Umlando ukuvela algebra futhi nentuthuko yayo

Umlando ukuvela algebra elisuka endulo. Ngokusobala, kwathiwa kubangelwa ukubonakala, futhi kuhlobene ngokuqondile izibalo zokuqala yezinkanyezi nezinye, noma kunjalo usebenzisa izinombolo yemvelo kanye nemisebenzi izibalo. Umlando ukuvela algebra waqinisekisa efana ukuqoshwa yokuqala, kutholakala phakathi amasampula yokubhala yezimpucuko zokuqala. Ngokwesibonelo, abaseGibithe abaseBhabhiloni kakade wayekwazi ukuxazulula zibalo okulula degree lokuqala nelesibili, zibalo quadratic. Kodwa ukucabanga yawo kwakuyilawa ngokuqinile esisebenzayo. Umlando ukuvela algebra njengoba isayensi theory, kusiletha eGrisi lasendulo. Kulapha ekhulwini IV laqanjwa kuqala, okuyinto isifundo oqondile zezinkinga abstract Aljibhra. Kwakuyisikhathi indatshana ka Diophantus wayecabangisisa. Kube uye ngokucacile okufunwayo elula algebraic Axiom: kokubusa izimpawu (lokususa ukuba lokususa - plus, nokunye), izibonelo eyinkimbinkimbi imisebenzi, ukutadisha zezinombolo degrees, nemidanti okuhlobene imfundiso yokuziphendukela izinombolo , nokunye. Ngeshwa, lokhu akulona umsebenzi kuphela ukuthi sesifikile kithi kusukela endulo, grey, futhi ngisho nangalesosikhathi hhayi ngokugcwele.

wezibalo Arab

Ngokuwa yamandulo futhi walahlekelwa eziningi impumelelo yayo ngaphansi ukuhlaselwa izizwe ngowezizwe. Kufaka phakathi umlando algebra iphazamisa ukuthuthukiswa lakhe izizwe zaseYurophu kokuphelele yeminyaka. On the VII ekhulwini maphakathi iqoqo sciences kanye ne-mathematics, futhi imithi ikakhulukazi, kuba Muslim East. Empeleni, igama elithi "algebra" Kunenkolelo namuhla, lisuselwa indatshana isazi Arab Al-Khwarizmi "Al Jabo al mukaballa," okuyinto uhumusha ngokuthi "imfundiso of ubudlelwano, permutations futhi izinqumo." Kuyathakazelisa ukuthi kusukela igama wezibalo, ezinye izazi athola le etymology kwegama elithi "algorithm". Kungakhathaliseki ukuthi laliyini, kodwa Arabhiya eminyaka amaningi kuba mhlahlandlela wesayensi. Nokho, kubonakala sengathi i-abazolandela Eastern wancika ezinye impumelelo ngesiGreki. Kunoma yikuphi, ukuthi ayazi yemisebenzi zezibalo lasendulo yaziwa. Ngakolunye uhlangothi, amaSulumane emfanele ngempela udumo ukulondoloza izwe lasendulo ifa algebraic, kodwa ngesikhathi esifanayo, phakathi namakhulu eminyaka, abazange nomthelela ekuthuthukiseni yesayensi ye kubalulekile okutholakale muva. Watadisha izibalo, kodwa akubi ngcono.

Mathematics kanye nakwezinye izizwe

Ngokuthakazelisayo, umlando ukuvela algebra akugcini eYurophu nase zaso ezixhumana impucuko wakhe Arab. Ngakho, kwaba nemiphumela emikhulu ingafinyelelwa kuleli isayensi wezibalo Indian. Ikakhulukazi, zazisa welithi "zero", kamuva eyabizwa yonkana Arabhiya Europe zaqala ukusetshenziswa ososayensi. AmaShayina angabantu esizimele ngokuphelele, selokhu ezitholakala kule nkathi yethu, baye bafunda ukuxazulula zibalo bezinga lokuqala. Babaziwa ngokuthanda izinombolo engenangqondo nemibi.

Europe ibuyisela ubuholi

umlando okulokhu kuphazamiseka algebra liyancencetha iqala futhi ezikhathini zanamuhla. Ukwakheka Okokuqala emva indatshana ka Diophantus kubhekwe umsebenzi umthengisi Italian Leonardo, owahlangabeza ne izibalo ne-Aljibhra, ukuhamba empumalanga. Ukwanda kancane kancane feudalism, futhi nalo scholasticism isonto futhi dogmatism, ijubane unhurried capitalism nokuphishekela okutholakele indawo sezishiye ukuvuselelwa wonke amagatsha yesayensi kulelivekati. Futhi emva ambalwa eminyaka iYurophu is waphinda nokwaziwa isihambile wesayensi futhi iphuzu lobuchwepheshe umbono esifundeni.