Ukunakwa okuqhubekayo - lena ... Umqondo ukunakwa kwengqondo. izakhiwo Eyisisekelo kanye nezinhlobo ukunakekelwa

Ukuzinza ukunakwa - lokhu ingenye izici ephawula ikhono phezu isikhathi eside ukuba bagxile inqubo efanayo noma mkhuba.

Hlobo luni ukunakwa

Ukunakwa - lokhu (kwengqondo) Umbono onenjongo into ethile noma mkhuba. Kubalulekile ukuqonda ukuthi mkhuba ngempela iyashintsha lapho ukunakwa ungaba kokubili izici zangaphakathi nezangaphandle.

Isexwayiso - lena Psychology uhlobo kuqhathaniswa yomuntu into abasebenza ngazo kulo baxhumana. Kungaba kuthinte izici ngokwengqondo nezingokwengqondo hhayi kuphela, kodwa futhi inzalo yomuntu ekubhekaneni ngalokhu noma ezinye izifundo.

Singasho ukuthi span ukunakwa - ingenye izimo ebaluleke kakhulu umsebenzi baphumelele ngokuphelele yonke indawo. Siyabonga kulesi sigaba kunqunywa ngokucacile umbono izwe elizungezile futhi izinqubo ezenzeka kuwo. Naphezu kweqiniso lokuthi focus on the main isihloko wonke umuntu ungayichaza kanjani ziba ubala, manje ukunakekela njalo ukushintsha.

Isifundo ukunakwa, ososayensi achithe isikhathi esiningi, ngeke kubhekwe oludonsa mkhuba ngokwengqondo noma inqubo. It buhlobene eduze sebuningini nezinye izenzakalo kubhekwa kuphela Okusondele nezinye izinqubo ahlobene engomunye izakhiwo zabo eziningi.

Izinhlobo kanye namafomu ukunakwa

Kungashiwo ukuthi ukunakwa - ke iyisici eziyinkimbinkimbi futhi enezici. Kungaba ziyahlukahluka ngesisekelo bezibona samabanga aphansi noma. Ngakho, nathi singakwethemba ukuhlukanisa ukunakwa yokuzithandela futhi okungalindelekile.

Uma umuntu enganakile igxile into ethile noma inqubo-ke lokhu uhlobo ukunakwa libizwa okungalindelekile. Sikhuluma izitshalo equlekile, okungase kubangelwe ukuchayeka umfutho onamandla okungazelelwe. Lolu hlobo ngokuvamile ngokwanele liphenduka ukunakwa bayazi yokuzithandela. Futhi okuhlushwa yokwenziwa ngokwanele okuvame ukubangelwa ezabehlela, okuyinto ngezinga elithile aphindaphindwe lapha.

Ngakho, uma ahlanganise ulwazi olungenhla, singasho ukuthi ukunakwa okungalindelekile ngenxa yezizathu eziningana ezilandelayo:

• umphumela ongalindelekile kuyacasula isici;
• amandla nethonya;
• ezintsha, ukuzwa ezingajwayelekile;
• umfutho ashukumisayo (okungukuthi izinto ezihambayo njalo imbangela lokuhlushwa);
• eqhathanisa isimo;
• izinqubo engqondo.

ukunakwa zokuzithandela kuwumphumela bayazi izinqubo excitatory e cortex cerebral. Kaningi-ke kuyadingeka ukuba kumiswa ithonya ngaphandle (isib, othisha, abazali, igunya izibalo).

Kubalulekile ukuqonda ukuthi ukunakwa yokuzithandela - lena Imfanelo esisemqoka amalungelo umsebenzi. It kuhambisana ukucindezeleka ngokomzimba nangokomzwelo, kodwa futhi kubangela ukutubeka komzimba, njenge-umsebenzi odinga amandla. Yingakho odokotela bengqondo Sisikisela ngezinye izikhathi kwi izinto abstract, ukuze singathwesi adalule ubuchopho bakho izingcindezi ezinkulu.

Odokotela bengqondo ukuhlukanisa ukunakwa yokuzithandela futhi okungalindelekile hhayi kuphela. Ngemva umuntu ukuba bagxile kuncike futhi kwase kukhona owayeseke wafundelwa ke bezibona okwengeziwe Kunjengokungathi ngokuzenzakalelayo. Lesi senzakalo ngokuthi posleproizvolnoe noma lesibili.

Uma sikhuluma izinhlobo ukunakwa, singakwazi ukuhlukanisa elingaphandle (abasezindaweni ezizungeze), yangaphakathi (ku izinqubo engqondo), kanye motor (beqonda izinto ezinyakazayo).

izakhiwo Basic ukunakwa

Odokotela bengqondo yilezi ezilandelayo izakhiwo ukunakwa: ukuzinza, ukuzikhethela, ukusatshalaliswa, ivolumu, ngegalelo, ukugxila pereklyuchaemost. Ake sihlole ngokuningiliziwe.

• Lokuhlushwa yikhono ukugcina ukunakwa kunoma iyiphi into ethile noma inqubo. Lokhu kusho ukuthi ivelele futhi elihlukile ngemuva jikelele. Amandla into Okunqumayo indlela elikhanyayo, ecacile futhi wamemezela kuba.
• Ukunakwa span kusho inani lezinto ezingahlolwa imbozwe yingqondo yomuntu ngesikhathi. Kuye lokhu, abanye bangase bakubheke amanani angalingani Imininingwane amayunithi. Umqulu kungaba azimisele ngosizo ukuhlolwa okukhethekile. Izivivinyo ekhethekile ukwandisa ingase Kunconywa kuye imiphumela.
• ukunakwa okuqhubekayo - isilinganiso ukuthi inquma lokuhlushwa isikhathi esisodwa futhi into efanayo.
• Pereklyuchaemost - ushintsho okunenjongo entweni ngokugxila. Lokhu kungase kube ngenxa uhlobo umsebenzi, kanye nesidingo ukuphumula futhi aziphumulele.
• Distribution inquma ikhono lokuhlela kanyekanye ukugxila amasayithi eziningana nemvelo ezahlukene. Ngesikhathi esifanayo angase zihileleke izitho ezahlukene okuqonda.

Kuyini ukunakwa ukuzinza

ukunakwa okuqhubekayo - lokhu impahla, okuyinto kunqunywa ikhono isikhathi eside ukuba uzazi ukuthi ufunani kunoma iyiphi into noma umsebenzi. Singasho ukuthi isici ukuthi inquma lokuhlushwa isikhathi.

Kufanele kuqashelwe ukuthi ukuzinza ukunakwa ayikwazi ukucaciswa maqondana nanoma yikuphi isici esisodwa. Umuntu ungashintsha phakathi izinto noma imisebenzi, nokho isiqondiso jikelele kanye nencazelo kumele ahlale njalo. Ngakho, uma umuntu phakathi nenkathi ethile yesikhathi bazibandakanya emsebenzini owodwa owenziwe (noma imisebenzi eminingana) ukuze kuzuzwe injongo ethile, kungenzeka ukuba wahlulele ukuzinza ukunakekela kwakhe.

Lesi sigaba libhekene eziningi izidingo, into eyinhloko ukwehluka imisebenzi bese ahlangabezane ukuthi ukuletha. Uma ubunjalo umfutho kuyoba azizange zishintshe, ezindaweni ubuchopho obhekene umsebenzi, kukhona unyathela amabhuleki, futhi ngenxa yalokho, ukunakwa isiqala ukuba ukudamba. Uma uhlobo nemibandela imisebenzi kuzohluka njalo, emakamu kuyoba eside.

Kufanele kuqashelwe ukuthi okuhlushwa le usuke we ukunakekela alternate, kuncike kule mibandela zangaphakathi nezangaphandle. Ngisho noma umuntu usesimweni emakamu eliphakeme, ngenxa ubuchopho yangaphakathi icubungula ezinye ukuguquguquka kungenzeka. Uma sikhuluma ezenzeka ngaphandle, zingase zingakutholi ngaso sonke kuholele ukunakwa ukushabalalisa (incike umfutho wabo).

ukusatshalaliswa ukunakwa

Ukusatshalaliswa ukunakwa yisimo ukuthi kwenzeka ngenxa ukukhishwa ngesikhathi esisodwa izenzo eziningi. Ngokwesibonelo, umshayeli webhasi elawula hhayi kuphela imoto, kodwa futhi ilawula isimo endleleni. Mfundisi ekuhambiseni ulwazi abafundi futhi isebenzisa owayo isiyalo. Esinye isigaba kuboniswa umsebenzi umpheki, okungase kanyekanye ukulawula inqubo ukulungiselela imikhiqizo eziningana.

Odokotela bengqondo ukufunda hhayi kuphela ukusatshalaliswa lomkhuba, kodwa futhi iyafika bokuphila. Le nqubo kungenxa ukukwamukela ukuvela kuka cortex focus ezithile excitation ukuthi ungasabalalisa nethonya layo nezinye izingxenye. Ngako-ke tindlela okusithiyayo ngokwengxenye kungabonakala nasemkhakheni. Noma kunjalo, it ngokuphelele akuphazamisi ukuqaliswa isenzo, uma kulethwa automatism. Lokhu kuwachaza kahle kalula ukuqaliswa izinqubo eziyinkimbinkimbi e nabantu yingcweti kahle umsebenzi wakhe.

Ukusatshalaliswa ukunakwa kungaba nzima uma umuntu ngesikhathi esifanayo Zama ukwenza izenzo ezingenziwanga bahlobene (lokhu kufakazelwa ucwaningo eziningi). Nokho, uma kungenzeka omunye wabo Kuye kwenziwa automatism noma imikhuba, umsebenzi lula. Ikhono ukuhlanganisa izenzo eziningi ngesikhathi esisodwa futhi ngesikhathi esifanayo iphathelene izigaba ezifana izici zempilo.

amazinga ukunakwa

Ukugxila izinga luncike lokuhlushwa emisebenzini ethile izinqubo bokuphila nangokwengqondo. Ngakho, sikwazi ukukhuluma kule mikhakha elandelayo:

• ezingeni lapho umzimba ufa ukuqaphela iqiniso lokuthi izinto okuyinto ukunakwa iqondiswa, ehlukanisiwe umzimba futhi ngenxa yalokho angaphandle (lokhu kuvumela ukuba uthathe kubo kungakhathaliseki izinqubo bokuphila);
• amandla ezingeni eqala ezingeni eliphakeme nokuxhumana izinto, esakhiwa ekulungiseleleni emizweni ezithile yangaphakathi ehambisana nomsebenzi we inqubo (okungaba nomthelela emakamu noma ukuhlakazwa focus);
• amandla exchange rate kusho ukuthi ngezinga eliphezulu emakamu kufinyelelwa ngenxa yokuthi umuntu uthola ukwaneliseka zokuziphatha futhi aqinile kusuka ukusebenza inqubo;
• ezingeni isikhala ezivamile kusho ukuthi ukunakekela lokuhlushwa nokuzinza kungaba ukuthi ngezinga elithile komunye yimpandla Eqinisweni ekutholeni ngendaba endaweni eyodwa elinganiselwe;
• ukunakwa spaceless ngenxa yengqondo nezingokwengqondo izinqubo zangaphakathi (sikhuluma ukuqonda noma ulwazi ukuthi umuntu uthola kokuhlangenwe nakho umsebenzi olungenamkhawulo);
• ezingeni kuthanda - yikhono bophezela ukugxila imisebenzi okungafunwa noma ungakujabulisi ngenxa isidingo yayo kuzuzwe umphumela othile;
• ezingeni yokuqwashisa kusho ukuthi lokuhlushwa kwenzeka endabeni lapho umuntu lokho okushiwo ubikezela ukusebenza.

Kanjani ukuthuthukisa ukunakwa okuqhubekayo

Okwamanje, zikhona izindlela eziningi kanye nezivivinyo ukuthi ukunquma ukuzinza amazinga ukunakwa. Ngeshwa, imiphumela akuzona njalo eyanelisayo, kodwa lesi simo okukhonjiwe ngokuphelele. Ukuthuthukiswa ukunakwa ukuzinza senziwa Sibonga kungenzeka ukuba amasu akhiwa kwengqondo. Lokhu kusiza ukuthuthukisa ukusebenza nokufunda.

Indlela ephumelela kakhulu futhi ngokuvamile esetshenzisiwe izivivinyo ezilandelayo:

• Ukusetha i-timer kuselula yakho imizuzu emibili. Sonke lesi sikhathi kufanele ugxile ngokuphelele isihloko somunwe wakho (kungakhathaliseki ukuthi). Uma ungakwazi ukuphatha lo msebenzi kungabikho izinkinga, bese uzama izinkinga ke. Ngokwesibonelo, vula i-TV bese uzama ukuthi ube nakho ku ngemuva ukugcina konke ukunaka umunwe. Okuhle kunakho konke ukuthi, uma nenza lezi ukusebenzisa nsuku zonke.
• Thatha isikhundla ukhululekile futhi sigxile ngokugcwele uphefumulele phezulu. Ungazama futhi ukuzizwa beat inhliziyo. Kulokhu, igumbi akanayo ukuba athule ephelele, ungadlala umculo. Lokhu kuyasiza hhayi kuphela sokuthuthukiswa okuhlushwa, kodwa futhi nesokuphumula.
• Ukuba ezokuthutha zomphakathi, thatha eceleni kwewindi bese ngokugcwele ukugxila ingilazi, nabakhi bezindawo abanaki imithelela izinto ngemuva kwaso. Kamuva ushintshe kuqala.
• Ukusebenzisa olandelayo kwenziwa ngesikhathi sokulala ngoba hhayi kuphela eba okuhlushwa, kodwa futhi kukusiza ukuba uphumule. Thatha ishidi ejwayelekile nombhalo bese efakwa iphuzu phakathi oluhlaza wawungathi-tip ipeni noma umaka. Ukubheka wakhe udinga imizuzu 5, ngenkathi kugwenywa Ukungena ku ukwazi imicabango nezingahlobene nendaba.
• Uma umsebenzi wakho ihlobene bezibona umsindo, kubalulekile ukuqeqesha kulo mshini ethile. Kungcono ukuya epaki, futhi imizuzu 10 ukuzama ukuzwa kuphela umsindo bemvelo, kuyilapho nabakhi bezindawo abanaki imithelela izingxoxo abedlula ngendlela, nokuduma izimoto ezidlulayo.

Impilo izici uhlelo ngokwengqondo kubangelwe ikhono alondoloze ukunakwa okuqhubekayo. Iletha impumelelo emisebenzini professional kanye nsuku zonke. Uma amakhono akho zemvelo akuzona ezingeni eliphezulu kakhulu, kubalulekile ukuthuthukisa kubo ngosizo umzimba ezikhethekile.

neuropsychology

Neuropsychology ukunakwa - kuba legatsha ahlukene yolwazi okhuluma ekutadisheni lokuhlushwa nezindaba ngokuxhumanisa nabo izinqubo sezinzwa. Ekuqaleni, izifundo ezifanayo yayiqhutshelwa kuphela izilwane, ngokuxhuma electrode ezindaweni ezithize ingqondo. Ukuze siphenye ukuzinza ukunakwa komuntu, wasebenzisa Bheka ubuchwepheshe. Ukuze wenze lokhu, umzimba kumele kube sesimeni angavaleki. Kanjalo excitation kungatholakala noma okusithiyayo Izinzwa amaza ngenkathi kwenziwa uhlobo oluthile lomsebenzi.

Kulesisimo-ke, indima enkulu eyadlalwa wezifo E. N. Sokolov. Ngokwenza ucwaningo kakhulu wabonisa ukuthi ngokubulawa okuphindiwe akhawunti efanayo isinyathelo kuyazenzakalela. Ngakho, ubuchopho iyeke ngenkuthalo aphendule umfutho elithinta imiphumela electroencephalogram. Ubuchopho enquma ukuthi kuleli cala asikho isidingo ukuqalisa, ngoba umzimba ezabekwa ezithile inkumbulo lokukhanda.

Inqubo emakamu abakhethayo

ukunakwa okukhethwayo - kuyinqubo ngokwengqondo nangokwengqondo, okuyinto ukuhlunga ezenzeka ngaphandle kanye nendlela yokukhuthaza, ukuze sikhipha inyumbazane labo abangakwenzi zidinga okuhlushwa focus.

Lesi senzakalo njalo lafundvwako ngodokotela kanjani izinqubo sengqondo axhomeke imisebenzi ukhetho zobuchopho. Lokhu zingachazwa ngezinqubo isibonelo esilula. Uma ekuqaleni endaweni enomsindo sizwa nokububula amazwi-ke, ngokushesha nje lapho umuntu ukhuluma ngqo kithi, siqala adzimelele ke ngesikhathi njengoba izolahleka umsindo omkhulu ovela ngemuva.

Odokotela bengqondo inhlolo-vo: ukuhlola ezindlebeni-headphone zifakwa, kokuba enikeziwe in ezahlukene uchungechunge sonic. Bamangala lapho ekuzwa kuphela omunye amathrekhi. Ngesikhathi esifanayo, lapho ondla isignali ezithile, ukunakwa sekuqalile ukuba enye ingoma.

ukunakwa okukhethwayo akugcini nje kokuzwa kodwa futhi okuqonda sibonwa. Uma uzama ukubamba iso zonke izithombe ezahlukene ku ngabaqaphi amabili, khona-ke ngeke uphumelele. Ungakwazi ngokucacile ubone isithombe esisodwa kuphela.

Ngakho, singasho ukuthi ubuchopho bomuntu unekhono ukuhlunga ukwaziswa owawugobhoza iziteshi ezehlukene, ukugxila kuphela omunye amaphuzu abalulekile. Okuhlushwa kokushintsha ukunakwa linganquma izici yangaphakathi noma yangaphandle.

isiphetho

ukunakwa okuqhubekayo - lena ikhono lomuntu ukugxila ekutadisheni into ethile noma kokwenza umsebenzi othize. Lokhu isici kakhulu inquma kahle nomthamo ulwazi okucatshangelwayo. Kubalulekile ukuqonda ukuthi lokuhlushwa ukunakwa kusivumela ukulahla zonke izici ezincane ubala, kodwa akusho ukukhipha ushintsho ukugcizelela.

Uma sikhuluma izinhlobo ukunakwa, singakwazi ukuhlukanisa yokuzithandela futhi okungalindelekile. Eyokuqala wabo bayazi. Igxila ngokunembile into okungukuthi ngokuqondile nesithakazelo kumuntu. Ngesikhathi esifanayo, uma lokhu lokuhlushwa okwenzeka njalo, ubuchopho eqala ukugxila ngokuzenzakalelayo. Lolu hlobo ukunakwa libizwa posleproizvolnoe. Kodwa ngokuvamile kwenzeka ukuthi umuntu kungalindelekile bashintshele izinto noma izenzakalo abanalo maqondana ngqo ukuze imisebenzi yayo. Kulokhu, singakhuluma ukunakwa okungalindelekile. Kungenzeka umsindo nokhahlo, ezinemibala egqamile, nokunye.

Ukunakwa anezakhi eziningana. The main wabo emakamu. Kuhlanganisa nokuba nekhono lokubheka isikhathi esithile ukugcina focus sento ethile. Umqulu limelela nenani izinto noma imisebenzi lapho umuntu zingagxila ngesikhathi esifanayo, kodwa ukumelana - isikhathi ngesikhathi okuyinto lokhu isimo zigcinwe.

Ngempela ezithakazelisayo iyona mkhuba ukusatshalaliswa ukunakwa. Kuyaqondakala ukuthi umuntu akubalwa ukugxila emsebenzini owodwa. Ngezinye izikhathi, ngenxa imisebenzi ethize ezidingekayo kanyekanye ukusebenzisa izinqubo eziningi. Nokho, ezinye zazo alethwe automatism, kuyilapho ezinye zidinga umzamo ethile ngengqondo nezingokwengqondo. Izibonelo kunazo yesiteleka singasebenza njengesisekelo esiqinile sokufinyelela uthisha ochwepheshe noma umshayeli wemoto.

Kubalulekile ukuqonda ukuthi akuzona zonke umuntu okwazi isikhathi eside ukugcina focus into efanayo noma afeze umsebenzi iyunifomu. Ukuze uthole amakhono abo, ungathatha ezithile ukuhlolwa kwengqondo. Ngokusho imiphumela yabo kalula kutholakale izinga ukuzinza ukunakwa. Uma kungenjalo eyanelisayo, kungcono baphendukela uchungechunge umzimba ezikhethekile.

Ngezenzo zokusebenza kwengqondo esanele sokutadisha mkhuba lokuhlushwa zikhethe. Le ndlela yokwenza ikuvumela ukuba ukhethe into oyifunayo kusuka eziningi ezifanayo. Futhi singakhuluma mayelana ezibukwayo, sokuzwa, ethintekayo kanye nezinye izinhlobo okuqonda. Phakathi umsindo amavoti umuntu uyakwazi ukuhlukanisa inkulumo interlocutor amashuni eziningana akuzwayo eyodwa kuphela, futhi uma kukhona izithombe ezimbili, akunakwenzeka ukubamba nabo iso ngalinye ngokuhlukile.