Relativistic kuyizinhlayiyana mass

Ngo-1905, u-Albert Einstein enyathelisa umbono wakhe wokuhlobana kwezinto, okuyinto kancane washintsha umqondo isayensi zezwe. Isekelwe ekucabangeleni yakhe ifomula mass relativistic etholwe.

ithiyori okhethekile wokuhlobana kwezinto

Lonke essence itholakala lokuthi ukuthi izinhlelo ezihambayo isihlobo komunye nomunye, noma yiziphi izinqubo eziningana kwenzeke ngezindlela ezahlukene. Ngokucacile, lubonakaliswa, isibonelo, ukwanda isisindo ngesivinini okwandisa. Uma Isivinini motion kohlelo incane kakhulu kunaleyo Isivinini yokukhanya (υ << c = 3 × 10 ^8), lezi zinguquko cishe ngeke okuqaphelekayo, ngoba bayokudla bavame zero. Nokho, uma ijubane imoto eduze ijubane lokukhanya (isb lingana kuze fike-okweshumi kwako), khona-ke izinto ezifana isisindo, ubude kanye nesikhathi iyiphi inqubo shintsho. Ngosizo amafomula ezilandelayo zingasiza ukubala lamagugu luhlaka ezihambayo reference, kuhlanganise - nenqwaba nezinhlayiya relativistic.

Lapho l _{0, m-0} no-t ₀ - ubude umzimba, mass futhi inqubo e uhlelo umile, futhi υ - ijubane into.

Ngokusho theory ka-Einstein ye, ayikho umzimba akakwazi ukufinyelela ijubane mkhulu kunezinhliziyo ngejubane lokukhanya.

mass ukuphumula

Q kuyizinhlayiyana relativistic ukuphumula mass kwenzeka okungukuthi kwezinto theory, lapho isisindo somzimba noma izinhlayiya kugucula ngokuya ngesivinini. Ngakho, lonke mass ngokuthi isisindo somzimba, okuyinto equkethwe esikhathini nesilinganiso uphumule (ngokungabi bikho ezinyakazayo), isb Isivinini salo zero.

esisindo Relativistic ingenye nemingcele main encazelweni motion.

ezifanayo isimiso

Ngemva ukubukeka theory ka-Einstein ye zidinga ezinye wokubuyekeza lasetshenziswa iminyaka eminingana Mechanics Newton, okungase ngeke sisetshenziswe lapho sicabangela inkomba ozimele, ezihambayo ngejubane ifaniswe ngejubane lokukhanya. Ngakho-ke, zonke kwathatha ukushintsha zibalo ashukumisayo usebenzisa ukuguqulwa Lorentz - ushintsha umzimba izixhumanisi noma iphuzu futhi isikhathi lapho inqubo shintsho phakathi inertial inkomba izinhlelo. Incazelo ukuguqulwa idatha esekelwe yokuthi kuwo wonke Uhlaka inertial yonke imithetho yomsebenzi physics ngokulinganayo nangokulinganayo. Ngakho, imithetho yemvelo awekho nganoma iyiphi indlela zincike kukhethwa uhlelo inkomba.

Kusukela Lorentz ukuguqulwa Coefficient futhi esashiwo Mechanics relativistic eziyisisekelo, njengoba kuchaziwe ngenhla kanti okuthiwa ne α incwadi.

Umgomo we ezifanayo ilula ngokwanele - uthi iyiphi ithiyori entsha noma kunjalo ikakhulukazi ethile ngeke kube nemiphumela ekahle naleyo odlule. Ngokucacile, e Mechanics relativistic ke lokhu kuvezwa yokuthi ngesivinini ukuthi kukhona ephansi kakhulu kunalokho ngejubane lokukhanya, asetshenziselwa imithetho Mechanics classical.

kuyizinhlayiyana relativistic

kuyizinhlayiyana Relativistic libizwa nezinhlayiya oluhamba ngesivinini ifaniswe ngejubane lokukhanya. ezinyakazayo babo buchazwa ngu kwezinto ekhethekile. Kukhona ngisho iqembu izinhlayiya kabani khona kungenzeka kuphela uma sihamba ngejubane lokukhanya - lezi zibizwa ngokuthi izinhlayiya ngaphandle okuningi noma nje massless, kusukela lonke mass zero, ngakho-ke kuba izinhlayiya ehlukile Awunawo ongakhetha efanayo esikhathini non-relativistic, omakhenikha classical .

Okungukuthi, nenqwaba nezinhlayiya relativistic lokuphumula kungenzeka zero.

Particle kungenziwa ngokuthi relativistic uma amandla alo kinetic esingase sifaniswe amandla okuyinto esashiwo ifomula elandelayo.

Lokhu ifomula inquma isimo ijubane edingekayo.

Amandla we izinhlayiya kungaba futhi ezingaphezu kuka bamandla alo lonke - lezi zibizwa ngokuthi ultrarelativistic.

Ukuchaza ukunyakaza izinhlayiya ezinjalo kusetshenziswa quantum Mechanics kanye quantum ngokuvamile ensimini theory for incazelo ethe xaxa.

ukubukeka

izinhlayiya okunjalo (relativistic futhi ultra-relativistic) khona ifomu zemvelo kuphela cosmic ngemisebe, okungukuthi ngemisebe, umthombo okuyinto ngaphandle imvelo eMhlabeni kagesi. Man, ziyadalwa eyayenziwe e accelerators ekhethekile - ukuzisebenzisa njengoba izinhlobo nedlanzana ezimbalwa izinhlayiya eziye zatholakala, futhi lolu hlu avuselelwe. Onjalo kulungiselelwa, isibonelo, Esibanzi Hadron Collider, okuyinto eSwitzerland.

Okuphambili ne β-kwamazinyo electron ingase futhi ngezinye izikhathi ukufinyelela ijubane eyanele ukuze wona ngaphasi komhlobo relativistic. Relativistic electron mass lungatholwa kulezi amafomula.

Umqondo mass

Isisindo Mechanics Newton anezakhi eziningana esibophezelayo:

• Ukukhangwa adonsela phansi imizimba uphakanyiswa ukufunda isisindo sabo, okungukuthi, kuncike ngqo kuso.
• isisindo umzimba akuxhomekile kukhethwa uhlelo inkomba futhi akashintshi lapho ushintsho yayo.
• inertia sehlangano kukalwa isisindo sayo.
• Uma umzimba lilondolozwe uhlelo lapho kungekho izinqubo akwenzeki futhi okuyinto ivaliwe, isisindo salo kuyoba cishe akukho ushintsho (ngaphandle ukudluliswa okusheshayo okuyinto e ukudla okuqinile uyephuza kakhulu).
• Composite mass umzimba siqukethe nenqwaba izingxenye zayo ngazinye.

Isimiso wokuhlobana kwezinto

• KaGalileo Lesimiso sokuhlobana.

Lesi simiso ukuthi zavela ngenxa Mechanics non-relativistic, lubonakaliswa kanje: kungakhathaliseki uhlelo uyaphumula, noma benza noma yikuphi ukunyakaza, zonke izinqubo kuzo uqhubeke ngendlela efanayo.

• Einstein Lesimiso sokuhlobana.

Lesi simiso sisekelwe ezimisweni ezimbili:

1. WaseGalile kwezinto isimiso isetshenziswa kuleli cala. Lokho, umuntu nge ngokuphelele yonke imithetho yemvelo ukusebenza ngendlela efanayo.
2. Ijubane lokukhanya njalo ngokuphelele kuzo zonke inkomba ozimele kuyafana, kungakhathaliseki ukuthi lingakanani ijubane lokuya we umthombo wokukhanya kanye esibukweni (umamukeli ukukhanya). Ukuze afakazele lokhu Eqinisweni, eziningi ucwaningo, eyaqinisekisa ngokuphelele Ukuqagela kokuqala.

I mass Mechanics relativistic futhi Newton

• Ngokungafani Mechanics Newton, ku relativistic mass theory akukwazi ngezinga elithile lemali material. Futhi ngempela mass relativistic kunqunywa indlela ethe xaxa, kusale Kungenzeka ukuba achaze, isibonelo, ukuba khona izinhlayiya ngaphandle mass. Ngo Mechanics relativistic, ukugxila amandla kunokuba mass - okungukuthi determinant oyinhloko noma iyiphi inhlangano noma kuyizinhlayiyana aphansi, amandla alo noma umfutho. Impulse kungenzeka ukuthola le ndlela elandelayo.

• Nokho, abantu abaningi lonke kuyizinhlayiyana isici esibaluleke kakhulu - ukubaluleka kwalo lincane kakhulu futhi nenani engazinzile, ngakho Site izilinganiso ngokunemba esiphezulu nesivinini. Amandla kuyizinhlayiyana ukuphumula kungatholakala ngokufunda ifomula elandelayo.

• Ngokufanayo Newton eyeza nezazi zezinkanyezi ezikhuluma e qekelele uhlelo isisindo kuyinto njalo, ngamanye amazwi, akashintshi njengoba isikhathi sihamba. Futhi akashintshi futhi kwathatha komunye CO kwenye.
• Ayikho ayikho elithile inertia yomzimba ezihambayo.
• Ungqimba relativistic sehlangano ezihambayo ayinqunywa kwethonya amandla adonsela phansi kuso.
• Uma isisindo somzimba ilingane no-zero, ke kuyodingeka ukuhambisa ngejubane lokukhanya. Okuphambene akulona iqiniso - ijubane lokukhanya ongafinyelela hhayi kuphela izinhlayiya massless.
• Amandla Imininingwane izinhlayiya relativistic kungenzeka esebenzisa amazwi athi ezilandelayo:

Ubunjalo mass

Kuze kube muva nje, isayensi kwakucatshangwa ukuthi nenqwaba iyiphi kuyizinhlayiyana kubangelwa imvelo kagesi, kodwa kuze kube manje kwaziwa ukuthi ngale ndlela kungenzeka ukuchaza kuphela ingxenye encane yawo - umnikelo main livela ubunjalo ukuxhumana namandla, ezivela gluons. Nokho, le ndlela azikwazi zingachazwa ngezinqubo nesisindo se-izinhlayiya kweshumi, uhlobo okuyinto ingakamiswa cacisa.

Relativistic mass ukwanda

Umphumela wazo zonke theorems nemithetho echazwe ngenhla kungaba eshiwo ngokucacile ngokwanele, nakuba, futhi inqubo emangalisayo. Uma umzimba owodwa ihamba isihlobo komunye nomunye nanoma iyiphi isivinini, imingcele yayo lezidumbu ngaphakathi, uma umzimba yokuqala ushintsho ohlelweni. Yiqiniso, ngesivinini aphansi ke cishe ngeke lubonakale, kodwa umphumela usazoba khona.

Omunye kungaba zilandise isibonelo esilula - nakwenye isikhathi ngendlela ezihambayo 60 km / h isitimela. Khona-ke le ndlela elandelayo ibalwa Coefficient ukushintshashintsha nemingcele.

Lokhu ifomula lase futhi achazwe ngenhla. Uma kufakwa yonke idatha kuwo (lapho c ≈ 1 x 10 ⁹ km / h) ngemiphumela ezilandelayo:

Ngokusobala, ushintsho incane kakhulu futhi akashintshi ukusebenza amahora kangangokuba kwaba ebonakalayo.