Raymon Puankare: amaqiniso okuphila

French sikahulumeni Raymon Puankare (1860-1934) ngesikhathi Okokuqala kweMpi Yezwe wayengumuntu umengameli bese undunankulu ngesikhathi uchungechunge wezimali ngesikhathi sezinhlekelele. Yena wayengumbulali ngoludala, umsekeli ukuzinza zezombangazwe nezenhlalo.

Raymon Puankare: Biography

Owayezoba umongameli France, yazalwa ngo-Bar-le-Duke, idolobha elisenyakatho-mpumalanga yezwe, Agasti 20, 1860 emndenini unjiniyela Nicolas-Antoine Poincaré, kamuva owaba jikelele wamaphoyisa amabhuloho nemigwaqo. Raymond wafunda ezomthetho e-University of Paris, wangeniswa bar 1882 futhi waqhubeka ugcina umthetho e-Paris. Poincaré kakhulu wokuvelela wanikela lonke amandla ukuba okungcono kukho konke akwenzayo, eminyakeni engu-20 wayewukuphela ummeli omncane kunabo bonke e-France. Njengoba ummeli, wavikela ngempumelelo Jules Verne ekubeni necala for ukuhlambalaza ezafakwa wemithi kanye umsunguli iziqhumane Eugene Turpenom ababethi-prototype ye usosayensi ahlanye kusenzo noveli "Ifulege njengezitha zezwe lokhokho."

Ngo-1887, Raymon Puankare (isithombe sikhombisa kamuva esihlokweni) wakhethwa nguMnyango isiFulentshi Meuse. Waqala kanjalo-ke umsebenzi wakhe zezombusazwe. Eminyakeni eyalandela, yakhulela usebenza neKhabhinethi lakhe, kuhlanganise okuthunyelwe kukaNgqongqoshe Wezemfundo Nezimali. Ngo-1895 Poincaré wakhethwa iphini likamengameli we Chamber of amaphini (lomkhandlu wesishayamthetho wePhalamende French). Noma kunjalo, ngo-1899 wala ngesicelo uMongameli French Emilyu Lube (1838-1929) lokwakha uhulumeni womanyano. Strong-willed a ubuzwe ngoludala, Poincaré akavumelananga umfelandawonye isikhonzi sezenhlalo. Ngo-1903 wesula House of Abamele nengangizenza umthetho futhi babeke bakhonza iSigele zincane kwezombusazwe kuze 1912.

UNdunankulu kanye nomongameli

Raymon Puankare wabuyela ezombusazwe lapho, ngo-January 1912, yena waba undunankulu. Kuleli banezikhundla eziningi eFrance, wabonisa ukuthi ungumholi eqinile futhi Minister of Foreign Affairs. Ukuze wonke umuntu ukumangala, ngonyaka olandelayo wanquma ukusebenzisa umongameli - a izikhundla kuqhathaniswa ezingabalulekile kangako, futhi wakhethwa kuposi ngoJanuwari 1913

Ngokungafani odlule omongameli Poincaré wathatha esebenzayo iqhaza ekubumbeni inqubomgomo. Umuzwa onamandla lokushisekela ubuzwe amyisa bayazikhandla ukuze kuqinisekiswe ukuvikeleka waseFrance, eqinisa isivumelwano England nase-Russia, nasekusekeleni umthetho ukwandisa isikhathi inkonzo yezempi kusukela kwabaneminyaka engamashumi amabili kuya kwamathathu. Naphezu kweqiniso lokuthi ayeyisebenzela okuhle kwezwe, owazalwa ngo-Lorraine, Poincaré wawusola eJalimane, lapho ehlasela esifundeni ngo-1871.

Impi nge Germany

Lapho ngo-August 1914 waphula kweMpi Yezwe Yokuqala, Raymon Puankare, uMongameli French, wayengumholi eqinile ezempi kanye eqinile morale zesizwe. Ngempela, wabonisa ubuqotho bakhe umbono walokho okubizwa ngokuthi France obumbene, uma ucelwa nembangi yakhe abaphikisi zezombusazwe Zhorzha Klemanso lokwakha uhulumeni ngo-1917. Poincaré babekholelwa ukuthi Clemenceau kwaba kakhulu afanelekayo ikhandidethi kubulawa imisebenzi uNdunankulu futhi kungaholela izwe, naphezu sakhe sobunxele-iphiko zezombusazwe ukubukwa, okuyinto eziphikisayo French uMongameli.

ISivumelwano SaseVersailles kanye yokulungisa umonakalo German

Raymon Puankare awavumelani nokubekelwa Clemenceau mayelana Versailles, inkontileka esayinwe ngoJuni 1919, okuyinto ichaza izimo zezwe ngemva kweMpi Yezwe Yokuqala. Wayekholelwa ngokuqinile ukuthi Germany kumele nxephezela France isamba esikhulu yokulungisa umonakalo futhi amukele umthwalo wemfanelo wokuba kokuqala kwempi. Nakuba US kanye nabaholi British babekholelwa isivumelwano sinesandla esiqine kakhulu, idokhumenti, eyayinekheli izimangalo imali eningi futhi indawo eJalimane, ngokuvumelana Poincaré, wayengekho okubi kakhulu.

Umsebenzi Ruhr

kamuva Poincaré wabonisa isimo sokuma yayo nolaka ngase eJalimane, lapho futhi waba undunankulu ngo-1922. Phakathi nale nkathi wayebuye uNgqongqoshe wezangaPhandle. Lapho amaJalimane babe ayikwazi ukuthola izinkokhelo zabo ukulungiswa ngoJanuwari 1923, Poincaré ngaphambilini amasosha French ukuze kungene Ruhr River Valley - isifunda ezinkulu ezimbonini entshonalanga eJalimane. Naphezu umsebenzi, uhulumeni German wenqabile ukwenza inkokhelo. Ukumelana Passive nezisebenzi German emagunyeni French belimele emnothweni German. uphawu German ziwile, emnothweni French futhi uye wahlupheka ngenxa izindleko umsebenzi.

ukunqotshwa Electoral

Inkulumo-ze-German namaSoviet we 1920 Inkinga Julayi 1914 uvezwa Poincaré-la-impi (impi Poincaré), ogama umgomo kwaba ukukhishwa kwengalo eJalimane. Izingxoxo kule okuthiwa kwaholela kusukela 1912 uMbusi uNicholas II no "uyahlanya lezempi kanye revanchist" Raymon Puankare. Lolu lwazi yanyatheliswa emakhasini phambi iphephandaba French lamaKhomanisi "L'Humanité". UMongameli French uNicholas II babesolwa ukuthi kwafaka izwe ku kweMpi Yezwe Yokuqala. Lokhu ukukhuthazwa kuye kwaphumelela kakhulu ku 1920, futhi ngezinga elithile idumela Poincaré sika ongakabi walulama.

Ngo-1924, ohulumeni waseBrithani nowaseMelika babambe izingxoxo ku settlement ngomzamo usimamise umnotho German kanye ukudambisa ngokuya yokulungisa umonakalo. Ngawo lowo nyaka, Poincaré party wahlulwa okhethweni lwango, noRaymond usesulile undunankulu.

Ngenkinga yezimali ngo-1926

Raymon Puankare wahlala engenzi lutho isikhathi eside. Ngo-1926, ngaphansi kwesimo sezomnotho esibucayi kakhulu eFrance waphinde wacela lokwakha uhulumeni futhi edlala indima undunankulu. Ukuze uthuthukise isimo sezimali, isazi sezombangazwe isinyathelo ngokushesha futhi esiwujuqu:-ke kwenziwa nokuncishiswa kwemali yomphakathi, kwakhulisa isithakazelo amazinga, owethulwa izintela entsha bese izindleko franc Ukuzinziswa ngibopha ke endinganisweni igolide. Kukhula ukuthembela kwabantu kwaba umphumela ukuchuma ezweni, elandela izinyathelo Poincaré. okhethweni lukazwelonke ngo-Ephreli 1928 wabonisa support ethandwa iqembu lakhe kanjalo neqhaza layo njengesizinda undunankulu.

Raymon Puankare: singakunaki ukuphila komuntu

Kube nephutha sezombusazwe umndeni oluvelele abavelele. Lucien yakhe (1862-1920) kwaba se-physics kanye mzalwane umhloli jikelele ngo-1902. umzala Ari sika Raymond Poincaré kwaba sezibalo esidumile.

Enomkakhe Anriettoy Adelinoy Benuchchi Poincaré elalihlangana 1901. Nguye okwakubhekwe ukuthi inkosikazi salon for nezihlakaniphi eParis futhi kwase kabili ephethwe ukuvakashela oshadile. Umshado senzeka ngo-1904, futhi isonto - ngokushesha emva Poincaré eba umongameli France ngo-1913.

eminyakeni yamuva

Novemba 7, 1928 ehlaselwa iqembu olukhulu-sezenhlalo Poincaré waphoqeleka ukuba ashiye isikhundla sakhe. Lingakapheli isonto, wakha ihhovisi elisha futhi isikhathi sakhe sokugcina sokuba undunankulu wahlala. Ngo-July 1929, ecaphuna izinqubomgomo impilo ebuthaka waphuma kulelo kamelo, bese ngenqaba ukuba abe undunankulu ngo-1930.

Raymon Puankare washona ngo Paris 15 Okthoba 1934 eneminyaka engu-eminyakeni 74. Cishe zonke izinsuku zokuhamba kwakhe wayehumusha nemisebenti yahulumende kanye umsebenzi sakhe sokuba ngumengameli ngesikhathi seMpi Yezwe Yokuqala, kuhlangene acumen wakhe wezimali sokuba undunankulu eminyakeni ezayo wamnikeza inkazimulo umholi omkhulu futhi indoda abaye bazisa izwe sakhe phezu kwazo zonke.