Thomas Piketty incwadi "Capital ngekhulu xxi": essence, lawo ngamaphuzu ayinhloko esekelwe

Kanjani futhi ngaphansi kwaziphi imithetho ukwaba dolobha? Kungani abanye bayaqhubeka bempofu njalo, kuyilapho abanye - kungakhathaliseki ukuthi - nothile? Umbhali yencwadi ethandwa "Capital ngekhulu xxi" Thomas Piketty wachitha cwaningo zakhe wangena eziphethweni ezithakazelisayo. Ngokusho kwakhe, eminyakeni 1914-1980 igebe phakathi imikhakha yomphakathi kwaba omncane.

ukuphikisana eliyisisekelo

Ukuphila emphakathini wanamuhla kungaphansi kwemithetho lalo. Omunye wabo - ukulingana kwamalungelo, okungukuthi, kusukela iphuzu kwezomnotho umbono, ikhono ukuqinisekisa inhlalakahle kuphela ngenxa amakhono abo siqu futhi izifiso ... Kodwa Paris School of Uprofesa Economics Thomas Piketty ( "Capital ngekhulu xxi" - Incwadi yakhe ethengiswa kakhulu kunazo) uveza ukuthi ngokuya kukhona ubudlelwano phakathi impumelelo yomuntu siqu futhi isimo sezimali kanye nomndeni wakhe izibopho. Yiqiniso, lokhu kuphambene nomqondo amathuba alinganayo.

uvele Neze, incwadi okubangelwa komsindo, t. Ukuze. Umbhali has kulo eziningi imibuzo mayelana nokushaya khona postulates womnotho emakethe. Akenzi ukukhipha iqiniso noKarla Marksa, ababethi ukubhujiswa ngenakugwemeka capitalism.

Izinganekwane Namaqiniso

Uma ekhulwini XIX, akekho Lamangala ngokuthi iqembu elincane labantu "izwe siqu", ezimweni yesimanje, leli qiniso njalo kuyindaba yokukhathalelwa ukuphikisana ukungabaza. Amazwe njenge-United States, esekelwe isimemezelo samalungelo alinganayo zonke izakhamuzi abantu ngothi lwabo, zidinga abalulekile incazelo igebe phakathi kwabacebile nabampofu.

Kwaphela isikhathi eside zezomnotho baye babonisa ukuthi kube nokukhula komnotho jikelele kuletha ukuchuma kubo bonke. izincwadi eziningi ( "Capital ngekhulu xxi" - okuhlukile) etha ukuthi imizamo ngazinye asebenze futhi uvumele abantu ukuba sifinyelele engakaze ibonwe eziphakeme. Futhi indlela umphakathi owakheke ngayo ayisekho wayelokhu exhumana nempahla ngofuzo. Nokho, ngisho kokuma eyisisekelo kunazo basikisela ngenye.

Uma ngesikhathi XIX-XX eminyaka isilinganiso capital yangasese futhi engenayo kazwelonke kwaba cishe alinganayo (kungakhathaliseki isakhiwo - ezweni kuqala, bese amafa ezimbonini ekugcineni, manje - Ezezimali), kuqale 70-yalolucwaningo kwekhulu XX, owokuqala owandile. Kule minyaka engu-50 edlule, igebe idlula 600%, okusho. E. Imali kazwelonke incane izikhathi 6 ngaphezu komnotho yangasese.

Ingabe ikhona incazelo enengqondo futhi kunengqondo, akunjalo? Impela kufanele abahloniphe. ukonga High sibathelela annuity esezingeni elifanele; ezingeni sokukhula komnotho mncane impela, futhi azimele kwempahla isimo ungaqhubeka ukwandisa ubungako dolobha yangasese. Ngo ezwe elaliyi-USSR kuba Ukususwa kwemibandela ekukhangiseni ukuvumele inombolo encane izakhamuzi ahlanganiswe kakhulu.

Imininingwane zomlando

Ukukhula komnotho bekulokhu aphansi ukwedlula zihlomule emnothweni njalo, kusho uThomas Piketty. Capital ngekhulu xxi, esekelwe yifa, kwandisa igebe kuphela. Iqiniso lokuthi ekuqaleni kwekhulu XX 90% Umcebo kazwelonke ephethwe 10% abantu. Bonke abanye, kungakhathaliseki amakhono engqondo kanye nemizamo, kwakungekho impahla. Ngenxa yalokho, kwadingeka uthole hhayi kulokho.

Ukumenyezelwa ukulingana imvume iqhaza ukuvota nezinye impumelelo yomphakathi wentando yenengi ngeke kushintshe imithetho kwezomnotho kanye ukuqoqelana kwezimali oyimfihlo "iqembu elincane labantu."

Njengoba kungase kuzwakale ezinyantisayo, kodwa kwaba nezimpi zezwe ezimbili kanye nesidingo buyisela udale isimo engakaze ibonwe lapho imali ebezilokhu kwaba ephansi komnotho. Esikhathini esiyiminyaka ingcebo 1914-1950 kuphela kukhuphuke ngo 1-1.5% ngonyaka. Ngaphezu kwalokho, esethulweni intela okuqhubekayo ukuvumele kukhuphula lizinga sokukhula komnotho. Kodwa dolobha ngekhulu xxi, futhi iba emisha ebalulekile futhi yezimboni.

middle class

Kuyinto esikhathini post-yimpi kwakukhona okubizwa ngokuthi middle class e-Europe. Nalapha futhi, kwenzeka ngenxa uthuthumele ezomnotho nezombusazwe, hhayi nokulingana ithuba. Kodwa intshiseko akuzange kuhlale isikhathi eside. Ngo-1970 iminyaka engu-ochwepheshe okuqhubekayo okuye waloba ukukhula entsha ngomcebo ukungalingani.

Encwadini yakhe ethi "Inhloko-dolobha ngekhulu xxi" Thomas Piketty (encwadini Russian esivele ishicilelwe) Uthe yize ukuvela abasesigabeni esiphakathi, abampofu akazange abe nomuzwa wokuthi ukuthuthukiswa kwezomnotho. Igebe phakathi imikhakha yomphakathi lukhula.

Nokho, kusukela ngo-1980, uthi usosayensi, Amathrendi zomlando ubuye. Uma Maphakathi nawo-60s kwakunokwenzeka ngempela ukuba baphule phezulu mbhoshongo kwezomnotho ngenxa amakhono abo, kuze kube sekupheleni kwekhulu XX, lo mgudu ivaliwe. Zonke lezo zizathu zakhe Thomas Piketty kuqinisekisa izibalo. Ucaphuna umbiko njengesibonelo iholo labasetikhundleni letisetulu nezisebenzi isilinganiso. Uma abaphathi anda ngenzuzo yayo nge 8% ngonyaka, bese bonke abanye -% 0.5 kuphela.

lucky

zezomnotho American wayecabanga ukuthi lokhu amaholo nabulungisa amakhono akhethekile, isipiliyoni, imfundo kanye ukukhiqiza abaphathi izinkampani. Nokho, izincwadi kwezomnotho uqinisekisa ukuthi empeleni akulona. Futhi okunye, ezingeni yomholo ephezulu umphathi akuxhomekile izinga izinqumo zayo. Lapha kukhona lo mkhuba lokho okubizwa ngomlobokazi "inkokhelo ukuze inhlanhla" uma bedle izici zangaphandle, inkampani okhula amabhonasi ngamandla, anda ngokuzenzakalela abasebenzi.

Ifa noma engenayo

Capital ngekhulu xxi okokuqala emlandweni isintu yazuza ngezithukuthuku engqondweni yakhe nokuzikhandla. Lokhu postulate umsunguli alethwe amalunga kwakungenzeka lokhu kwaba kuphela abantu abazalwa esikhathini kusuka 1910 kuya 1960.

Ukuzaliseka amathalente abo ukuvumele abantu bakholelwe ukuthi umsuka ukungalingani (kanjalo kwezomnotho nenhlalakahle), luhlala kude esikhathini esedlule. Nokho, ucwaningo lwamuva olwenziwa isikuqinisekisile okuphambene: usayizi inhlokodolobha ngofuzo siphezulu kunamanye etholwe ukuhanjiswa imali emsebenzini. Ukuqinisekisa amazwi akhe umbhali usitshela izibalo ezifaka hhayi izinkomba lokubala ubuningi babantu kuphela kwezomnotho kodwa futhi.

Incwadi "Capital ngekhulu xxi", ngeshwa, akuyona ekhuthaza labo abafuna ukuzuza ingcebo yabo. Umbhali wafunda idatha phakathi namakhulu eminyaka amathathu ka ekukhuleni komphakathi futhi waphetha ngokuthi ukungalingani kwezomnotho ezinjalo - sivamile esintwini.