Shogunate - kungcono umbuso absolutist eJapane. Tokugawa Shogunate

Segunat- ingenye nezikhathi ezibaluleke kakhulu emlandweni Japan, Ephakathi futhi ezikhathini zanamuhla. Enkulungwaneni yesibili eJapane, kwakunoFakazi Shogunate eziningana, ngayinye yaba nesandla ekwakhiweni yezwe yesimanje yelanga eliphumayo.

Izimbangela Nezingozi isisekelo esihle esingokomoya ka shogunate Minamoto

Njengoba wazi, bemagange sifuna ukushintsha indlela umphakathi lapho kungekho ukuzinza. Kule minyaka eyishumi yokubusa izici eziyinhloko izenzakalo zezombusazwe kuleli zwe isibe ukwahlukana amakhosi asendulo. Ukuswelakala kokusebenza ngokuhlanganyela yinye nobunye kuholela nemiphumela zezomnotho ezinzima kanye njalo yokuvukela lempi nje zonakale Japan engazinzile kakade. Izizathu eziyinhloko ngokushintsha kudivayisi zezombusazwe yilezi:

• kwehlukana amakhosi asendulo;
• ukungabi khona izibopho eziqinile zomnotho phakathi izifunda;
• amandla buthaka imithetho yombusi.

I Shogunate lokuqala yayikhona kusuka 1192 kuya 1335. Izinguquko empilweni yezwe khona ukukhuluma ngethonya elandayo izimfundiso Zen Buddhism. Lokhu imfundiso zaziya kabanzi phakathi imibuthano lempi. Lokho uxhumano elisekela zenkolo namandla empi Samurai kwaholela ekuqondeni mibuthano ukuthi kufanele elawula. Samurai kwakufanele nomthelela ekuthuthukiseni Japan.

Shogunate - inkathi of ukushintsha okuphawulekayo endleleni Japan

Kuze kube ngasekuqaleni kwekhulu XIII, ezingeni yentuthuko yezwe wahlala eliphansi kakhulu. Lokhu yokujama tsi uzokuragela phambili bese uqhubeke, uma kungekhona kwakukhona ushintsho nokucabanga amanye amalungu Izicukuthwane ezempi kanye amakhosi asendulo, owafika amandla ekupheleni kwekhulu XII.

Yiziphi izinguquko eziye zaba khona emva ukufika shogun? Qaphela ukuthi ngokushesha ukuphila akubi ngcono, ngoba kumane nje akunakwenzeka. Ngaleso sikhathi, njenganamuhla, eziningi kwakuxhomeke umsebenzi ukuhweba. Esimeni semakhaya iziqhingi eziningi endaweni encane izwe libe ukudayiswa ngempumelelo ubengase kube nentuthuko yemikhumbi. Impumelelo ebaluleke kakhulu kwakuyisimo ukuthuthukiswa yamadolobha shoguns port, ukwenyuka kwezinga zasolwandle yomthengisi. Ngokwesibonelo, ngekhulu le-XI athola imizi ucishe ezinkulu 40 kuphela, kwathi ngekhulu XVI, semizi ngisondela 300.

Inkathi shogunate - liyachuma yezandla. Njengoba yaziwa, e ngenkathi ephakathi eYurophu, kwakukhona izikebhe workshop. Nina makhosi, qhubekani eyaya esitolo, ingasebenza ngempumelelo. Ngakho lapha thina kancane kancane waqala ukwakha izinhlangano of netingcweti temsebenti. kwamiswa izinhlangano ezifanayo phakathi ukuhweba. Kuyacaca ukuthi ukuziphatha ibhizinisi abalingani okuthembekile, ngakho umphumela kumiswa okwenza imishado enjalo yayisobala.

Impumelelo undoubted we kwenkathi ka shogunate lokuqala yathinteka kwehlukana amakhosi asendulo. Uhlobo eyinhloko bomhlaba lizwe babé kwesabelo Samurai ezincane, lapho wathola inkonzo yezempi.

Izizathu ukuvuselelwa shogunate ekhulwini XVII

Tokugawa wama-shogun waphumelela - yokusabela bendabuko umphakathi Japanese ukuba izenzakalo ezenzeka isimo engxenyeni kwekhulu XVI maphakathi no-yesibili. Kwesibili samurai ukuze amandla, wayenezizathu yayo okunengqondo:

• ngokuqhutshwa kohlelo kwehlukana amakhosi asendulo;
• okwehlisa ezithuthukisa umnotho wezwe;
• ukuvela izimoto baseYurophu abathuthela kule ndawo zavela kancane kancane yohwebo nge Portugal nakwamanye amazwe aseYurophu.

Into ebaluleke kakhulu futhi kubuhlungu ngoba Samurai sasithi ukuvela izakhi alien (baseYurophu) abafika mbeni umphakathi wendabuko igxilile amakhulu eminyaka futhi okuye walondoloza othintana obuseduze ukuthandwa isiko China sika kanye Korea. Izazi-mlando zikholelwa ukuthi ukusungulwa oxhumana nabo Europe kwaba yisisusa okunengqondo siqinise khudlwana ipi ukuze kwakhiwe uhulumeni eyodwa enamandla.

Japan ekhulwini XVII-XIX

Inkathi shogunate - siwukubonakaliswa absolutism eJapane. Yiqiniso, ungakhohlwa mayelana nokuba khona kwamakamu lwamakhosi yasebukhosini, kodwa amandla lezi abantu kwaba ngokomoya ukudlula wokuziphilisa. umbuso wama-shogun waphumelela wadala "avaliwe" isimo. Emachwebeni Japanese ayenqatshelwe ukungena imikhumbi European. Uma konke kusenjalo lowo mkhumbi kwaba echwebeni, leli qembu kuncike isigwebo. Lokhu ngabodwa eyathatha iminyaka 250, kwaze kwaba maphakathi nekhulu XIX.

Uma sikhuluma Tokugawa Shogunate Kafushane, lena inkathi ingcindezi Imininingwane ku abantukazana. Ngokusemthethweni serfdom kuleli zwe kwakungeyona, kodwa abaningi ongumlimi ezweni namanje ingeyamakhosi nabakhulu amakhosi asendulo. izintela abahlukahlukene, amalevi kusukela abalimi, okuyinto kwangena ngokusemthethweni zaba ngu-60% isivuno.

amakilasi uhlelo

Shogunate - a uhlelo lukahulumeni, okuyinto obekumele ukugcina uhlelo bendabuko obudala. Ngo isimo uhlelo ikilasi yethulwa. Labantu lahlukaniswa laba amaqembu 4: abalimi, ababazi, samurais, abathengisi. Injongo eyinhloko yale division: ekulondolozweni ekhona ngesikhathi oda kwezenhlalo, lapho amandla lo mbusi kanye nesikhundla elibusisekile samurai ababebheka elingenakuphikwa.

Ikilasi yomthengisi ayebhekwa izindlu eliphansi, kodwa ngempela kwaba baphumelela ngaphezu kwanoma abalimi kanye netingcweti temsebenti. Umuzi baqhubeka ukuthuthukisa. Ngaleso sikhathi e-Japan kwaba lamadolobha angaphezu kuka-300 kanye nasemalokishini. Ngesisekelo lwekutfutfukisa bekulokhu ukuhweba esebenzayo phakathi ziqhingi emazweni angomakhelwane (China, Korea), kanye inani elikhulu izinhlangano wezandla.