela nezilokazane. Bystrorastushy ama-akhawunti lolu hlobo cishe ama-29% ukukhiqizwa ikhofi emhlabeni. Labo abasele abanga-cent lamabili ibiza kakhulu ukuthi ube umkhiqizo mass. Ngakho, uhlobo "Kopi Luwak" kumele idlule yayo wokugaya ukudla ipheshana isilo entendeni civet. Mayelana inqubo efanayo zobuchwepheshe kukhona «Monkey Coffee» okusanhlamvu izinhlobo.

Lapho benza ikhofi?

Kule ndaba, omunye kufanele bahlukanise phakathi kwamazwe ukuthi zitshala futhi zivune izihlahla, futhi isimo lapho izinhlamvu inqubo eyinkimbinkimbi kwezobuchwepheshe yokuwugazinga ngokugedla ukuze emaphaketheni. Phela, ukunambitheka kanye nephunga elimnandi yalesi siphuzo incike kuba njani okusanhlamvu lelungiselelwe: okuxubile imisindvo elilungile, walethwa degree oyifunayo calcination ngikudalile zonke izimo ukulondolozwa esiphezulu kube nephunga elimnandi. Okusanhlamvu etshalwa emazweni angaphezu kuka-60 emhlabeni enkabazwe kanye tropical esishintshashintshayo zezulu. Umholi eyaziwako ukukhiqizwa ikhofi - Brazil. It ebangela u-40% ukukhiqizwa Imininingwane. Emazweni okusanhlamvu-timbiwa kuphela nahlanza emagobolondweni zemvelo yomiswa. Basuke uthuthwa green - a - ushizi.

Eduzane umthengi

Ngekhulu kwethu kuyize ososayensi abaningi abasebenza kanjani ukwenza lo mkhiqizo kusheshe futhi kube lula ukulungiselela. Bayamangala ikhofi abantu abaningi: ngoba ngabo, kakhulu inqubo ukulungiselela isiphuzo - ongokwenkolo. Nokho, uma ezisheshayo ukusebenza, kubalulekile ngokushesha ngangokunokwenzeka ukuze uthole umphumela. Phela, indlela ukwenza ikhofi osheshayo? Vele uthele powder ngamanzi abilayo. Abathanda ikhofi elimnandi, ethulula enkomishini ushukela ngaphambi kokwengeza amanzi. Bese ungakwazi uthele ukhilimu kancane noma ubisi. ikhofi esheshayo wadedelwa emuva 1899. It sidalwe Max Morgentaller, wemithi zisuka eSwitzerland. Kusukela ngaleso sikhathi, kwathatha engaphezu kwekhulu edlule, futhi phakathi naleso sikhathi ukukhiqizwa ikhofi osheshayo akuyona emi namanje. Ososayensi baye basebenza kanzima ukuqinisekisa ukuthi cishe ukephi esiphezulu ukunambitheka isiphuzo ekhiqizwa kusukela powder chemical a ukwenziwa wemvelo okusanhlamvu nepepper.

ukuvinjelwa caffeic

Izazi zesayensi ziye zakhomba into obhekene evuselelayo futhi "Awakening" umphumela walesi siphuzo emangalisayo. Lolu chungechunge purine alkaloids, okuyinto, by the way, uma uqede isiphuzo kaningi, umzimba ukukhiqiza nokulutheka. Caffeine, theophylline futhi theobromine nazo zingase zibangele ukuqwasha futhi agxume wegazi. Ngakho-ke, lolu cwaningo olwenziwe ososayensi bebheke ukunciphisa umthelela ongemuhle isiphuzo emzimbeni. Ngokwenza kanjalo, basiza icala. Omunye Umkhumbi owawuthwele ikhofi eYurophu, wabanjwa njengomkhumbi lapho kunesivunguvungu. Ngenxa yalokho, izimbobo ezincane amanzi olwandle wangena enqabeni futhi angabacwasi damped umthwalo. Umnikazi engafuni ukuphonsa ithawula ufana nje wathatha isazi ikhofi, umthaki wemithi waseJalimane Ludwig Rozemusu. Wahlola okusanhlamvu wamangazwa ukuthola ukuthi isiphuzo akalilahlile ukunambitheka kwako nezimfanelo elimnandi, kodwa ... baphelelwa alkaloids engadingeki .. Manje cishe ukuthola indlela yokwenza ikhofi decaffeinated. Ngemva Rozemus wathola igunya e-United States, ezifana okusanhlamvu "ingozi" kabanzi bayaziwa kuwo wonke umhlaba.

Coffee eRussia

E-Ukraine, ngenxa yokunqotshwa Turkish ikhofi Sekuyisikhathi eside kwaziwa. Kodwa eRussia eqala ukungena kuphela ngesikhathi sokubusa kuka-Alexei Mikhailovich. Nokho, ngaleso sikhathi lalisetshenziselwa kuphela njengendlela umuthi munyu migraine kanye nezinye izifo. Peter mina esingokwemvelo indlela voluntarist uzama ukusebenzisa "isiphuzo kofiya" esigodlweni. Njengoba izazi-mlando zithi inkosi "baletha eduze Europe," boyars bakhe ukuthi ngenkani aphuce intshebe yawo waphuzisa zabo "swill ebabayo." Ngo-1703, ikhofi endlini yokuqala wavulwa Petersburg. Kodwa fashion isiphuzo - okungenani kumibuthano eliphakeme - usanda kwethula lento iNdlovukazi Elizabeth. It is hhayi idliwe kuphela kofy izinto eziningi ezinkulu, kodwa futhi kumenza abe Scrubs yezimonyo.

ukukhiqizwa Coffee eRussia wasungula umqondo omuhle kakhulu. Ngokwesibonelo, e Tver Paulig ifektri enamandla kusukela 2011. Kukhona ngokugcwele yokukhiqiza umjikelezo yokusanhlamvu esuka eNingizimu Melika naseMelika Ephakathi naseNdiya. Okokuqala, ukukhethwa impahla eluhlaza kanye maqembu kwendingilizi. Khona-ke amajikijolo green ethosiwe ngezindlela ezingafani, athunyelwa indlela ukugaya, futhi benganelisekile phama.

prozharka

Nokho, ekugcineni, ake sibheke indlela apheke siphuzo esehl 'esiphundu. Yini ikhofi kungcono ukukhetha? It incike lapho uya ukwenza isiphuzo - ku Cezve bendabuko, isiphethu samanzi ashisayo noma umshini lemifanekiso, espresso noma French-cindezela. Ngendlela ezimele kanye yokuwugazinga, futhi igaya. Kukhona ama-degree amane ukwelashwa ukushisa okusanhlamvu. Yokuwugazinga zaseScandinavia - umpofu. I izinhlamvu ogqamile. Stronger - saseVienna, isiFulentshi futhi Italy. yokuwugazinga zaseScandinavia isetshenziselwa ukulungiswa isiphuzo French-Cindezela (igabha ekhethekile lapho strainer ehlukanisa obukhulu). Dark, cishe abamnyama "Italian" okusanhlamvu okukhiqizwayo imishini espresso.

milling

Isikhathi esingaphezu okusanhlamvu ezincane, yilapho bezibona khona ukunikeza ukunambitheka kwabo. Uma ukupheka ikhofi Cezve (owaziwa nangokuthi lokhu izitsha - Turk), udinga ukuba ugaye okusanhlamvu lincane kakhulu, othulini. A kwasani okusanhlamvu indawo efanelekayo French Cindezela noma ukuhlunga-uhlobo ikhofi abenzi. Kungcono ukuthenga okusanhlamvu okuphekiwe. Phela, kungakhathaliseki ukuthi Londoloza powder nepepper, namanje-ke ngemuva kwesikhathi esithile ilahlekelwa ukunambitheka kwako elimangalisayo. Ukupheka isiphuzo esimnandi, iphunga okuzokwenza ukumpotopotoza emakhaleni, nendlu yakho nje kuphela, kodwa futhi omakhelwane, resin okusanhlamvu ngokushesha ngaphambi ukusetshenziswa.

Kungakhathaliseki kukhona ikhofi okuhle osheshayo?

Konke okungenhla kuziwa okusanhlamvu zemvelo. Futhi indlela powder elula kangaka? Iyakwazi yini ukuphendula izidingo okusezingeni eliphezulu kuya zokunambitha nokuhogela? Kwaphela isikhathi eside isiphuzo Ongoti ngoma okuphindaphindiwe categorical "Cha!" Kodwa manje, ukukhiqizwa kwanoma ikhofi osheshayo ukuba ngconywana. Iqiniso lokuthi powder etholwe ngezindlela ezimbili. Okokuqala - lokushisa eliphezulu, ebizwa nangokuthi spray-omiswe indlela. Fake okusanhlamvu gaya iphathwa ezimpondweni amanzi abilayo kwengcindezi of mayelana nanhlanu eziphindwe ezine. Khona-ke, lokhu elicwengekileyo futhi ikhofi organic obsushivayut agcwalise isisu ngomoya wasempumalanga. Mina ngithole isambulo isiphuzo ersatz abadumile. Indlela entsha "Sublimation" wukuthi kokuqendwa ikhofi organic buhlangene, iqhwa uchotshoziwe. Kwase kudlula entunjeni ozinikele lapho iqhwa ayahwamuka e vacuo, ngokudlula isimo uketshezi. Le ndlela yenza kube lula ukugcina zonke ukunambitheka ikhofi zemvelo.