Radio - isiqu kulombhalo. Kanjani ukufunda abizwa izingxenye umsakazo kule scheme?

Kulesi sihloko uzofunda iziphi umsakazo. I notation kulombhalo ngezindinganiso isimo ezocatshangelwa. Ukuze uqale nge ezivamile - resistors futhi capacitors.

Ukuqoqa noma yisiphi isakhiwo, kubalulekile ukwazi ukuthi ukubheka ngokoqobo umsakazo, kanye indlela ibhalwe izifunda kagesi. Kukhona izingxenye eziningi electronic - transistors, capacitors, resistors, diodes, kanjalonjalo.

capacitors

Capacitors - kungcono imininingwane simo singenzeka kunoma yimuphi umklamo ngaphandle kokukhetha. Ngokuvamile, capacitors kakhulu elula ukumela amapuleti amabili metal. Futhi emoyeni uba ingxenye Kwe-dielectric Heating. Kukhumbuleni nje izifundo physics esikoleni, lapho sekudlule isihloko capacitors. Ngenxa imodeli, babe izingcezu ezimbili ezinkulu flat zensimbi round ukuma. Basondela each nye ngalesosikhathi nahlukanisiwe. Futhi endaweni ngayinye izilinganiso kwenziwa. Kufanele kuqashelwe ukuthi esikhundleni emoyeni ingasetshenziswa mica, kanye noma iyiphi impahla okungadingi ukuqhuba kagesi. Amagama izingxenye emsakazweni amaphethini eziyisisekelo amazwe sihluke izivakashi, zithathwe ezweni lethu.

Qaphela ukuthi capacitors ezivamile aluphumeleli DC. Ngakolunye uhlangothi, i- zamanje kushintshana sidlula ngaphandle noma ibuphi ubunzima. Ukusebenzisa le impahla, kuphela epholisayo lapho kuyadingeka ukuhlukanisa ingxenye okuguquguqukayo DC. Ngenxa yalokho, kungenzeka ukuba wenze wesifunda okulingana (by theorem Kirchhoff sika):

1. Ngo ukusebenza, i uhlelo lokwabelana ngamafayela capacitor umqhubi ingxenye esikhundleni ngeqanda ukumelana.
2. Ngo kokuhlinzwa, DC isixhumanisi capacitor esikhundleni (akukho, hhayi amandla!) Ukumelana.

Isici esiyinhloko we capacitor kuyinto capacitance kagesi. umthamo iyunithi - a Farad. Kuyinto enkulu kakhulu. Ekusebenteni, njengoba umthetho, wasebenzisa capacitors, capacitance ulinganiswa microfarads, NF, microfarads. AmaSu capacitor luchazwa ngokuthi kolayini ababili okufanayo, lapho kukhona amajika.

capacitors variable

Kukhona uhlobo enjalo amadivayisi, lapho capacitance washintsha (kulesi simo ngenxa yokuthi kukhona ngokuhambisa amapuleti). Umthamo incike wawungakanani ipuleti (e S ifomula - kuyinto endaweni yayo), kanye nebanga phakathi electrode. I capacitor variable nge air Ngokwesibonelo Kwe-dielectric Heating, sibonga ingxenye ezithathekayo kwendawo kungenziwa ngokushesha washintsha. Ngakho-ke, izoshintsha futhi umthamo. Kodwa ekubizweni zikagesi e-izikimu angaphandle kuhlukile kancane. A Resistor, isibonelo, bavezwa ile umugqa ijika.

Olunye uhlobo lokudla capacitors variable - trimmers. Zisetshenziswa kakhulu izikimu lapho kukhona kwencika elinamandla capacitances yisinanakazana. Futhi uma ufake capacitor nge value njalo, khona-ke wonke isakhiwo ngeke isebenze kahle. Ngakho-ke, kubalulekile ukuba ukusungula isici jikelele ukuthi ngemva umhlangano wokugcina ungalungisa futhi silungise indawo eyiyo. Umdwebo enzelwe ngendlela efanayo njengoba unomphela, kodwa amapuleti parallel kunodeshi umcibisholo.

capacitors njalo

Lezi zici abe umehluko design, futhi izinto kusukela lapho kwenziwa. Ungakhetha ezichumayo insulators:

1. Air.
2. Mica.
3. Ukubumba.

Kodwa lokhu kukuthinta izingxenye ze-non-polar kuphela. Kukhona capacitors electrolytic (polar). Kuyinto kulezi izakhi kuyinto ulwazi oluningi kakhulu - esukela kwetshumi ambalwa microfarads nesiphetho latinkhulungwane letinyentana. Futhi kulezi izakhi isitsha kukhona okunye ukukhetha - voltage esiphezulu lapho ukusetshenziswa kwalo kuvumelekile. Lezi nemingcele zibhaliwe amashadi kanye mayelana naleli cala capacitor.

Amagama capacitors ku izikimu

Kuyaphawuleka ukuthi esimweni ilungiswe noma capacitors variable kuboniswe amanani amabili - minimum futhi umthamo esiphezulu. Empeleni mayelana naleli cala ungathola njalo ibanga elithile lapho ushintsho umthamo uma iyunithi crank-eksisi komunye kakhulu kuze kube komunye.

Lokucabanga kukhona capacitor umthamo variable 9-240 (okuzenzakalelayo ubukhulu ngo picofarads). Lokhu kusho ukuthi nge okungenani ukugqagqana amapuleti capacitance 9 PF. Futhi ngaleso esiphezulu - 240 PF. Kuwufanele kokuhlola kabanzi ekubizweni izingxenye umsakazo kule scheme futhi igama labo ukuze bakwazi kahle ukufunda amadokhumenti wobuchwepheshe.

Xhuma capacitors

Ngokushesha, kukhona izinhlobo ezintathu (zonke, kukhona okungaka) compounds izakhi:

1. Ngokuvumelana - amandla ingqikithi lonke uchungechunge ilula ngempela ukubala. Kuzoba kuleli cala, kuba umkhiqizo tonkhe tincenye amathangi, zihlukaniswe sum yabo.
2. Parallel - kulesi simo, ukubala umthamo Imininingwane ngisho lula. Udinga ukufaka umthamo yawo wonke amalungu uchungechunge capacitors.
3. Mixed - kulesi simo, isifunda ihlukaniswe yaba izingxenye eziningana. Singasho ukuthi lula - ingxenye eyodwa kuphela iqukethe izinto exhunywe parallel, kwesibili - njalo nje.

Futhi lena nje ekuhlaziyeni capacitors, eqinisweni eningi kubo ungakhuluma, unikeze isibonelo sokuthi ucwaningo kuyajabulisa.

Resistors: ulwazi olujwayelekile

Lezi zici kungabuye atholakala yisiphi isakhiwo - nakuba umamukeli umsakazo, yize kulesi sifunda ukulawula for the microcontroller. Lokhu tube zobumba lapho ohlangothini elingaphandle egcinwe sishaye mncane ifilimu metal (carbon - ikakhulukazi carbon omnyama). Nokho, ngisho graphite singasetshenziswa - umphumela uyofana. Uma resistors abe ukumelana aphansi kakhulu futhi umthamo omkhulu isetshenziswa njengophawu conductive ungqimba nichrome wire.

Isici esiyinhloko we Resistor - lokhu ukumelana. Asetshenziswa izifunda kagesi ukusetha oyifunayo Inani lamanje ezifundeni ezithile. Ngo-physics amakilasi kuqhathaniswa ne emgqonyeni ogcwele amanzi uma ubukhulu ushintsho igemfe, kungenzeka ukulawula ijubane jet. Kufanele kuqashelwe ukuthi ukushuba we ungqimba conductive incike ukumelana. I ohlabayo lesi sendlalelo kuyinto, ayanda ukumelana. Kulokhu, amatshwayo umdwebo ka zikagesi akuncikile ubukhulu isici.

resistors okungaguquki

Ngokuphathelene nalezi izakhi, lwezinhlobo ezivame kakhulu yilezi:

1. Metallized ukushisa ukumelana lacquer - esifushanisiwe MLT.
2. Ukumelana Manzi - Sun.
3. Carbon lacquered compact - Ulm.

Resistor nemingcele ezimbili eziyinhloko - amandla kanye ukumelana. Umngcele we-zokugcina ulinganiswa ohms. Kodwa lokhu yokukala incane kakhulu, ngakho ngo-mkhuba bavame nazo izakhi okuyiwona ukumelana ulinganiswa megohms futhi kiloomah. Amandla ulinganiswa Watts kuphela. Ngaphezu kwalokho, ubukhulu isici sinciké emandleni. I emikhulu kuba, element emikhulu. Futhi manje ukuthi kukhona ekubizweni izingxenye umsakazo. Umdwebo amadivayisi amazwe futhi ezifuywayo kungenzeka zonke izakhi abashe ngezindlela ezahlukene.

Ezifundeni yasekhaya Resistor - kuyinto isikwele ezincane ezine-aspect ratio 1: 3, noma imingcele yayo ebekiwe ohlangothini (uma isici itholakala thwi) noma ngaphezulu (esimweni evundlile). Kokuqala nika Latin incwadi R, a ke - inombolo ye-serial ye-Resistor kulesi sifunda.

I Resistor variable (potentiometer)

Ukumelana njalo kukhona iziphetho ezimbili nje. Kodwa eziguquguqukayo - ezintathu. Ngo izifunda kagesi kanye izakhi izindlu kubonisa ukumelana phakathi oxhumana ezimbili ukuphela. Kodwa phakathi isilinganiso futhi yimiphi ukumelana kakhulu ngeke ifane kuye yini sikhundla eksisi Resistor. Kulokhu, uma ukuxhuma ohmmeter ezimbili, kungenzeka ukuba sibone ukuthi ukubaluleka eyodwa ohlangothini ezincane zizoshintsha, kanti eyesibili - a esikhulu. Sidinga ukuqonda ukuthi ukufunda wesifunda amadivayisi ayi- elekhthroniki. Ukukhonjwa izingxenye umsakazo futhi yilutho ukwazi.

I ukumelana Imininingwane (phakathi ezikhumulweni ekupheleni) zihlala zinjalo. resistors variable zisetshenziselwa ulungise inzuzo (ngosizo lwabo ushintsha ivolumu yomsakazo, TV). Ngaphezu kwalokho, resistors variable kabanzi izimoto. Lokhu fuel level izinzwa, elawula ijubane ukujikeleza motors kagesi, ukukhanyisa ukukhanya.

Xhuma resistors

Kulokhu, isithombe ngokuphelele reverse ukuthi okwakukhona capacitors:

1. Uchungechunge uxhumano - impedance kwazo zonke izakhi neketanga eligoqiwe.
2. uxhumano Parallel - umkhiqizo ukumelana ehlukaniswa isamba.
3. Mixed - sinqamukile lonke uhlelo phansi amaketanga ezincane futhi ibalwa ngezigaba.

Kulesi Uhlolojikelele, ungavala resistors futhi baqala ukuchaza izakhi ezithakazelisayo kakhulu - Semiconductor (ubheke zikagesi ku izifunda Standard for ASB, esikhuluma ngaye ngezansi).

semiconductors

Lena ingxenye enkulu zonke izakhi radioactive, njengoba kunombolo Semiconductors kuhlanganisa zener diodes hhayi kuphela, transistors, diodes, kodwa varicap, variconds, thyristors, triacs, chips, njll Yebo, IC - .. Ingabe crystal olulodwa, okungaba ezihlukahlukene umsakazo - futhi capacitors, futhi resistors, futhi lapho zihlukana p-n.

Njengoba wazi, kukhona babashayeli (izinsimbi, isibonelo), insulators (ipulangwe, ipulasitiki, Indwangu). Kungase kube ezahlukene zikagesi notation e Scheme (unxantathu - kungenzeka diode noma zener). Kodwa kuyafaneleka ukuthi unxantathu ngaphandle izakhi ezengeziwe wabonisa izwe enengqondo sekhompiyutha ubuchwepheshe.

Lezi izinto Kuphakathi conductive noma cha, kungakhathaliseki ukuthi abekho yini abanye isimo uquqaba. Kodwa kukhona Semiconductors, property okuyinto ziyahlukahluka kuye ngokuthi izimo ezithile. Lokhu kwaziswa, ezifana Silicon, germanium. By the way, ingilazi kungabuye ngokwengxenye isibaluli Semiconductors - awusebenzi ukuqhuba ugesi, kodwa ngokubeka amalahle isithombe emuva ngokuphelele isimo evamile.

Diodes futhi zener

A Semiconductor diode usalelwe electrode ezimbili: cathode (negative) kanye anode (HIV). Kodwa lokho zikhona izici kule umsakazo? Amagama ungabona kushadi ngenhla. Ngakho ukuxhuma amandla supply kuya anode of plus kanye lokususa kuya cathode. Kulokhu, kagesi ayozithola komunye electrode kwenye. Kufanele kuqashelwe ukuthi i-elementi kulokhu ukumelana eliphansi kakhulu. Manje ungenza ukuhlolwa, bese uxhuma ibhethri ngokuphambene nalokho, lapho ukungawi wamanje luyanda izikhathi eziningana, futhi yena ngeke usaqhubeka nokuphatha. Futhi uma diode phambili kushintshana zamanje, ithela njalo (siqala nge iyehla iyenyuka kancane). Ngokusebenzisa wesifunda ibhuloho ehlanganise ezimbili nengxenye-ematfuba (HIV).

Zener diodes, ezifana diodes, ningabaleli electrode amabili - i anode kanye cathode. Lokhu kufakwa oqondile kwalesi sakhi usebenza ngendlela efanayo njengoba kushiwo ngenhla diode. Kodwa uma uvumela wamanje kolunye uhlangothi, ungase ubone isithombe ezithakazelisayo kakhulu. Ekuqaleni, diode zener aluphumeleli ngokusebenzisa uqobo zamanje. Kodwa lapho voltage ifinyelela inani elithile, kukhona ukuwohloka, futhi isici uqhuba zamanje. Lokhu kuqiniswa voltage. impahla ezinhle kakhulu, ngenxa okuyinto kuvela ukufeza zinamandla esitebeleni izifunda, ngokuphelele ukuqeda nokudludliza, ngisho nomncane. Ukukhonjwa zikagesi e-izikimu - ngesimo unxantathu, futhi ngezinye isiqongo zayo - isici okungukuthi perpendicular ukuphakama.

transistors

Uma diodes zener futhi ngezinye izikhathi ngisho zingatholakala imiklamo, le transistors zingatholakala kunoma iyiphi (ngaphandle bangabonwa owamukelayo). Ngo Transistor le electrode ezintathu:

1. Base (esifushanisiwe incwadi "B" kuboniswa).
2. UNkulunkulu wayengajabule ngalendoda (C).
3. Emitter (E).

Transistors ungasebenza izindlela eziningana, kodwa ngokuvamile iningi bajwayele ku okhulisa kanye ukhiye (njengoba inkinobho). Ungenza liqhathaniswa uphondo - ememeza base, izwi iyakhula landizela aphume kwesigubhu. Futhi emitter ubambe isandla sakhe - ke kunjalo. Isici eyinhloko transistors - inzuzo (isilinganiso wamanje ngalendoda futhi base). Kuyinto lokhu ipharamitha kanye nezinye isisekelo lesi umsakazo. Mshini phezu wesifunda Transistor - umugqa mpo futhi imigqa emibili afanelekela ke engela. ezinye izinhlobo ezivamile of transistors bungabonakala:

1. Polar.
2. Bipolar.
3. Field.

Kukhona futhi inhlangano Transistor ehlanganisa sebuningini yokugcizelela izakhi. Lawa ezivamile, zikhona umsakazo. Mshini kwi isikimu kuye kwaxoxwa ngakho ezingxenyeni sihloko.