Vlad the Earplug: biography, impumelelo, uhulumeni kanye namaqiniso athakazelisayo

Akekho omunye umbusi emlandweni waseYurophu ephakathi lapho impilo yakhe yayiyothola izinkolelo eziningi njengoVlad III, umbusi we-Wallachia encane nengaziwa. Kodwa-ke, izindlela zakhe zokuphatha nokuziphindisela phezu kwabangalaleli zamenza waba nodumo olubi, ngisho naphakathi kwabantu abaphila ngesikhathi esifanayo, ababesetshenziselwa konke. Kuningi okuye kwafakwa, kuningi okwakhiwe, kepha u-Vlad The Emuva, owaziwa yilokho okungaqondakali kakhulu, wahlala ekuqapheliseni njengesigrafu esivusa amadlingozi.

Ukudideka ngama-nouns

Ikusasa iNkosi Valachia yazalwa ngo-1430, usuku oluqondile lubuzwa. Wabe esegqoke igama elifushane likaVlad III. I-Tsepe - isidlaliso, esanikezwa kamuva. NgesiRomania kusho "ukubalwa", futhi wanikezwa ngomkhuba omuhle wokubulala izigebengu ngale ndlela.

Ngaleso sikhathi, uyise uVlad II wayehlala eTighisoara, eTransylvania. Unina wayeyinduna yaseMoldavian iVasilika.

Igama lesidlaliso elithi "Dracula", lapho azokwaziwa khona, i-Tepes ezayo izuze ifa kuyise. "UDracula" UVlad II wayebizwa ngegama ngoba wayeyingxenye ye-Order of the Dragon, eyasungulwa inkosi yaseHungary Sigismund. Sebevele engumfana, waqala ukusebenzisa ngomfanekiso isilwane esingenganekwane ezinhlamvu zemali, izihlangu zokuzivikela, izingalo. Ngemva kwalokho, wathola igama elithi Dracula.

Ubuntwana

Kuze kube yiminyaka eyisikhombisa, i-Vlad Earplighter eyayizayo, eyayiqhamuka emndenini wayo ngemuva kokuzalwa komunye indodana, uRadu, wayehlala noyise, umama nabafowabo eTighisoara, eTransylvania. Khona-ke u-Vlad II wathola isihlalo sobukhosi senkululeko futhi wathuthela eWallachia.

Isimo sezombusazwe esifundeni kulezo zinsuku sasinzima kakhulu. I-Walachia encane ngalezo zinsuku yayingalingani phakathi kweHulumeni yamaKatolika ne-Turkey yaseTurkey. U-Vlad II wayethambekele eTurkey, lapho eboshiwe khona ngumbusi waseHungary uJanos Hunyadi.

Ngemva kochungechunge lwezingxabano zempi, uVlad II wabuyela esihlalweni sobukhosi saseWallachian ngokuvumelana namaTurkey, kodwa ukuze aqiniseke ukuthi ubuqotho bakhe, waphoqeleka ukuba athumele amadodana akhe amabili - uVlad noRed - enkantolo yaseSultan.

Ukubunjwa kwe-Tepesh

Ngakho, lapho eneminyaka engu-14, uVlad waya nomfowabo ngesilinganiso se-sultan yaseTurkey, lapho ahlala iminyaka eminingana. Ngokusho kwababhali balo mlando, waguquka kakhulu ngesikhathi esichitha ekhaya. Ukuhlukumezeka okukhulu, ukungalingani ngokomzwelo - konke lokhu kungumphumela wokushiswa okuphoqelelwe esigodlweni samaSultan, lapho ngaphandle kokubona izigebengu eziningi ngendlela eyinkimbinkimbi. Mhlawumbe, kwakukhona lapho ubuntu beVlad the Earplighter buvela khona. Ubani lo, manje owaziwa cishe cishe wonke umuntu.

Ngenkathi le ndodana isesimweni sokubanjwa, ubaba wayesebusweni esishisayo sombusi waseWallachia. Ubaba uDracula Vlad II wabe eseqedela ukusebenzelana kwezempi namaHungary, wabe esehamba kubo. Lokhu kwaholela ekutheni uJanos Hunyadi ngo-1446 wahlela ukuchithwa kwe-vassal enzima. UVlad II wadutshululwa, kanti umfowabo omdala uDracula wangcwatshwa ephila.

Ukuqala kokuqala amandla

UVlad Ekuqaleni, lapho esekhulile, wanquma ukuziphindisela ekufeni kwezihlobo zakhe. Ngokusekelwa amabutho aseTurkey, wangena eWallachia futhi washiya umuzi waseHungary uVladislav.

Ngokushesha uphenyo lwezizathu zokubamba iqhaza lwasungulwa, ngenxa yalokho ubaba wakhe wabulawa khona. Ngesikhathi esifushane wabe eseziphendulela ama-boyars ayisikhombisa.

Nokho, ukoma ukuphindisela ngaleso sikhathi kwasala kunganeliseki. Induna yaseHungary uJanos Hunyadi yamemezela ukuthi uDracula wayengumbusi ongekho emthethweni waseWallachia futhi ngo-1448 waphinde wahlela ukuchithwa kwesikhulu engathandwa nguye.

Ukuxosha eMpumalanga Yurophu

Umnumzane ohlazekile waphoqeleka ukuba ashiye iWallachia. I-Vlad Kolosazhatel yazulazula kakhulu emagcekeni ezinkosana ezincane ezihlukahlukene. Wahlala iminyaka eminingana eMoldova. Lapho wabeka ubuhlobo obuseduze nombusi wesihlalo sobukhosi saseMoldova uStefan. Ngokulandelayo, uzomsiza ukuba enyukele esihlalweni sobukhosi.

U-Vlad Dracula Ngaphambi kwalokho waqhubeka ekhathazeka kakhulu enkosini yaseHungary, ngisho nasesimweni sokuthunjwa kanye nomzali osamukelayo ezifundazweni ezingabalulekile. UJanos Hunyadi uthumele izincwadi ezithukuthele ezifuna ukuthi angabi nebhizinisi noDracula kubo bonke abathintekayo.

Lesi simo sasihlukunyezwa enye impi neTurkey. Ngo-1456, iNtshonalanga Yurophu yaqala ukuqoqa umkhosi wama-Ottoman ukuze ivuselele uConstantinople kubo. Ngalesi sikhathi, inkosi yaseHungary ayiyona into encane eyayidla izifundo zangaphambili, futhi u-Vlad The kaputeni ufika ngokuthula eTransylvania.

Ngalesi sikhathi abaholi bamaFranciscan baqasha amavolontiya ukuhamba eConstantinople phakathi kwabantu bendawo. Ngenxa yezizathu ezingokwenkolo, bavala indlela eya empini yabo kuba abalandeli be-Orthodox. U-Vlad Tsepesh, ekholelwa eSontweni Lama-Orthodox yaseRomania, wasebenzisa lesi simo futhi wamema abaqaphi ukuba bajoyine iqembu lakhe bese beya eWallachia.

Ibhodi le-Earplaster

Ngo-1456, u-Vlad Dracula waphinde wabamba isihlalo sobukhosi sase-Wallachi futhi uhlala eyobusa iminyaka eyisithupha. Engenakulinganiswa nesifiso sakhe sokuphindiselela, uqala uphenyo ngezimo zokufa kukayise nomfowabo omdala. Amaphuzu amaningi ambukisiwe wokuhlukumeza ama-boyars esendaweni yaba yizizathu zokubulawa kwabo okumbi.

U-Vlad Dracula Ngaphambili wahlela ukwamukelwa okukhulu esigodlweni sakhe, lapho ecela khona bonke abahlonishwayo ababhujiswa. Ukucabangela abafana abahlukumezi ngokuthula kwengqondo kwavela emkhosini, lapho ukubhujiswa kwabantu abaphikisanayo kwenzeka khona.

Kwakuyiminyaka eyisithupha ukubusa eWallachia ukuthi isithombe sedemoni sikaVlad the Earlier sakhiwa ngezindlela eziningi. Ngesikhatsi ehlala eTurkey, waba umlutha wendlela yokusebenza ngokuyinkimbinkimbi ngokuhlwanyela esigxotsheni futhi wasisebenzisa ngokuzenzekelayo ngokumelene nezitha.

Ukuba inkosi yaseWallachia, uDracula wafaka isifungo sokuhlonipha inkosi yaseHungary, kodwa lokhu akuzange kumvimbele ekwenzeni izinhlupho eziningi eTransylvania.

Ngolunye lwale mikhankaso impi yamaqhawe yenzeke ngombusi waseBrasov Dan. Ngemva kokuphuka ibutho lakhe, uVlad wahlelwa ukubulawa kwabantu amasosha athunjiwe ngaphandle kokuthandwa kancane. Ngesikhathi esifanayo nabo bahlanyela phezu kwabo bonke abesifazane abahamba nebutho. Abacwaningi bachaze lezi zenzakalo ngombala, bethi ukuthi amasosha aseTsepesh abopha izinsana kumama babo ngenkathi kubulawa.

Noma kunjalo, ama-Middle Ages yisikhathi esiphikisanayo. Kanye nezindaba eziphathelene nobuhlukumezi obukhulu bukaDracula, kukhona nobufakazi bokubusa kwakhe okuhlakaniphile ezweni lakhe. Imifanekiso eminingi ephathelene neDracula izinqumo zikaSolomon zokuxazulula izingxabano nokungabi khona ukwebiwa eWallachia kwaqhubeka kubhalwe esitokisini esasendulo sokubhala isiRashiya - "The Tale of the Dracula Voivode," ehlanganiswe umdikoni we-ambassy yaseRussia eHungary, uFredor Kuritsyn.

Impi neTurkey

I-Walachia encane enezikhulu ezahlukahlukene yayithandeka eTurkey, bese iya eHungary. Ekugcineni, uVlad Tepesh the Earplug wenza ukukhetha kwakhe kokugcina futhi waqala ukulwa nabase-Ottoman. Lokhu kwakungaphambi komzabalazo wangaphakathi kanye nama-boyars nokuqiniswa kwamandla abo aphelele. U-Vlad wahlomisa abalimi, abantu abakhululekile futhi babutha ibutho elikhulu.

Ngo-1461, uDracula wamemezela ukwenqaba ukukhokha uSultan no-razrezal bonke abaphathi baseTurkey emabhange aseDanube.

Ephendula, uMehmed II wethula ibutho elikhulu elingu-100 000 eliseTepesh. Kumele ngithi umbusi ononya unamandla okulwa kahle. Emlandweni kwakukhona ukuhlaselwa okudumile ebusuku, okwaqala ngoJuni 1462. Ngombutho omncane wabantu abangaba ngu-15 000 nje kuphela, wabhekana ne-100,000th Armada yaseTurkey ngokucindezela okukhulu futhi wabaphoqa labo ukuba bahambe. Ngesikhathi sokulwa, uVlad wenza isenzo esibi kakhulu futhi engenabubele. Zonke iziboshwa wazithumela esigxotsheni, ngemva kwalokho umoya wokulwa wama-Ottomans aziqhenya waqala ukubonakala.

UMehmed II waphoqeleka ukuba ahambe futhi asuse amabutho aseWallachia. Nokho, ukunqoba kwezempi kwaphenduka ukunqoba kwezombangazwe kweVlad. UMatyas Corwin, iNkosi yaseHungary, wanquma ukuhlukanisa umbusi othize noTepesh oboshiwe ngenxa yokumangalelwa kwamanga.

Iminyaka yokugcina yeDracula

UVlad wasebenzisa iminyaka engu-12 esejele, kodwa lokhu akuzange kuphulukise umoya wakhe wokungabi nalutho. Ngo-1475, washiya ejele, njengokungathi akukho okwenzekile empini njengengxenye yebutho lempi yaseHungary. Njengomunye wabaphathi bamabutho, wabamba iqhaza e-Bosnia ngokumelene namaTurkey, wasiza umngane wakhe omdala uStefan the Great ukuba avikele iMoldova.

Usizo lwalolu daba lwaluwukuthi uVlad wenza enye ibuyele eWallachia, lapho waphinde wathatha isihlalo sakhe sobukhosi, eshiya indawo yokuvikela i-Turkey eLoyot Basarab.

Nokho, ngemva kokuhamba kwamabutho aseMoldova, washiya abantu abambalwa abaqotho. Ngaphansi konyaka, njengoba uLoyota ehlelele ukubulawa kwe-indomable sovereignty.

Ukuzindla kwe-Earplighter kumaSiko

Isithombe esingaqondakali sika-Count Dracula, kude kakhulu neqiniso, sakhiwa cishe eminyakeni engamakhulu amahlanu emva kokufa kukaVlad. Ekupheleni kwamashumi ayisithupha namashumi ayisithupha ekhulwini leshumi nesishiyagalolunye, inkulumo ethile kaMichael Beheim - "Indaba ye-Villain" yanyatheliswa, lapho "ukuphazamiseka" nezibonelo zobuhlukumezi bamaTepe kwachazwa ngemininingwane enemibalabala.

Nokho, kwaze kwaba sekupheleni kwekhulu le-19, wahlala engumuntu nje kuze kube yilapho umlobi uBram Stoker enza isingeniso esifushane emlandweni weMpumalanga Yurophu. IBrithani ye-phlegmatic yahlatshwa umxhwele yizinkanuko zangaphakathi, futhi ikakhulukazi isithombe esihle seSomsi esinegama lesidlaliso se-Dracula. Ngenxa yesikhombi sikaStockker, umbusi wamaWallachian waphenduka waba mnxanxathela omuhle futhi umvampu onamandla angaphezu kwamandla.

Izinguqulo ezingenakubalwa zesikrini zihlanganisa kuphela lesi sithombe ngokuqonda okukhulu, futhi i-Count Dracula namuhla ayifani neze nomfanekiso wakhe wangempela.