Russian imihubhe ezokuthutha ngamazwe. Ukubunjwa nokuthuthukiswa kwezinhlangano imihubhe ezokuthutha international

Ukuthuthukiswa jikelele kwezomnotho yanoma yimuphi esifundeni kuxhomeke kakhulu ezingeni yentuthuko ezokuthutha yayo. Futhi lapha kukhona ezibaluleke kakhulu imihubhe ezokuthutha ngamazwe. Zikuxhuma emazweni ahlukene, babanike nokubambisana kwezomnotho, ezamasiko kanye kwesayensi-lobuchwepheshe. Kodwa khona izithuthi zomphakathi international - akuyona izinzuzo kuphela kwezomnotho lapha futhi manje. Kuba yisikhathi futhi lapho isiqinisekiso zokuphepha ekukhuleni kahle izwe eminyakeni eminingi ezayo.

Kulesi sihloko, sizofunda ugxile kulokho okudingekayo imihubhe ezokuthutha international, akha kanjani futhi ziphenduke.

International ezokuthutha ephasishi - kuyini?

Igama elithi "ezokuthutha ephasishi ngamazwe" (noma, indlela efingqiwe yokubhala igama, MTC) baqonde uhlelo ezokuthutha eziyinkimbinkimbi, okuyinto babeka izinkomba ezinkulu traffic. Lolu hlelo lufaka inhlanganisela izinhlobo zayo ezihlukahlukene - umgwaqo, ujantshi, zasolwandle kanye amapayipi.

Njengoba umkhuba ubonisa, ezokuthutha international imihubhe eziqhutshwa kakhulu ngempumelelo ngaphakathi zone ezivamile kwezomnotho. Inethiwekhi obukhulu kakhulu MTC namuhla ejwayelekile ye indawo yaseYurophu (ngokukhethekile - I-naseYurophu eMaphakathi neseMpumalanga). Lokhu, ikakhulukazi, nomthelela kwemukelwa olusha lwenqubomgomo EU ezokuthutha ngo-2005. Indima ebalulekile kule umqondo omusha wathatha yezindlela zasolwandle ezokuthutha.

Ukwakheka imihubhe ezokuthutha international isibe efanele esikhathini lapho isidingo ezokuthutha elikhulu lempahla kunyuke. mizila ngokuvamile kubalulekile sokuthuthukiswa kokubili yizimpahla zokuthutha abagibeli ngemva izwe noma isifunda sonke.

Iqhaza kanye ukubaluleka ITC

Ukuthuthukiswa imihubhe ezokuthutha international akukhona ukuthi kubaluleke kuphela ngokombono izinzuzo kwezohwebo. Phela, zokuthutha YeSizwe ungabuyiseli inzuzo kuphela. Futhi sikhuthaze ukukhula nokuthuthuka lempi, zezimboni, ezesayensi legatsha uthi. Ngaphezu kwalokho, ITC neqhaza futhi ngenkuthalo bandise ingqalasizinda ezindaweni lapho bephumelela.

Emazweni amaningi athuthukile kwezomnotho, umbuzo inqubomgomo yezokuthutha nokuvikeleka ezokuthutha lufakwa ezingeni eliphezulu kuqala. Russia, futhi, kudingeka silandele isibonelo sabo kulesi sici.

Umsebenzi Main MTK

Ziyini izimpokophelo ngokuyinhloko kufanele kube ukuthi afeze imihubhe ezokuthutha international? Zabo ziyisiliva eziningana:

1. Ukunikeza eliphezulu, ezokuthutha ezethembekile futhi ezithokomele ukuze bonke abathintekayo ubudlelwane kwezomnotho.
2. Ukunikeza yasekuqaleni "ibhuloho ', amandla nokuqalisa ukuhweba inzuzo agcwele phakathi uthi.
3. Ukubamba iqhaza ekwakhiweni ukuphepha lempi emazweni kanye izifunda lonke.

Esigabeni sokugcina kufanele uhlale kabanzi. Iqiniso lokuthi ukuphepha zezempi zanoma yiliphi indawo, ngaphandle kokukhetha, sixhomeke kakhulu ezingeni yentuthuko kwenethiwekhi ezokuthutha yayo. Ngamagama alula: kulapho isimo emikhulu, ojantshi neziteshi, amachweba kanye airfields - kuba lula ukuba ahlele amabutho, imishini hola, izikhali kanye nezinsiza uma zangaphandle yimpi.

Uhlelo netekutfutsa ngamazwe phakathi eYurophu nase-Asia

MTC nesifunda main Eurasia zihlanganisa netekutfutsa ezilandelayo:

• ITC "North - South", esehlanganise zaseScandinavia amazwe, uthi we naseYurophu eMaphakathi neseMpumalanga, ingxenye European zaseRussia, iCaspian esifundeni, kanye naseNingizimu Asia.
• Trans-Siberian sesitimela (noma MTC "Transsiberian") - yiyona imihubhe esibaluleke kunazo zonke expanses Russia futhi uxhuma eYurophu Ephakathi ne China, Kazakhstan futhi enhlonhlweni-Korean. It has amagatsha amaningana Ukraine, Kiev, Petersburg, Ulan Bator.
• inombolo MTC 1 (pan-European) - sibopha Baltic emizini ebalulekile - Riga, Kaliningrad futhi Gdansk.
• inombolo MTC 2 (pan-European) - sibopha emadolobheni ezifana Minsk, eMoscow Nizhny Novgorod. Esikhathini esizayo, ukuqhubeka ephasishi ukuze Ekaterinburg.
• inombolo MTC 9 (pan-European) - uxhuma Helsinki, inhlokodolobha enyakatho yeRussia - Petersburg, eMoscow naseKiev.

Zonke imihubhe ezokuthutha international babe namagama abo - izinkomba. Ngokwesibonelo, ITC "North - South" inikezwe Inkomba the NS, "Trans-Siberian" - lo TS nokunye.

Russian MTC uhlelo

On insimu yezwe lethu egcina MTC eziningana. Ngakho, Russian ezinkulu kwezokuthutha ngamazwe imihubhe - a "Sea Northern Umzila" MTC "Primorye-1" MTC "Primorye-2".

Ezokuthutha ephasishi libizwa ngokuthi "oluseNyakatho Umzila" yokuxhuma emadolobheni abalulekile Russia - Murmansk, Arkhangelsk futhi Dudinka. It has isiqu international - SMP.

MTK "Primorye-1" sidlula Harbin, Vladivostok, Nakhodka futhi kuziwa nezimbobo ebalulekile Pacific.

MTK "Primorye-2" uxhuma emzini Hunchun, Kraskino, Zarubino futhi iya emachwebeni of eMpumalanga Asia.

netekutfutsa International Russia: Izinkinga kanye Amathemba

Ezweni lanamuhla elisebenzisa ubuchwepheshe kukhona izingongolo ezintathu eqinile zentuthuko yezomnotho: North American, abantu baseYurophu abathuthela kule-East Asian. Futhi eRussia, kuyinto isikhundla kunenzuzo womhlaba phakathi kwalezi izigxobo ezimbili ezibalulekile, kufanele ukusizakala lesi simo futhi ukusungula zokuthutha njalo ngokusebenzisa insimu yalo. Ngamanye amazwi, kuba ezweni lethu ubophekile ukuba kuxhunyaniswe lezi zikhungo emhlabeni wonke athuthukiswe futhi netekutfutsa yesimanje.

Russia uyakwazi ngempela ukuthatha cishe engu zonke ezinkulu zase-Eurasia ezokuthutha ukusakaza. Ochwepheshe babikezela ukuthi uma ungakwazi ukufinyelela kabusha uNkulnkulu 15-20 ubudala ngemfanelo kohlelo ezokuthutha ezifuywayo lokhu. ERussia kukhona zonke izimo ngoba ukuthi: inethiwekhi aminyene ojantshi, uhlelo olubanzi emikhulu, khona inethiwekhi aminyene emifuleni imikhumbi. Nokho, inqubo kumiswa imihubhe ezokuthutha ngempumelelo kuhlanganisa hhayi kuphela ukunwetshwa igridi ezokuthutha, kodwa futhi sesimanje yayo, kanye Logistics nokuphepha ezokuthutha.

ethembisa kakhulu Russia ukudalwa okuthiwa MTC "East - West" - ezokuthutha ephasishi ezinkulu kuzohlanganisa Europe ne-Japan. Ngesisekelo le ezokuthutha ephasishi ngamazwe angase alale manje ekhona Trans-Siberian sesitimela, ne amagatsha waya emathekwini olwandle enyakatho yeRussia.

Njengoba izibalo eminyakeni yamuva, ukuhweba phakathi Europe kanye amazwe eMpumalanga Asia (ngokuyinhloko Japan neNingizimu Korea) kwanda ngamaphesenti angaphezu kuka kahlanu. Kwenqwaba kwezimpahla phakathi izifunda ezimbili zithutha phesheya kolwandle. Ngakho-ke, ngqo ezweni ezokuthutha ephasishi kungaba yinto enhle kakhulu okunye indlela yasolwandle. Kodwa ukuthi iziphathimandla zaseRussia nigqoke eziningi umzamo futhi izindlela ezibonakalayo.

ITC "North - South"

International ezokuthutha ephasishi "North - South" ihlinzeka uxhumano emazweni aseBaltic esifundeni ne-India ne-Iran. lokhu Inkomba ephasishi: NS.

Esincintisana eyinhloko ephasishi kuyinto umzila ezokuthutha zasolwandle ngokusebenzisa Suez Canal. Nokho, ITC "North - South" enezinto eziningi nezinzuzo ezingokoqobo. Okokuqala, umzila onqamula ezweni nengxenye ubude ibanga, okusho ukuthi ukuthuthwa kwezimpahla ngale ndlela kuba ishibhile.

Kusukela namuhla, ikakhulukazi ngokuzimisela lokhu ephasishi ukhonza Kazakhstan. Izwe lisebenzisa ke ukuthutha imikhiqizo yabo emazweni angaphandle (ngokuyinhloko okusanhlamvu) emazweni Gulf. I jikelele inzuzo yale ephasishi balinganiselwa ku-25 million tonnes wezimpahla ngonyaka.

ITC "North - South" kuhlanganisa amagatsha amathathu amakhulu:

• I Trans-iCaspian - uxhuma echwebeni, u-Olya, Astrakhan futhi Makhachkala;
• East - kuyinto wesitimela umhlaba ukuxhumanisa emazweni Ase-Asia Ephakathi futhi Iran;
• Western - ubabonisa umugqa Astrakhan - Samur - Astara (ngokusebenzisa Makhachkala).

MTC pan-European № 1

Olubanzi nohlelo lwezokuthutha naseYurophu eMaphakathi neseMpumalanga yayibizwa ngokuthi i-Pan-European. Ihlanganisa imihubhe eziyishumi wezizwe ezihlukahlukene. Kubizwa njengo- "PE" ne kwalokho kwamadijithi ezithile (mina X).

I-pan-European ezokuthutha international ephasishi-1 sidlula emazweni ayisithupha: Finland, Estonia, iLatvia, iLithuania, Russia nase-Poland. ubude kuyinto 3285 amakhilomitha (owodwa - 1655 amakhilomitha - ku motorways futhi 1630 km - ngesitimela).

Inombolo pan-European MTC 1 sibopha ndawonye izihloko eziyinhloko zaseYurophu: Helsinki, eTallinn, Riga, Kaunas futhi Warsaw. Ngaphakathi kwemingcele yaleli ephasishi kukhona zezindiza eziyisithupha futhi 11 nezimbobo. Ingxenye sidlula endaweni ka-Russia, ngaphakathi Kaliningrad esifundeni, futhi kuhlanganisa itheku elikhulu Baltic - idolobha elisentshonalanga.

MTC pan-European № 2

Ngo-1994 esiqhingini saseKrethe sabamba ezikhethekile ku ezokuthutha, eye kuchazwe iziqondiso eyinhloko uhlelo Pan-European esizayo ezokuthutha. Ubunjwe izinkomba ezahlukene 10.

I-pan-European ezokuthutha international ephasishi-2 uxhuma eYurophu Ephakathi ne okuyingxenye European yeRussia. Ugijimela yonkana amane uthi. Kuyinto eJalimane, ePoland, Belarus ne-Russian Federation. Ezokuthutha ephasishi uxhuma emadolobheni amakhulu ezifana Berlin, iPoznan, iWarsaw Brest, Minsk, eMoscow Nizhny Novgorod.

Ekuphetheni ...

Ngakho, ukuthuthukiswa imihubhe ezokuthutha international ibaluleke kakhulu yisiphi isifunda zomhlaba. Ukudalwa ukusebenza ngempumelelo kwale mizila okuhlose hhayi kuphela kwezomnotho, kodwa futhi kwamasiko, ukubalwa kwabantu nezempi-zamasu.