Trans-iBaikal Cossacks: umlando, amasiko, amasiko, nokuphila kwansuku zonke

Trans-iBaikal Cossacks - nokuduma Samurai - ayesezibhebheni emingceleni ezikude zezwe lokhokho nesiphephelo komyalelo wokungabi wekuba sive. Kakhulu ngokugqamile, engananazi isikole eqinile, babehlale wamelana amayunithi isitha engcono.

indaba

Trans-iBaikal Cossacks bavela okokuqala forties kwekhulu weshumi nesishiyagalombili, lapho uDon Orenburg ngokuzithandela baye bathuthela ukuze ongakasetshenzwa ezweni elisha ngaphezulu Russian. Lapha, isimo inikeza amathuba amahle kakhulu sokuthuthukisa izidubedube, isibalo okuyinto emenza legend. Border nomakhelwane empumalanga hhayi esinokuthula kakhulu kufanele bavikele futhi ingcono kakhulu kunanoma neTrans-iBaikal Cossacks, kuba umuntu singenakwenzeka ongawenza.

Futhi kudingeka khona ukulawula njalo futhi baqaphe phezu bendawo - the Buryats, okuyinto namanje raged igazi uGenghis Khan, le Tungus, naye musa uthemba alien. Trans-iBaikal Cossacks uthanda baton baqhubeka. Kuyinto bebodwa lathathwa umbuso embusweni Ural, Orenburg, eSiberia. Forts phezu Angara noLena wabeka izikhulu amayunithi Cossack futhi Perfilieva Beketov, futhi phakathi bamazwe bokuqala, safikela namanje ukuhlonipha iqhawe lesizwe, Cossack wamazwe Semona Dezhnova.

I uhambo lokuqala

Okokuqala iChibi iBaikal ngathola Kurbat Ivanov ne Cossacks yakhe. Wabe eseqala isiphetho okwandile Trans-iBaikal, owasungulwa futhi kwaqinisa ubuhlobo nobungane abomdabu ababefundisiwe ngisho kaningi kufakwe Ukwakheka yempi. Trans-iBaikal Cossacks, umlando kuwona ihlobene umkhankaso Erofey Pavlovich Khabarova (1649), ukuthi exhunywe Russian Amur esifundeni, futhi 1653 yayisivele eyakhelwe Chita ejele - inhlokodolobha ikusasa neTrans-iBaikal Cossacks. egameni likaPawulu Beketov, a Cossack, ngubani owabeka itshe edolobheni saseChita, odumile kuze kube yilolu suku. Russia ikhula amasimu amasha, zinothile, enhle futhi ewusizo.

Ukuze Cossacks akwazi ukuqhubeka ukuthuthela empumalanga, siphephelo iBaikal isanda kunesidingo. Weza yingcweti, ukusungula ukuphila lempilo Trans-iBaikal Cossacks, ihlelwe zonke Cossack entsha regiments ukuthi maphakathi kwekhulu weshumi nesishiyagalombili kwakheka amasosha emngceleni. By endleleni, le Buryats ngenxa militancy yayo alethwe lenkaba enkazimulweni ayitholile ngenxa yabo zadalwa futhi aqeqeshiwe emashalofini eziningi ngqo eqinisa imingcele. Naphezu kweqiniso lokuthi umngcele esemthethweni nge Mongolia labakhona nalabangekho, ngisho nokubonakala kokungqubuzana Russian Manchuria kulezi zindawo, benganamukeli, kunalokho, kunalokho, uthathe leso sinyathelo kwaba kumelwe. Ngakho-ke sadalwa okugcwele ngesikhathi i izinga okungakaze kubonwe Cossacks.

zibe nesiteleka esisemthethweni esihambisana

Ekuqaleni kwekhulu nesishiyagalolunye emngceleni osempumalanga kakade ubumbe ujenga izinqaba ebiyelweyo (izinqaba), elakhiwe Cossacks. Iyahola bendabuko rose ticongotekulindza - "umnakekeli", lapho eneminyaka engu-round and round the ligada iwashi babe Cossacks ambalwa. Ilokhu ukuthumela emngceleni umuzi ngamunye ezintabeni futhi emaqeleni ukuhlola - ihlukane obuyizinkulungwane ezingamashumi amabili nanhlanu kuya eziyikhulu Cossacks.

Okungukuthi, esifundeni Cossacks Trans-iBaikal ukwakha mobile umngcele umugqa. It azisa wena we isitha futhi wakwazi ukuba akwazi ukuxosha isitha bebodwa. Kodwa lalilokhu lingekho Cossacks esanele umngcele ujenga ezinjalo. Bese kuthi-ke umbusi resettles eziningi "abantu abahamba" emngceleni osempumalanga emngceleni duty. Inombolo Cossacks e Transbaikalia liye landa ngendlela emangalisayo. Kwabe sekufika lokuhlonishwa kwezinhloko zamaviyo Trans-iBaikal Cossack - ngoMashi 1871.

UMbusi-Jikelele

Ngafikelwa ngale ndlela ukuvikela imingcele esempumalanga N. N. Muravov, owayenguyise iphrojekthi sokudalwa kwezinhloko zamaviyo Cossack, futhi uMbusi kanye noNgqongqoshe neMpi evunyiwe lo msebenzi ngokuzithandela. Emaphethelweni kuleli zwe elikhulukazi kwaba ukudala ibutho eziqinile, okungase ancintisane ngophezu kwezitha. Kuhlanganisa hhayi kuphela uDon laseSiberia Cossacks, kodwa Buryat futhi Tungus kumiswa. Ukwandiswa kanye labantu ongumlimi ka Transbaikalia.

Umumo wezimpi safinyelela nesishiyagalombili ayizinkulungwane, ngamunye olwaqala inkonzo nesikhombisa, waya ngeholide iminyaka engamashumi amahlanu eziyisishiyagalombili kuphela. Konke ukuphila kwakhe kwakuhlangene lokuvikeleka kwezifiso ezisemqoka ezingumphumela umngcele. Lapha, kuye ngokuthi service akha isiko Trans-iBaikal Cossacks, kusukela ukuphila kwabo yonke, futhi bekhulisa izingane, nokufa kuyimiphumela eyayigujwa ukuvikelwa isimo. Ngemva 1866 ecacisiwe inkonzo nokuphila kwehliselwe ku engamashumi amabili nambili, ukhathele elifanayo Abezempi kwaba ikhophi esiqondile usomqulu kwezinhloko zamaviyo Don.

Usizakala kanye ukuhlulwa

Akekho empini emashumini eminyaka, hhayi ngaphandle iqhaza Trans-iBaikal Cossacks. umkhankaso Chinese - babengabokuqala ukungena Beijing. Battle of Mukden futhi abantu ePort Arthur - a Cossacks angamaqhawe bacule izingoma kuze kube manje. Futhi Russian-Japanese War Lokuqala Umhlaba ephelezelwa nganekwane amandla, ukuphikelela nesibindi amasosha yenza ngokuphelelwa yithemba zabaykaltsev. Suit Trans-iBaikal Cossacks - aluhlaza iyunifomu ophuzi imivimbo - besabisa Samurai Japanese, futhi uma inombolo yabo ayeqi Cossacks ngaphezu kwezikhathi ezinhlanu, abazange alinge kuhlasela. Yebo, futhi ngokuvamile elahlekile bebaningi.

Ngu-1917, Cossack ibutho iBaikal zikhona kakade abantu abayizinkulungwane 260. Kwakukhona nemizana 12 ezinkulu kanye 69 imizana futhi 15 zokuhlala. Leli thimba lalimelela yinkosi amakhulu eminyaka, wamkhonza ngokwethembeka kwaze kwaba iconsi lokugcina igazi, yingoba inguquko bona awamukele, futhi kulwiwa esiwujuqu balwa iRed Army. Kwakuwusuku okokuqala lapho akazange ukunqoba ngoba imbangela kwawo kwakulungile. Ngakho Harbin kwakhiwa leli koloni elikhulu, okuyinto sidalwe extruded ezivela eRussia Trans-iBaikal Cossacks.

izwe

Yiqiniso, akuzona zonke Trans-iBaikal Cossacks walwa umbuso abasha baseSoviet, kwakukhona nalabo abasekela Reds. Noma kunjalo, iningi kwesokunxele ngaphansi kobuholi Baron Ungern futhi Ataman Semyonov futhi ekugcineni bagcina China. Futhi lapha ngo-1920, kwaba yilowo nalowo kwezinhloko zamaviyo Cossack babe namandla Soviet iqedwe, ukuthi siphela. Ngo Manchuria nemindeni yabo kungashiya mayelana nanhlanu kuphela amaphesenti angu-Trans-iBaikal Cossacks, lapho wadala Tryokhrechye - nenani emizaneni.

Kusukela China isikhathi bona uhluphile Soviet umngcele kuphangwa, kodwa waqaphela ukuthi kuyize-ke futhi ikhiyiwe. Babehlala amasiko abo, ngisho nendlela yabo yokuphila kuya ku-1945, lapho amabutho aseSoviet lasungula okuhlaselayo ku Manchuria. Yisikhathi badabuka kakhulu lapho embozwe amabutho enkazimulweni transbaikalian Cossack sikhuntile ngokuphelele. Abanye bathuthela eminye - e-Australia - sazinza Queensland, abanye babuyela ekhaya, kodwa hhayi Trans-iBaikal esifundeni, futhi Kazakhstan, lapho kunqunywa komnikazi. Inzalo imishado exubile kusuka China Anibashiyanga.

ukubuya

Inhloko-dolobha ye-Trans-iBaikal Cossack obekulokhu kudingeka ukuba ufunde. Eminyakeni embalwa edlule, lapho kwavulwa khona lesikhumbuzo Petru Beketovu, Cossack, umsunguli kulo muzi. Umlando kancane kancane abuyiselwe njengokungathi zibuyisela ukuphila namasiko Trans-iBaikal Cossacks. Ingabe sizama ukubuyisa ulwazi elahlekile - ngokuvumelana nezithombe ezindala, izincwadi, Diaries, namanye amadokhumenti.

Ngenhla ungabona izithombe Okokuqala Verkhneudinsky ibutho, okuyinto bekuyingxenye amabutho Cossack. Ngesikhathi lo ibutho ukudubula NgangikuMoya eside - biennial - ngezebhizinisi eMongolia, lapho ukuvukela senzeka ngo-1911. Manje siyazi ukuthi Cossacks asekelwe wakhe, umbeki amabutho Chinese, zokuxhumana kuqashelwe futhi, yebo, ngobuqhawe, njengoba ngaso sonke isikhathi, alwa. ukushaywa umoya-Mongolian impela kancane eyaziwa. Lokhu kwaba ngaphezu kwanoma yimuphi omunye Ukukhuluma ngesikhathi benza ngisho Ataman Semyonov futhi Cossack induna, owachitha ngokunqoba kakhulu isibaluli yena mathupha.

Kanti kwakukhona nabantu okuningi ephezulu ezindizayo - ngisho ojenene White esizayo. Ngokwesibonelo, e-isithombe ngenhla - A. Verzhbitsky ngubani wehlulekile okusheshayo Storming i inqaba ungenakunqotshwa Chinese - Sharasume.

amasiko

IBhodi bekulokhu Cossacks ezempi, naphezu kweqiniso lokuthi e bonke nemizana lempi lwabonakala ngokukhethekile athuthukile ezolimo, izinkomo ukuzalaniswa kwamahhashi kanye yezandla ezahlukene. Isevisi langempela kuchazwa, nokuphila, futhi lonke ekuphileni we Cossack, kungakhathaliseki isikhundla yakhe ebuthweni. Autumn sasibanjelwe Field Service, ubusika kwaba uqeqesho combat, efuze okuphindaphindiwe. Noma kunjalo, ukucindezela nokungabi nabulungisa cishe bahlangana Cossacks, kwakunengozi ubulungiswa enkulu emphakathini. Bamnqoba ezweni ngakhoke wazizwa unelungelo ukuba ningene kulo ukulidla.

Abesilisa ngisho ukusebenza emasimini, ukuzingela nokudoba okuhambe ehlome sengathi impi: izizwe ayimizulane awazange waxwayisa mayelana nokuhlasela. Kusukela bezalwa baze ejwayele ogibele nezingalo izingane, ngisho namantombazane. Abesifazane asele emboniselweni, lapho bonke abantu besilisa ngempela kule mpi, izikhathi eziningi ngempumelelo wacasulwa kuphangwa abavela kwamanye amazwe. Ukulingana Cossacks bekusolo. abantu Ngokuvamile, izikhundla ehola ababekhethiwe bahlakaniphile, abanamakhono futhi iyakudinga ukucatshangisiswa okukhulu kuye siqu. Asebukhosini, ingcebo, umsuka ayikho indima ukhetho akazange ukudlala. Futhi ukulalela atamans kanye nezinqumo zesigungu umbuthano Cossack unquestioningly konke kusukela komncane kuya ezinkulu.

ukholo

Abefundisi kwathiwa futhi akhethwe - wabantu zenkolo kakhulu futhi ukufunda nokubhala. Umpristi wayenguthisha bonke, futhi iseluleko sakhe njalo kulandelwe. I Cossacks babe abantu ukubekezela isithwathwa iningi labo izikhathi, naphezu kweqiniso lokuthi bona bangamaJuda ngokujulile, ngisho akholwayo, enikelwe Lobu-Orthodox. Ukubekezelelana ngenxa yokuthi ngaso sonke isikhathi e amabutho Cossack babe Old Amakholwa, amaBuddha, Mohammedans.

Ingxenye ukukhiqizwa imikhankaso kwakusho esontweni. Amathempeli bebelokhu ngesandla esivulekile isuswe nge isiliva, igolide, izibhengezo ezibizayo futhi kitchenware. Life Cossacks waqonda njengoba inkonzo kuNkulunkulu futhi ezweni labo, ngoba angikaze babe nengxenye-heartedly. Noma yiliphi ibhizinisi okwenziwa lemukelekako.

Amalungelo nezibopho

Customs in the Cossacks abanjalo ukuthi kukhona owesifazane uyawuthanda inhlonipho (namalungelo) njengoba amadoda. Uma Cossack ekhuluma nowesifazane esezikhulile, kufanele ume, angihlali. Ezindabeni labesifazane Cossacks akakaze aliphazamise, kodwa ngaso sonke isikhathi kuqashelwe abafazi, ukuzivikela udumo nesithunzi. yokuphepha Ngakho ikusasa bonke abantu. Okuthandayo Cossacks zazingamelela uyise, umyeni, mfowethu, indodana, godson.

Uma Cossack - umfelokazi noma owesifazane ongashadile, khona-ke ivikela Ataman siqu. Ngaphezu kwalokho, yayingase wazikhethela inxusa abantu bakulo muzi. Kunoma ikuphi, kwakudingeka njalo ukulalela igunya, futhi qiniseka ukusiza. Njalo Cossack kumele zithobele zokuziphatha: hlola bonke abantu ubudala, njengoba uyise wabo, nonina, futhi intombazane ngayinye Cossack - efana udadewabo, ngamunye Cossack - efana nomfowethu, zonke izingane - uthando njengoba bebodwa. Umshado ungcwele okwesikhathi Cossack. Lelisakramente Christian, ongcwele. Akekho kungaphazamisa ekuphileni komkhaya ngaphandle isimemo noma isicelo. Umthwalo wemfanelo oyinhloko wokuzama konke okwenzekayo emkhayeni, indoda kuletha.

ukuphila

Hut Trans-iBaikal Cossacks hedged cishe njalo okufanayo: ekhoneni obomvu ne imifanekiso, nethebula uglovichkom elisemandleni eduze eBhayibhelini yoboya isigqoko namakhandlela. Ngezinye izikhathi eliseduze, futhi ukuziqhenya umndeni - a gramophone noma upiyano. Emdulini - njalo kahle abagqoke nge embhedeni, Antique, ngamaphetheni lapho ngisho omkhulu-ugogo nomkhulu kokuphumula. A Ukuziqhenya esikhethekile Cossacks - bafaniswe valance embhedeni, lace efekethisiwe pillowcases ezihlalweni eziningi.

Ngaphambi embhedeni ngokuvamile kuthé engagxilile. Seduze esifubeni omkhulu, okuyinto igcinwe isipho sentombazane, kanye nesifuba abazoyithola, njalo ilungele impi noma isevisi. On the izindonga - eningi efekethisiwe, ekumeni kanye nezithombe. Ekhishini - okumsulwa nadraennaya Cookware, ziboshwe ngozankosi, zase samovar, ezigqulweni, izimbiza. Thenga amabhakede amanzi. A kuhhavini emhlophe yonke iminonjana - catch bese ibhodwe.

Ukwakheka Trans-iBaikal Cossacks

Ekuqaleni, lapho ayekhona futhi Evenki (Tungus) zokwakheka lempi. Amabutho Kwasakazwa kanje: ezintathu regiments abagibela amahhashi amathathu unyawo brigades (ngowokuqala wesithathu - Russian eshalofini, owesine - the Tunguska, lesihlanu nelesithupha - Buryat) uqapha umngcele futhi kwenziwe ngaphakathi inkonzo, futhi lapho ngo-1854, kwenziwa kude ku lase-Amur kanye ngokusekelwe imingcele kanye nazo zonke ezinye umngcele, kwakube nokusitheka lase-Amur Cossack ibutho. Ngoba kufike umuntu mumbe, neTrans-iBaikal, lo mugqa umngcele kwaba isikhathi eside kakhulu.

Esikhathini nesishiyagalolunye Ngasekupheleni kwekhulu lamashumi amabili zabaykaltsy embukisweni sokuthula Guards amahlanu, abakhwele amahhashi regiments ezine kanye wezikhali amabhethri amabili. Impi afune okungaphezu: ihhashi nesishiyagalolunye regiments, ezintathu ezisele namashumi amane wezikhali amabhethri ngaphezu okungenhla. labantu Cossack yesevisi ayizinkulungwane 265 eyenziwa abantu abangaphezu kuka-anesine amawaka.

samanje

Nge kabusha Trans-iBaikal Cossacks waqala imvuselelo yayo: obize eMoscow 1990 Omkhulu Cossack embuthanweni, lapho wanquma kutsha Trans-iBaikal Cossacks. Nje konyaka kube Sekwenzekile kuze inhlangano Ensemble. Ibizwa ngokuthi - "Trans-iBaikal Cossacks." Ataman akhethwe Chita, kwaba ngo-2010 , uSergei Bobrov. Futhi ngo-2011, liye kabanzi waphawula engu-160 iminyaka engu-kusukela ukubonakala Cossacks iBaikal.

Ihubo Trans-iBaikal Cossacks wahlala zicishe, kukhona bememeza Zabaykal abathandekayo, ungasusi cap sakhe noma phambi omunye force isitha, ngokusankondlo kakhulu ithungwe singene blue zonke eChibini iBaikal le Sunbeam njengomuntu imivimbo Cossack (ophuzi), futhi lihlabelela mayelana nothando Russia, mayelana inkumbulo wakhonza oyisemkhulu .