Ubani owasungula penicillin akuzange kusize? History of the ukutholakala nezimpahla penicillin akuzange kusize

Amakhulu izimpilo kugcinwa phakathi nokusetshenziswa kwamaphilisi zokwelapha. Ukutholakala nge-penicillin akuzange kwaba lula ukuba akhulule abantu ezifweni kwaze kwaba sekuqaleni kwekhulu XX abangu aselapheki.

Medicine penicillin okusungulile

Sekungamakhulu eminyaka imithi kuye kwehluleka ofuna ukusindisa ipilwakhe iziguli. Isinyathelo sokuqala ukuba intuthuko kwaba kokutholakala Iqiniso ubunjalo umsuka izifo eziningi. Sikhuluma yokuthi kuphakama izifo eziningi ngenxa yemiphumela eyingozi nezilwanyana ezincane. Ngokushesha ngokwanele, ososayensi beqaphela ukuthi lo muntu amagciwane adala izifo zingadilizwa ngosizo ezinye izilwanyana ezincane, bebonisa "ubutha" kuya ejenti izifo.

Ngokuhamba umkhuba wabo wezokwelapha, ososayensi ezimbalwa XIX esefinyelela kulesi siphetho. Phakathi kwawo kwakunodade owayesuka ULouis Pasteur, othole ukuthi umphumela izinhlobo ezithile nezilwanyana ezincane kuholela kokufa bacilli yalesisifo. Kodwa lolu lwazi kwakungenele. Kwakudingekile ukuthola izindlela eziqondile ngempumelelo ukuxazulula le nkinga. Yonke imizamo odokotela ukudala imithi jikelele ehluleka. Futhi kuphela engozini okumsulwa futhi ukusola brilliant wasiza Aleksandru Flemingu, usosayensi owasungula i-penicillin.

izakhiwo awusizo isikhunta

Kunzima ukukholelwa ukuthi isikhunta ezivamile has impahla elwa namagciwane. Kodwa kuyiqiniso. Akuyona nje into umbala ogqamile gray, ukhunta encanyana. It kuvela kusukela imibungu ngisho ezincane, ukuthi kukhona emoyeni. Ezimweni abampofu air kwegazi, nezinye izinto ze-isikhunta akhiwa. Penicillin wayengakabi evulekile, kodwa ngekhulu XI, imisebenzi Avicenna sika abe izinkomba ukwelapha izifo ubovu ngosizo isikhunta.

Ingxabano phakathi ososayensi ababili

Ngo-60-yalolucwaningo odokotela Russian XIX leminyaka Aleksey Polotebnov futhi Vyacheslav Manassein wagomela sina. Isihloko ingxabano kwaba isikhunta. Polotebnov babekholelwa ukuthi ukhokho wabo bonke amagciwane. Manassein waphikelela ngokuthi iphuzu okuphambene buka, futhi ukufakazela akanacala, aphethwe uchungechunge nophenyo.

Wayebuka ukukhula zesikhunta, okuyinto ezihlwanyelwe evundile. Ngenxa yalokho, i-V Manassein sabona kusungulwa amabhaktheriya akuzange kwenzeke kahle emkhakheni isikhunta ukukhula. Wayesho ukuthini sesihlanganisiwe kuqinisekiswa experiment: isikhunta empeleni sivimbela ukukhula kwama- namanye amagciwane. Imbangi yakhe wavuma isiphambeko nokugomela kwakhe. Ngaphezu kwalokho, Polotebnov eqala eduze ukutadisha izakhiwo elwa namagciwane of isikhunta. Kunobufakazi bokuthi wayeze asebenzise kubo ngokuphumelelayo ekwelapheni kabi ephulukisa izilonda zesikhumba. Polotebnov enikelwe ezahlukweni eziningana umsebenzi wakhe yesayensi echaza property isikhunta. Kukhona futhi usosayensi Kunconywa ukuba asebenzise lezi zici imithi, ikakhulukazi ekwelapheni izifo zesikhumba. Kodwa lo mbono is not liphefumulelwe nabanye odokotela kanye iye dedengu ukhohlwe.

Ubani owasungula penicillin

Lokhu sokunconywa kungokwalabo usosayensi yezokwelapha Aleksandru Flemingu. Yena waba uprofesa e-laboratory esibhedlela i-St City sikaMariya yaseLondon. Isihloko umsebenzi wakhe ngokwesayensi - kuyinto ukukhula nezakhiwo staphylococci. Ukutholakala penicillin enanisenzile ingozi. ukunakekelwa Fleming okukhulu hhayi odumile, kunalokho, kwenzeka okuphambene. Ngolunye usuku, kokushiya ideskithophu ezingahlanjiwe izitsha abanamasiko webhaktheriya, ezinsukwini ezimbalwa nje kamuva wathi isikhunta okuholela. nesithakazelo sakhe eqinisweni lokuthi esikhaleni emhlabeni amagciwane isikhunta ezibhujisiwe.

Fleming awunika igama lokuthi izidakamizwa ezikhishwe isikhunta. Wawuqamba ngokuthi i-penicillin. Ngemva enifeza inqwaba ucwaningo, ososayensi waqiniseka ukuthi yalolu ketshezi bangambulala izinhlobo ezahlukene namagciwane ayingozi.

Yini unyaka yasungulwa penicillin akuzange kusize? Ngo-1928, observation Aleksandra Fleminga wanika izwe kungcono isimangaliso ngesikhathi izidakamizwa.

Ukukhiqiza Isicelo

Fleming ayikwazanga ufunde penicillin, ngakho lo mkhuba yokuqala imithi akanandaba kakhulu kangakanani lokhu ayekutholile. Labo yasungulwa penicillin akuzange kusize njengoba imithi babe Govad wathinta uFlorey futhi Cheyn Ernst. Wona, kanye nozakwabo isehlane penicillin akuzange kusize okumsulwa, futhi esekelwe kuqala-antibiotic emhlabeni.

Ngo-1944, phakathi neMpi Yezwe II, e-United States, ososayensi baye bakwazi ukuthola i-penicillin ngendlela yezimboni. Ukuhlola zomuthi uthethe kancane isikhathi. Cishe ngokuphazima kweso, penicillin akuzange kusize waqala ukusebenzisa amabutho oMfelandawonye ukwelapha abalimele. Lapho impi iphela, lezakhamuzi ka-United States ikubeka futhi ukuthenga isimangaliso ikhambi.

Zonke owasungula penicillin akuzange kusize (Fleming, wathinta uFlorey, Chain) baba abanikazi e uMklomelo KaNobel Ezokwelapha.

Penicillin: umlando ukutholakala eRussia

Lapho ngokuthi yiMpi Enkulu Yobuzwe wayesalokhu kwenzekani, I. V Stalin wenze imizamo eminingi ukuthenga amalayisense ukwenziwa nge-penicillin akuzange eRussia. Kodwa e-United States uye wathatha isinyathelo ambiguously. Okokuqala umuntu isamba waziwa khona, mangisho, i yezinkanyezi. Kodwa kamuva futhi luye lwaqinisa kabili, echaza nesanda izibalo kokuqala ayilungile. Ngenxa yalokho, izingxoxo kuhlulekile.

On umbuzo owasungula penicillin akuzange kusize eRussia, akukho impendulo eyodwa. Ukuthola izindlela zokukhiqiza analogue wabekwa icala samagciwane UZinaida Ermoleva. Wakwazi ukuthola imfuyo, kamuva eyabizwa ngokuthi krustozinom. Kodwa izakhiwo zalo lokhu izidakamizwa lungaphezu kunabayeni penicillin akuzange kusize, futhi ubuchwepheshe ukukhiqizwa kwakuwumsebenzi onzima kakhulu futhi zibiza.

Kwanqunywa ukuba namanje ukuthenga ilayisensi. Umdayisi kwaba-Ernst Chain. Ngemva kwalokho ekusungulweni kobuchwepheshe bokuthuthukisa futhi uqalise ke ekukhiqizweni. Le nqubo kwaholela UNikolai Kopylov. Industrial ukukhiqizwa nge-penicillin akuzange yasungulwa ngokushesha. Ngalesi Nikolay Kopylov waklonyeliswa Stalin Prize.

Imithi elwa namagciwane jikelele, kwa-penicillin akuzange kusize ethile ngokuqinisekile izakhiwo iyingqayizivele ngempela. Kodwa namuhla, ososayensi abaningi babonise ukubakhathalela ukuthi amagciwane amaningi namagciwane ziba namandla okumelana lesi senzo zokwelapha.

Le nkinga manje siyadingeka Ukucabangisisa nezisombululo kungenzeka, njengoba empeleni kungase kufike isikhathi lapho ezinye amagciwane ngeke isakwazi ukuphendula isenzo elwa namagciwane.