Prehistory lesintu: izici nezikhathi main

Prehistory isintu - isikhathi esingapheli waze kokusungulwa lokubhala. Ekhulwini XIX kwaba igama ukuhluka - ". Nezakudala" Uma ungenalo lokumba nencazelo yalesi eside, it ihlanganisa kahle lonke isikhathi, kusukela ngemvelaphi yezulu nomhlaba. Kodwa ngo bezibona iyincane sikhuluma kuphela mayelana esedlule lawo izinhlobo zabantu ezahlukaniselwa, eyathatha kuze kube isikhathi esithile (ngakho kushiwo ngenhla). Uma abezindaba, ososayensi noma abanye abantu ukuthi basebenzise imithombo ezisemthethweni, igama elithi "komlando", qiniseka ukuthi icacise isikhathi embuzweni.

Nakuba izici kwenkathi bakudala savela bit by bit abacwaningi amakhulu eminyaka ilandelana, namanje obenziwa kokutholakala amaqiniso amasha eziphathelene naleso sikhathi. Ngenxa yokuntuleka zabantu ngokubhala le datha zifaniswa bemivubukulo, begazi, ethnographic, ezindawo kanye neminye imikhakha yesayensi.

Ukuthuthukiswa kwenkathi bakudala

Kuyo yonke ukukhula komuntu njalo linikeza ezahlukeneyo ezahlukene Ukwahlukaniswa isikhathi nezakudala. Izazi-mlando Ferguson Morgan wabe umphakathi bakudala ku izigaba eziningana: savagery, ubuqaba nempucuko. Prehistory zesintu, kuhlanganise izingxenye ezimbili zokuqala, ngaphezulu ngobugebengu ku izinkathi ezintathu:

• Wildness libhekene ukulingana kwabantu. Izakhamuzi wahlanganyela ukuzingela, ukudoba nokubuthanela ukudla okuphekiwe (amajikijolo, izithelo, imifino). Usosayensi Morgan waphula wildness izinkathi eziningana. Izinga aphansi libhekene ukubukeka nenkulumo ampofu, isilinganiso - ukusetshenziswa umlilo ekuphileni kwansuku zonke nokudoba, kanye kunawo wonke selokhu kuqale u-anyanisi icebo.
• Esikhathini inkathi ubuqaba labantu lokuqala phathelana wahlanganyela ezolimo, zizalela izinkomo (isigaba maphakathi). Ukubukeka zobumba - leliphansi kakhulu ngalesi sikhathi. Ephakeme futhi kumakwe isicelo sokuqala yensimbi yasendlini.
• Ngesikhathi sigaba impucuko kwakheka umbuso wokuqala, idolobha, ukubhala kanye nokunye. N.

umbiko weShadi leNzungezo

Prehistory wathola periodization yayo. Asikwazi ukuhlukanisa izigaba eziyinhloko, phakathi owawungumnyaka umbiko weShadi leNzungezo. Ngalesi sikhathi, zonke izikhali izinto zokuphila kwansuku zonke ukwenza, njengoba ungase ukuqagela kusuka itshe. Kwesinye isikhathi abantu emsebenzini wabo esetshenziswa ukhuni bone. Kakade ngasekupheleni kwaleyo nkathi, kwakukhona tableware ezenziwe ngobumba. Ngenxa impumelelo yaleli khulu leminyaka isishintshe endaweni ukubekwa ezindaweni ezinabantu we ndoda iplanethi, futhi ngenxa yalokho-ke kungukuqala yokuziphendukela kwemvelo. Sikhuluma-anthropology, t. E. inqubo ukuvela izidalwa ezihlakaniphile emhlabeni. isikhathi itshe Ukuphela imakwe ukufuywa kwamakamela izilwane zasendle kanye kuqale sokuncibilikisa izinsimbi ezithile.

Ngokusho ubude besikhathi kwenkathi bakudala, lapho kwaleli khulu leminyaka, yahlukaniswa ngezigaba:

• Paleolithic. Ihlukaniswe yaba ephansi, maphakathi kanye engenhla. Lesikhatsi lesi "wemfanelo 'ukuvela futhi basakaza abantu humanoid.
• Mesolithic. Kwenzeka ukuncibilika kwezinguzunga zeqhwa okwakungokokuqala ngqá; ezihambayo yentuthuko kwezobuchwepheshe, kukhona impumelelo lokuqala ngokwesayensi.
• Neolithic. Ngalesi sikhathi, kukhona ezolimo.

yobudala zethusi

Inkathi umphakathi bakudala, kanye ukulandelana ngokulandelana kwazo zonke izenzakalo ezahlukene elichaza ukuthuthukiswa kanye kumiswa ukuphila. Ezindaweni ezihlukahlukene isikhathi indawo eyathatha isikhathi ezahlukene (noma abekho nhlobo). Chalcolithic ayikwazanga ukuxhuma kwi-Bronze Age, nakuba ososayensi namanje ukwaba ke esikhathini esihlukile. Lesilinganisiwe isikhathi - iminyaka eyinkulungwane 3-4 BC .. Kunengqondo ukuphetha ngokuthi lokhu era bakudala ngokuvamile libhekene ukusetshenziswa amathuluzi zethusi. Nokho, zamatshe "imfashini" akazange aphume. Kwethulwa izithombe ezintsha zenzeka kancane ngokwanele. Abantu ukuyithola, bacabanga ukuthi itshe. Common nesikhathi sokwelashwa - ushaya kunye ngakolunye - unganikeli umphumela evamile, kodwa namanje zethusi wamelana ukusonteka. Lapho busuka ukuphila ezifuywayo abandayo umsebenzi UKWAKHA nalo waya kangcono.

Lethusi yobudala

Le nkathi bakudala kwaba omunye ukhiye, ngokusho kwabanye ososayensi. Abantu baye bafunda ukubhekana ezinye izinto (tin, ithusi), ngenxa okuyinto babe ukubukeka zethusi. Nale okusungulile waqala ekupheleni wokugoqa ekhulwini kwenzeka ngempela synchronously. Sikhuluma ukubhujiswa izinhlangano zabantu - impucuko. Lokhu kwabangela ekwakhekeni yensimbi engu eside ezindaweni ezithile futhi kakhulu eside ukuqhubeka wethusi. Kugcine abasengxenyeni esempumalanga planethi yathatha Inani emashumini. Yaphela ngokukhululwa obhekwe IGrisi NeRoma. Century uhlukaniswe izigaba ezintathu: ekuqaleni, maphakathi kanye sekwephuzile. Kuzo zonke lezo zikhathi, ngenkuthalo ekuthuthukiseni nesimo sesakhiwo esikhulu isikhathi. It wayengadlali owathonya kumiswa inkolo nefilosofi emphakathini.

yensimbi engu

Uma ucabangela ngenkathi prehistory, kungashiwo baphetha ngokuthi seSimbi owokugcina ngaphambi kokusungulwa kwe lokubhala ezihlakaniphile. Ngamafuphi nje, lo khulu leminyaka laba kunemibandela ezabelwe ahlukene, njengoba kwakukhona izinto ezensimbi, base kabanzi kuyo yonke imikhakha yokuphila.

Sokuncibilikisa insimbi kwaba ngempela inqubo isikhathi esiningi kwenziwa emakhulwini eminyaka. Phela, le nto ayitholakalanga. Lokhu kungenxa yokuthi kuba kalula amenable ukugqwala futhi ekwazi ukumelana noshintsho eziningi sezulu. Ukuze ukuthole netshe, kwakudinga lokushisa okukhulu kunalokho ngethusi. A yensimbi yabalingisi iye yingcweti by isikhathi eside kakhulu isikhathi.

Ukuvela amandla

Yiqiniso, ukubukeka amandla hhayi eside ukufika. Abaholi bomphakathi zazihlale, ngisho nalapho kuziwa kwenkathi nezakudala. Phakathi nale nkathi, kwakunoFakazi izikhungo zikahulumeni, ukubusa zezombusazwe futhi akazange. Lapha, ukugcizelela kakhulu wabekwa izindinganiso zomphakathi. Batjala amasiko "imithetho zokuphila" isiko. Lapho bakudala umphakathi zonke izimfuneko ngolimi lwezandla, futhi ukwephulwa komthetho yabo ajeziswe esebenzisa wakhishwa inyumbazane emphakathini.