Uyini serf - lo etymology nomlando ukusetshenziswa kwalo

Khumbula lesisho edumile kusukela othandekayo "Ivan", ngubani eshintsha umsebenzi wakhe: "Cishe ukucasula lady ezihloniphekayo, serf?" "O, umalalepayipini, induna ofayo, ongumlimi amahlazo"!? Thina yayingidida elihlekayo ndawonye Yakin (Michael Pugovkina), zibabaza Emibi (Yuri Yakovlev), kodwa lapho sihambisa ukuth kabusha funda ongafi ahlekisayo Bulgakov, thina ukuziqhakambisa ulimi omkhulu, okungekhona umsebenzi kulotshiwe.

Stinks stinks sokwahlukana

Kumfundi wanamuhla, ngokushesha ukhohlwe eemfundweni isihloko ezifana esikoleni njengomlando, cishe ngesikhathi esisodwa bese sithi ongumlimi engcolile, noma kunalokho ngubani. Kodwa ukwazi Yiqiniso, kuyoba mnandi ukuthola ukuthi ngale ndlela nabizelwa abakhileyo isimo Russian lasendulo, ngaphandle abakhulu (boyars) nabefundisi. okungukuthi ngaphansi kwalesi umqondo kusho abantu bethenga, abahwebi nezazi zobungcweti, Clowns zulazulani futhi izakhamuzi, kanye abalimi. Ngakho uyini serf? Lokhu ovamile, indoda umsuka plebeian. Nokho, ngokuhamba kwesikhathi, igama elithi livele engasho lutho ezahlukene.

umbuzo ongumlimi

Manje kwabanye ukucaciseleka. Abalimi eRussia ayehlaselwa kanye balimi khulula. Khona-ke, njengoba ubugqila, base izigaba ezintathu: "Abantu", "izinceku", "smerdy". "Abantu" ngokuthi ngaphandle abanikazi boyars izakhamuzi lokuzalwa ongaphakeme. Njengoba "Iqiniso Russian" (ukuhlola yomthetho XI-XVI eminyaka), uma othile ubulala indoda khulula futhi wabanjwa, kumelwe ukhokhe 40 hryvnia esihle. Futhi lokho kuyinto serf, uma impilo yakhe, angizisoli hhayi ningi than ukuphila inceku (inceku) - 5 hryvnia? Futhi, kuvela, abe yisigqila. Kabani? Prince, okusho Boyar.

Isigaba serfs kancane kancane baqala ukubiza nalabo khulula-abalimi wasekela abantu ngokugqilaza njengoba babhekane nezinga elikhulu kwezenhlalo kanye nokukhula emazweni ifike. Lokhu okushiwo esivamile isikhathi Kievan Rus.

Serf "ku Novgorod"

Novgorod Republic kwaba indawo ekhethekile. Futhi imithetho wenza owakho. Uyini serf ngaphansi komthetho wendawo? Lokhu umlimi, kuye ngokuthi isimo kunokuba umnikazi yangasese. Khona-ke lesi sigaba bawuthwala bonke abalimi. ERussia kuba tillers babe esigabeni eziningi kakhulu izakhamuzi. Isimo wabanika iziza, okuyiwona smerdy ikhokhwe endlini yengcebo izintela, nezikhulu - komsebenzi "ngendlela efanayo": ukudla, indwangu, ikhaya izilwane zasendle, njll Ukuze siphile abalimi babefana emizaneni (kusuka elithi "wahlala", okungukuthi ... e. "ixazululwe"). Ngu ngobudala xv elithi "smerdy" esikhundleni "abalimi." Futhi njengoba ibutho ukubuthwa kwabantu abavamile, ngezikhathi Ivana Groznogo futhi kamuva leli gama nabizelwa inkonzo ekilasini abantu.

Imibhalo (ama-oda, imilayezo, izincwadi, izicelo) wesikhathi it is ngokusemthethweni wamukele ifomu lapho ebhekisela ezinhlekeleleni amasosha ale nkosi. Ngemva amakhulu ambalwa eminyaka, welithi "serf" sekuyinkinga ngendelelo cishe alulazayo isiqu serfs nabantu abavamile. By the way, ezinsukwini wombango kwesikhulu kwaba ethize ke manje ukusetshenziswa kwegama elithi "osmerdit": athathe lesi siboshwa izifundo Prince-nesitha.

Futhi okwengeziwe etymology kanye izwi ukusetshenziswa

Uma sikhuluma Umsuka wegama elithi, kungokwalabo iqembu ulimi Indo-European. ukuguqulwa lucebe siye sibuyekezwe. It uhlala ukusho okwengeziwe yokwanda ukubaluleka semantic etholwe ngokuhamba ukusetshenziswa. Kusukela igama elithi "serf" kwamiswa igama eliyisenzo elithi "ukuba anuke kabi," okusho ukuthi, "Iphunga Elibi Kakhulu". Iqiniso lokuthi e-maqhugwane, uhlalwe abalimi abampofu nezigqila-izigqila, wadvonsa kancane iwindi bubble bullish, musa angena umoya. Were kuhhavini evuthayo "ku black" umusi ngokulambisa ephuma emagcekeni, zonke prokurivaya ngokusebenzisa. A kwekwindla, ebusika kanye kwentwasahlobo, kanye nabantu zabo zotshani futhi igcinwe yenkukhu ezinkomeni. Kusobala ukuthi "ukunambitheka" smerd wahogela kwemayela. Ngakho-ke, ngokuhamba kwesikhathi, igama elithi "serf" esikhundleni sokuthi "umhlaba" lasho engcolile, kabi, indoda ezinukayo. emagama lafanako Modern - "abangenamakhaya."