Umsebenzi wobuciko uSolzhenitsyn "The Gulag Archipelago." isifinyezo

Njengoba namathathu banesifo esibi sokukhohlwa sixties eSoviet Union ukuhlinzeka ngobuholi okuhlushwa, ophoqelelwe mass avelelwe emakamu waphathiswa isiKhulu Administration (Gulag). USolzhenitsyn "The Gulag Archipelago" (isifinyezo umkhiqizo kuchaziwe ngezansi) wabhala ngo-1956, ngo-version umagazini ka yanyatheliswa ngo-1967. Njengoba for uhlobo, umlobi uqobo wabiza ke i ucwaningo wobuciko.

"I Gulag Archipelago." Isifinyezo amahora. 1 ezimbonini ejele, ihora. 2 motion esiphakade

Umlandzi ubala Imizila amadrafthi Gulag wonke umuntu owayekulelo bandla: kusuka control bebagade iziboshwa. Kuhlatiya izinhlobo ukuboshwa. Wawuthi babengenamduduzi isizathu, futhi eliqhutshwa isidingo sifinyelele lokuma ngenani. I ngababaleki awukuthelelwanga noma ubambe, igama elithi kuphela kulabo babeqiniseka semthethweni futhi amandla akanacala.

Umlandzi ihlola umlando mass ukuboshwa kuleli zwe ngokushesha ngemva October Revolution. Uchaza ubaluleke Criminal Code ngo-1926 i-onamandla futhi omubi sihloko 58th. Kwakuthinta ngomumo ngendlela yokuthi kungaba isijeziso ngenxa yanoma yisiphi isenzo.

Uchaza Yiqiniso ejwayelekile uphenyo, esekelwe zokungazi izakhamuzi zaseSoviet amalungelo abo izindlela ukuqaliswa abaphenyi ukuphinda ngiyivule abasolwa esitokisini. Khona-ke abaphenyi ngisho Wezangaphakathi Izikhonzi baba iziboshwa, futhi nabo bonke abo abangaphansi, abangane, izihlobo nabangane.

Umlandzi uchaza geography zonke kuleli qoqo leziqhingi. Kusukela emajele zokuhamba (ubabiza "izimbobo") bahambe ngomkhumbi baye futhi abasondela izimoto-Zaki (izimoto ezijwayelekile, kodwa enamabha zokuhamba e isikwele ngasinye iziboshwa 25), ngokuthi "imikhumbi". Ethutha iziboshwa kanye nemikhumbi yangempela futhi izikebhe ne ejulile futhi amnyama yombango angalokothi owehla akekho udokotela noma inhlabaluhide.

"I Gulag Archipelago." Isifinyezo amahora. 3 istrebitelno okufukuzwa kuwo amahora. 4 ngigeza futhi ngocingo oluhlabayo

Umlandzi isitshela indaba yokudalwa eRussia we angamajele aseSoviet, lapho abantu baphoqwa ukuba basebenzele. Umqondo ngokudala kubo, uLenin isihambile nobusika ngo-1918, ngemva ukuvukela ukuyiveza SRS. Umqondo umholi ukuthi usufikile imfundo, okuyinto ngokucacile ukuthi zonke iziboshwa enamandla kumelwe nakanjani kube nayiphi indima emsebenzini. Isinqumo ku ukwesaba Red okufukuzwa kuwo lawo ngokuthi "bangakwazi ukugxilisa ingqondo."

Ngenxa yokuthi, ngokusho nabaholi baseSoviet, wayentula okukhulu, ukuphathwa ngokuthi ukudalwa Northern Emakamu kwenjongo akhethekile oda akunabuntu. Uma aphume sezindela Solovetsky zonke izindela, wathatha iziboshwa baxoshwa. Basuke begqoke amasaka ukuphulwa iphonswe isijeziso amaseli, ayegcinwa ezinzima.

Mahhala kwezisebenzi zasejele elasetshenziselwa kuvuleke phansi Kem-Ukhta ipheshana ngokusebenzisa emaxhaphozini esingaweleki namahlathi, abantu aminzisa ehlobo, umnkantsha ebusika. Imigwaqo tiphindze eyakhelwe ngaphakathi kwe-Arctic Circle futhi yonke iNhlonhlo Kola, futhi ngokuvamile iziboshwa wawunganikezi ngisho amathuluzi bakudala kakhulu futhi eyakhelwe ngesandla.

Iziboshwa zabaleka, elilodwa lalingabantu ngisho ukungena kwi-Britain. Ngakho e-Europe esiyifundile ngezinto okufanele khona Gulag. Baqala avele amabhuku mayelana okuhlushwa, kodwa futhi abantu baseSoviet anikholwa. Ngisho Gorky, owatshela iqiniso iziboshwa juvenile kwesokunxele Solovki, bengakholwa, umfana udutshulwe.

Emlandweni we Archipelago Okunye esasikwenza imisebenzi omkhulu wokwakha, ezifana White Sea Canal, wasusa izimpilo ezingenakubalwa. Echelons efika iziboshwa abakhi nasesakhiweni, lapho namanje kwakungekho uhlelo, akukho izibalo ngqo, akukho imishini, akukho amathuluzi, akukho ukunikezela evamile noma emabhalekisini.

Kusukela ngo-1937, umbuso some Gulag. Baqala ukuvikela izinja ngaphansi ukukhanya okukhulu kagesi. Onogada Okubi bayizigebengu ngubani bavunyelwa angajeziswa yokweba futhi bacindezele "zezombusazwe".

Isivikelo abesifazane emakamu weqisa kakhulu ukuguga noma deformity imakwe, ubuhle ubuye amabhadi. Ukusebenza abesifazane e imisebenzi efanayo amadoda, ngisho imithi. Phi of them ukhulelwe, ukusuthisa ngomntanakhe wayiswa kwelinye ikamu. Ngemva kokuphela ukusuthisa ngane ziyiswe ekhaya lezintandane, nonina - esiteji.

Sasiphakathi Gulag kanye nezingane. Kusukela ngo-1926, umahluleli avunyelwe izingane abaye benza ukubulala noma ukweba nge iminyaka eyishumi nambili. Kusukela ngo-1935, liye ivunyelwe ukuthi isebenzise uhlelo Ukudutshulwa wonke amanye izinhlawulo. Kwakuba nezikhathi lapho izingane nanye ka "bayizitha zabantu" bathunyelwa Gulag iminyaka engu-25.

Ngokuqondene umnotho kwezisebenzi zasejele, kwaba ngabazeka kakhulu, ngoba izinga lokuba yisigqila kwesokunxele okuningi okufanele oyifunayo, ikamu akuyona ukuzigcina iphila.

Inani labantu abazibulalayo e-Gulag kwakunganele, kokubaleka - ngaphezulu. Kodwa ababaleki ithengiswe emuva ekamu nobutha bendawo. Labo ababengakwazi ukubaleka, wanikeza isithembiso ukusinda, kumnyama kubomvu.

Buhle Archipelago kwaba-non-ukwephula ngemicabango yomuntu: akudingeki bajoyine inhlangano, inyunyana, akabanga ukukhiqizwa, imihlangano party, akukho ukuyaluza. Inhloko kwaba khulula, aba nesandla ekuthuthukeni kwalo a rethinking sokuphila ubudala besese futhi bethuthuka ngokomoya. Kodwa-ke, it akuphazamisi wonke. Iningi amakhanda kwakuhlezi imicabango isinkwa sazo sansuku zonke, isidingo wezabaSebenzi utholwe waqonda nobunzima, futhi iziboshwa kubhekwe izimbangi. Ntu cha kwakucebisa ukuphila okungokomoya, Archipelago waba munyu futhi yayenga ngaphezulu.

Zathiya ngu khona Gulag futhi lonke, nelagernuyu ingxenye yezwe, abangela abantu wesabela ngokwabo kanye nemindeni yabo. Ukwesaba akhashelwa benza ngendlela ephephile yokuthola ukusinda. It walethwa unya futhi blurs emigqeni phakathi kokuhle nokubi.

"I Gulag Archipelago." Isifinyezo amahora. Katorga mayelana 5, ch. 6 kusixhumanisi

Ngomnyaka wamashumi amane nantathu Stalin wabuyisela esigodweni nokugcinwa lokujeziswa. Nonkulunkulu bezinto ezingabonakali e namathathu banesifo esibi yakhe, akubona bonke, kwakunedlanzana we ongumlimi, owawungumnyaka izakhamuzi nizithibe, wangaba entshisekweni iqembu futhi Komsomol kumholi nenguquko ezweni.

Xhumanisa eRussia wavunyelwa ngokomthetho emuva ekhulwini le-17. Ngu namathathu banesifo esibi kwekhulu lama-20 kwaba umpheme zesikhashana kulabo abaya ngaphansi ummese nabangenasihawu ubushiqela Soviet.

Ngokungafani nabanye ababesekudingisweni, abalimi abacebile imikhaya badingiselwa izindawo lingenamuntu esicezile futhi imishini lwezolimo. Iningi abafela kuyo ngenxa yendlala. Esikhathini forties waqala xosha yonke imiphakathi.

"I Gulag Archipelago." Amazwibela h. 7 ukuthi kwakungemva kokuba ukufa umholi sika

Ngemva 1953 leli qoqo leziqhingi laqala alukapheli, kwase kuyisikhathi sokuba ezivuna engakaze ibonwe. Umlandzi uthi uhulumeni wamaSoviet bengeke bame ngaphandle kwalo. iziboshwa yokuphila ayisoze ngcono, ngoba uthole isijeziso sakhe, kodwa eqinisweni uhlelo kubo okhipha amaphutha akhe, abantu abafani nabo bacabanga imfundiso Advanced Leninist-uStalin. Isimo namanje ziboshelwa usebe metal yomthetho. Usebe kuyinto - akukho emthethweni.

Isifingqo "Gulag Archipelago" - lo kwakhe imisebenzi uSolzhenitsyn - akukuniki umfundi ithuba wagqoka imaskhi kwesiboshwa, ukuhlaba zingene izingqondo osontekile nowokuzalwa we Archipelago, lapho, ngokusho umbhali, yayihloselwe incazelo eningiliziwe ekamu futhi ejele amaqiniso egcwele yomkhiqizo.