Ufuzo. umthetho wokuqala Mendel sika

Monk Lokudabuka Czech, Gregor Mendel, eminyakeni 1856-1866 olwenziwa ucwaningo, kamuva baziwa kakhulu. Ngenxa yocwaningo lwakhe ozalwa kwesayensi entsha - zofuzo. Esiyinhloko kuzo ukuthuthukiswa yayo waba ngowokuqala umthetho Mendel. I ipea wakhethwa njengosuku engadini sibonelo. Lokhu kwaba ngenxa yokuba khona izinhlobo eziningi nge kunomahluko ocacile phakathi ngezizathu ezithile. Ngaphezu kwalokho, lezi zitshalo kulula ukhule futhi hybridize. Ngenxa ngokucophelela ucwaningo lokuhlela Ukunquma yabo ekufezeni, kanye inani elikhulu idatha izibalo okunokwethenjelwa zazitholakala ucwaningo laboratory. Umphumela waba ngowokuqala ukuvula umthetho wokuqala Mendel, bese elandelayo.

Ingqikithi ukuhlola

Ngakho, kabanzi mayelana nendlela uMthetho Wokuqala Mendel wavulwa. Ekuqaleni lolu cwaningo abakhethelwa izitshalo ukuxabana angafani iyiphi pair of izimpawu: isibonelo, ilungiselelo izimbali - apical noma axillary. Growing uhlobo ngalunye kwezizukulwane ezimbalwa, Mendel waphawula bazilungele ukusetshenziswa kwezinye ngokwezinjongo zokuhlola. I ucwaningo sasihlanganisa Ukunqamula ngokudlulisela impova yezimila eyodwa isitshalo kwenye. Esinokwethenjelwa Imiphumela zokuhlola kuye kwakhishwa sibonga ukugcinwa ngokucophelela eziningi izinyathelo zokuphepha. Ikakhulu, i-stamens kusukela izimbali ukuthi zithola impova kamuva isuswe, ukugqoka ofeleba ekhethekile izimbali ukugwema ukudluliselwa impova evela kwezinye izitshalo.

Imiphumela zokuhlola

Kusukela eqoqwe imbewu hybrid kuzo zonke izimo, otshala nge axillary izimbali. Lesi sici isibe evelele. Ukuba khona izimbali apical ladliwa trait esikhubazayo. Ngemva isipiliyoni isizukulwane sokuqala izitshalo basala self-impova. I nzalo okuholela beniyingxenye axillary nezimbali apical. Ngaphansi kucatshangwa Mendel, uhlobo lwesibili wayekhona isizukulwane sokuqala. Nokho, inkulumo ethi le mfanelo kwaba enganele. Okungukuthi, waboniswa ifomu ezifihliwe. Ngo ucwaningo ezifana ne ezinye zezimpawu yebhangqa, cishe izingxenye ezintathu kwezine zobuso nzalo anezici ezavela isizukulwane sokuqala. Ingxenye yesine wenzalo ngesikhathi izitshalo umndeni etholakala 2nd kwase izakhiwo lisebenze 1st. Yayiyini ngaphezulu ukuhlolwa, kulapho umphumela nokusondela isilinganiso 3: 1. Umthetho wokuqala Mendel wethulwa lezi zifundo.

okutholakele

Ngo ukutadisha izici izitshalo ewela - amasampula sabazali samanje ezimbili ezifanayo uphawu - nzalo etholwe ngokuvumelana omunye yokuba izici zofuzo eziyingozi. I izakhiwo isizukulwane sokuqala inzalo kungukuthi ahlanganisiwe, kanye nokugcina ubuntu. Ngenxa yalokho, ucwaningo iye waqoqa ukwaziswa okunokwethenjelwa ukuze umthetho wokuqala Mendel sika likhishwa. ekwakhiweni kwalo simi ngale ndlela: "Izibonakaliso zinqunywa kusukela pair umzimba yezici yangaphakathi (izakhi zofuzo). Esizukulwaneni yesibili, etholwe Ukunqamula monohybrid, cishe ingxenye yesine yabantu izingane banezimfanelo esikhubazayo ". Kufanele kuqashelwe ukuthi wokuQala nowesiBili Umthetho Mendel awuzange ekuqaleni yamukelwa abantu abasemkhakheni wezesayensi. Kamuva emsebenzini kwabanye ososayensi, la malungiselelo aye sifakazelwe futhi. Ngenxa yalokho, ucwaningo olusha sesakhiwe chromosome imfundiso yokuziphendukela ufuzo.