Ubani wathola Antarctica ngempela?

Ukuba khona nezwekazi lesithupha kwakuthiwa abantu bazi kusukela ekuqaleni kwekhulu XVI. Lolu hambo Amérigo Vespuchchi 1501-1502 GG. It wahlola zindawo omisiwe Nenkabazwe eningizimu lawela ogwini esiqhingini saseNingizimu Georgia. Udlulela itilosi isigxobo ukuvimbela abandayo, iqhwa eliqinile futhi hummocks. Ngemva kwalokho, izimfihlakalo Antarctica bakhangwa ukutholakala kwakhe. On the amabalazwe zaleli zwekazi wabonakala isikhathi eside ngaphambi kokuba wangenela ukuze unyawo lomuntu, ngisho kuze kube isikhathi ukuthi abantu bokuqala bebona izwe imbozwe yiqhwa. Ngaphambili kwakucatshangwa ukuthi le zwekazi likhulu ichopho eliseningizimu ye-Latin America noma ngisho Australia, njengoba, ngokwesibonelo, bahlelekela 1513 Pirireisa kumephu.

Kodwa i-Antarctica abavule lokuqala? Futhi kusho ukuthini "uyokwambulwa" kanjani? Ngibona? Ngahlehla waya ogwini? Mina nawo ifulege? Kulesi senzakalo, kungekho ukuvumelana. Russian ukholwa ukuthi udumo sokuvula nezwekazi kwadingeka uhambo Bellingshausen futhi Lazarev (Januwari 1820), kuyilapho British ukholelwa ukuthi i-Antarctica wathola Edward Bransfild (ngoJanuwari 1820). BaseMelika yaklonyeliswa azithele ngabandayo ka owathola le zwekazi entsha Nathaniel Palmer (Novemba 1820). Womathathu la mikhankaso ngimbone kuphela ezikhipha ogwini kwesibhakabhaka, kodwa abakwazanga ukuthola eduze kwabo ngenxa omkhulu isikhala ice. Ukucabanga lokuqala ukuba ukuphakamisa ifulegi yezwe labo engumFulentshi Dumont d'Urville, kodwa lokho wakwenza, kwacaca ukuthi, esiqhingini, kodwa hhayi icebo enkulu yezwe.

AmaDashi babe impendulo yabo umbuzo eyathola i-Antarctica. Ngokusho kwabo, kwenza ukaputeni womkhumbi Dirk Geeritts emuva 1559. Ngemva isiphepho ukuthi idlangile Strait of Magellan, umkhumbi wahlukana isigaba futhi ngephutha ithunyelwa eningizimu. Lapho siphela, Dutch wabona "endaweni ephakeme" futhi wachaza izixhumanisi zabo - 64 ° S. w. Nokho, Geeritts neze abathi bangabafundi owathola le zwekazi, futhi asazi ukuthi wayesho ukuthini "endaweni ephakeme" - kungenzeka ukuthi kwesinye seziqhingi, nakuba ziziningi eshalofini zaleli zwekazi.

Ngo-January 1773 Dzheyms Awe-Kuk wasondela emikhunjini «Ukulungiswa» futhi «Adventure» kuya 67 ° 'S. w., lapho emiswa ice. Ngeke ukuphumula azithele ngabandayo zethu, Nokho ebuya ngonyaka olandelayo wafinyelela 71 ° 15 'eningizimu-latitude, njengoba eyayihamba eningizimu-ntshonalanga ye Tierra del Fuego, ezweni akalokothi zafinyelela kuso, futhi akazange ngisho ukubona. Kodwa eduze nogu yezwe kwadingeka inhlanhla emkhunjini American "uCecilia," ngemva konyaka bomkhankaso Russian e 1821. Kodwa abantu ungahambi waya ogwini. Uma ijaji eyathola i-Antarctica lapho lokubikezela, futhi lapha sithola discordance.

Usuku ezisemthethweni ukufika komuntu wokuqala kwi iqhwa yezwekazi futhi eshalofini akuyona le ngxenye okuyimfihlakalo ezweni ubhekwa Januwari 23, 1895. Lokho udumo bawela baseNorway ezimbili: Induna umkhumbi wokudoba "Antarctica" Christensen nomgibeli Karlstenu Borhgrovinku, uthisha wesayensi yemvelo. Lo thisha, futhi eqinisweni, kude wathonyelwa izimangalo wokuvelela umkhumbi zezimboni induna wokudonsa isikebhe dock namanzi ogwini. Kube Borhgrovink eqoqwe amasampula idwala amatshe wachaza lokho wabona ulele Antarctic. Kodwa nanku ososayensi Argentina aphikisane igunya we baseNorway, ethi ukuthola ukuthi ngubani ovule Antarctica, akunakwenzeka, ngoba laba bantu akazange ashiye ubufakazi ebhaliwe. Abavubukuli baye bathola izindawo ogwini ezwekazini uhlala kwezindlu izinto zasekhaya, okuyinto usuku kusukela ekuqaleni kwekhulu XVIII. whalers usithe ubuzwe engaziwa sebelithathile imfihlo yakhe kuze kube sekufeni.

Kungakhathaliseki ukuthi laliyini, okufanela bomkhankaso Russian esintwini akunakuphikwa. Bellingshausen futhi Lazarev zagudla ezwekazini futhi wafakazela ukuthi izungezwe ulwandle. Isimo sezulu e-Antarctica ungakuvumeli ekukhuthazeni ezijulile: ngisho ehlobo kukhona encibilika ikhava ice. Kwaba sibonga kuye ukuthi leli zwekazi likhulu kunawo wonke - ukuphakama kwalo isilinganiso sabantu abangaphezu kuka-2 ayizinkulungwane amamitha, futhi iphuzu esiphezulu (Vinson Massif) - 5140 amamitha. Ivula-Antarctica kuholele izinhlelo engengaphansi udumo futhi okuyingozi esintwini ukuya eSouth Pole. Lavra ukuthola iphuzu kakhulu eningizimu kuyiplanethi yethu eyakhe Amundsen (1911-12.).