Nokuxhashazwa kwezingane: umthetho, izici kanye nezidingo

Muva nje, abantu abaningi sebekholelwa kwezingane. Lena enye yezinkinga ezivamile ezakha kakhulu ezweni lanamuhla. Ukugqilazwa is hhayi kuphela ezisetshenziswa emakhaya nasezibhedlela izikole, kodwa futhi izinkampani ezinkulu. Nale umthetho ezihlobene omningi izimo impikiswano. Kulesi sihloko, ungathola ulwazi mayelana bill.

ulwazi olujwayelekile mayelana bill

ukuxhashazwa Minyaka yonke ukuvama kwezingane. Article 32-36 of the INgqungquthela Yamalungelo Ezingane usungula umthwalo uMbuso ukuvikela amalungelo izingane ngokumelene emthethweni ophoqelelwe. Lo mbiko, equkethe izingxenye ezintathu, kwenza kwaba nomfutho omkhulu Septhemba 2, 1990. INgqungquthela ekugcineni kwakhiwa eminyakeni embalwa edlule.

Article 32 ekhulula abantwana noma yimuphi umsebenzi okungenzeka zingayilimaza impilo noma ube isithiyo imfundo. Ngokusho ke ukusetha yobudala enqunyiwe umsebenzi ukusebenza.

Lo mbuthano omusha phezu Samalungelo Engane kwavunyelwana ehlobo lika-1999. It banyathelisa izihloko emafomini embi kakhulu kokusebenza kwezingane. Lugxile zokuqeda ubugqila, baphoqwa ukuba ingane iqhaza izimpi, ngemizimba nasekushushumbiseni izidakamizwa. Amazwe eziye yasekela ukumiswa koMkhandlu INgqungquthela Yamalungelo Ezingane, kumele bavikele izingane ekuxhashazweni.

Ezweni kukhona ukuxhashazwa emthethweni kwezingane. Article 127,1 we Criminal Code sihlinzekela isijeziso ukuthumba kanjalo kwamphoqa ukusebenza. Nokho, bill elehlukile, obengathi mayelana nokuxhashazwa kwezingane ngempoqo Criminal Code asipheli. Nokho, esikhathini esizayo esiseduze uhulumeni ihlela ukuchibiyela ke.

izikweletu eziningi ziye zadalwa ukuze uxazulule izinkinga exhumene ukuxhashazwa kwezingane. Article we Russian Federation Labor Ikhodi liqukethe ulwazi ukuthi ingane kungaba ngokuzithandela isicelo somsebenzi, uma lokhu akusona isithiyo lemfundo. Kulokhu futhi badinga imvume okubhaliwe kubazali babo. Juvenile kufanele basebenze ezimweni ezinhle. Ubuye ilungelo encishisiwe ukusebenza amahora, amakhefu namaholide. Nokho, akunakwenzeka ukuba uthole umsebenzi ngaphambi yobudala 15. Lokhu okunqatshelwe Ikhodi Labor.

Ukugqilazwa e esikoleni

Nokuxhashazwa kwezingane esikoleni ngokuvamile enganakwa. Cishe zonke izikhungo zemfundo ukukhuthalele uyisebenzisa njengendlela isigaba komsebenzi, umkhuba ehlobo, nokunye. D. Ingabe emthethweni kwezingane esikoleni?

Ngesikhathi kubusa amaSoviet, ukugqilazwa kwezingane wemukelwa izikole. Wayengumuntu eyodwa yezindlela lemfundo yokushisekela izwe. Esikhathini sethu, ngomhla kwezingane zishintshile. Wadala amanani eziningi izikweleti ezisiza ukuvikela ebuntwaneni zonke ingane.

Isimo esibaluleke kakhulu ukuze edonsa ingane ukusebenza esikoleni ukuvumela abazali bakhe. It kufanele kube ngokubhalwe phansi. Uma engekho, nayo ingane akusho Unelungelo ukuphoqa umuntu ukuba asebenze kulesi sikole. Uma ukuxhashazwa kwezingane semfundo kwenzeka njalo ngaphandle kwemvume, abazali ungabhala isikhalazo ukuze umtjhutjhisi namkha uMnyango wezeMfundo esifundeni.

Kuleso simo, uma imvume yomzali ukusebenza khona, thishela kumele uqinisekise ukuthi wenziwa ukuhambisana zonke izinkambiso owamukelwa. Izingane zesikole wawukwenqabela nokuphakamisa izinto ezisindayo, ugeze amafasitela kanye enze wokuhlanza emhlabeni endleleni.

Kusetjentiswa kwemtsetfo

Umthetho kwezingane khona isikhathi eside ngokwanele. Kukhona amacala lapho izikhulu basesikoleni bajeza lokho abafundi ebugqilini izifundo usuku ngenxa shift. Ngokwesibonelo, ihhovisi lomshushisi we Arkhangelsk Region sibuyekezwe waphendula isitatimende unina womunye umfundi izikhungo zemfundo Novodvinsk. Indodana yakhe waphoqeleka ukuba ubukelwe phakathi izifundo. ihhovisi lomshushisi oboné e izenzo ukuhlukumeza onguthishanhloko uMthetho "Kwezemfundo". Ngezenzo bayo, inhloko yendawo phuca umfundi indikimba ephelele yolwazi. Kusukela ngaleso sikhathi, le duty ku zesikole kukhanselwe.

izibalo

Izibalo on kwezingane kuholela ukwethusa cishe wonke umuntu. Ngokusho ucwaningo nge -International Labour Organization kukhona izingane ezingaba yizigidi ezingu-168 ukusebenza. Lokhu kumayelana 11% wezindleko ingane labantu. Nokho, siyazi ukuthi isibalo sabo sinciphile. Phakathi neminyaka engu-2000-2012 inani izingane eziyizisebenzi yawela kwezigidi ezingu-78.

Ngo-2008, izazi eziningi basikisela ukuthi ngenxa yokuthi obumbi bomnotho kwezingane ukuxhashazwa uzoqala athole umfutho nge amandla amasha. Nokho, ngokocwaningo lwe-International Labor Organization, liyehla inani lezingane ukusebenza kule nkathi ukhulise. Ochwepheshe bathi lokhu kubangwa yokuthi emazweni lapho inkinga ukuxhashazwa sibi kakhulu, obumbi cishe ayiphazamiseki.

Inani elikhulu izingane ukusebenza siyenzeka e-Asia kanye esifundeni Pacific. Lapho, ngokusho izibalo, abayizigidi ezingu-77,7 izingane ukusebenza. Ukugqilazwa ukhona e-Afrika. Kukhona ukusebenza ngokungemthetho zonke ingane yesihlanu.

Ukuxhashazwa kwezingane eRussia

Ukugqilazwa ngokuvamile utholakala ensimini ka WaseRussia. ingane ukusebenza kungabonwa emigwaqweni cishe yonke imizi Russian. Ngokuvamile ukusabalalisa ukukhangisa noma nokunamathisela izikhangiso. Intsha ithi bafuna lokuba umuntu azimele ngokwezimali kubazali babo. Yingakho Sebeyeza ukusebenza eminyakeni 12-13, othola ukuxhashazwa emthethweni.

Njalo ngonyaka kuleli Russian Federation Imithetho ukuthi bavikele izithakazelo izingane. Ngokusho kwabo, iyiphi ingane, ogama yobudala ifinyelele eminyakeni engu-16 ubudala ukusebenza ezimweni ehloniphekile. Kungenjalo, umqashi bazojeziswa ngokomthetho.

ERussia futhi amazwe angomakhelwane, kusho abazali ngokuvamile bakhuthaza umsebenzi izingane zabo. Bakholelwa ukuthi ngale ndlela ingane iba akancikile kwabanye ngezinye izinto futhi saqala ukwazi ukuthi kunzima kangakanani ukuba uthole imali. Abamele-International Labour Organization ukholelwa ukuthi isimo sengqondo Russian ishintshwa kangaki. Uhlelo umxhumanisi Rima Kalinchenko uthi ngalolu daba, udinga ukukhuluma. Ukholelwa ukuthi kuphela Kulezo zimo bakwazi ukushintsha umbono izakhamuzi ku kwezingane.

Izinkampani ezinkulu futhi kwezingane

Kulo nyaka, omunye nezinhlangano zezwe amalungelo esintu wakhipha umbiko. It usola izinkampani ezintathu okuholela ukuthi ngokukhethekile ekuthuthukiseni izimpahla ezisebenza ngogesi, okungukuthi Samsung, Apple, Sony. Kusolakala ukuthi ukuthenga amaminerali ukuthi ekhishwe usebenzisa kwezingane. Ngokwalo mbiko, ezimayini e-Democratic Republic of the Congo ukusebenza izingane kusukela eminyakeni eyisikhombisa. Bona ukukhipha namaminerali abalulekile ukuze kwakhiwe-lithium-ion.

Tinhloko izinkampani ukuthi ukuthenga amaminerali, bathi abalamukeli ukusetshenziswa ingane labour. Nokho, ofakazi bokuzibonela bathi okuphambene. Ochwepheshe nge izinhlangano ezilwela amalungelo esintu baphikisa ngokuthi umsebenzi onjalo kuyingozi empilweni. Kuyaziwa ukuthi kulezi ezimayini ukwethula okusezingeni eliphezulu lokufa. Ngokusho ofakazi, ngonyaka odlule kuphela ke zabulala abantu abangaphezu kuka-80 izingane.

Ngokwe-UN CHILDREN'S FUND, ezimayini DRC namaminerali isizinda uthatha izingane okungenani 40 000. Inani emhlabeni inkampani ukuphika lokhu. Bathi abazi bathenge izimpahla ezikhiqizwa ngale ndlela.

Amalungelo alabo bantu isisebenzi ezincane

Akuwona wonke ezincane ofisa ukusebenzisa umsebenzi, kuyinto abawazi amalungelo abo. Yingakho intsha ivame imali lula abaqashi abangathembekile. Kubalulekile ukuthi umfundi ujwayelene izitshele kusenesikhathi.

umthetho Russian inikeza iminyaka umfundi angakwazi ukuthola umsebenzi. Eminyakeni engu-15, kanye imvume yomzali, osemusha ungathola umsebenzi. Nokho, umsebenzi wayo akufanele kube isithiyo emsebenzini wokukhiqiza izinto zokufundisa lilonke. umfundi Ukusebenza kumelwe khona zonke izifundo baphindze bente nemsebenti wasekhaya. Employment kuze kuqala intandane intsha emikhayeni ezikhulisa emindenini akasebenzi futhi nabahlukumezekile noma enkulu.

Kufanele kuqashelwe ukuthi umqashi angeke isisebenzi ingane ngaphandle kwemvume nabahloli bomsebenzi. Ngaphansi bill, osemusha ongazange efinyelela eminyakeni yobudala engu-16 akumelwe ukusebenza amahora angaphezu kwangu-24 ngesonto. Abancane 16-18 iminyaka yobudala zingase zingasebenzi amahora angaphezu kwangu-36 ngesonto.

Ukuxhashazwa ngokocansi kanye nobugqila

Ngokusho kochwepheshe, izwe unyaka ngamunye cishe izingane eziyisigidi iwela ngokungemthetho sex ukuhweba. Ezinye bephoqeleka ukuba lokhu, kanti abanye bayengelwa khona ngaphansi kobuzenzisi obungamanga. Njalo ngonyaka kuba nesidingo esikhulayo izingane ngoba kukhona ukungaqondi kahle ukuthi ubuhlobo obuseduze enjalo mancane amathuba okuthi kuholele ukutheleleka nge-HIV. Lo msebenzi kubangela kokulimala impilo yengane. Izingane ngokuvamile ebugqilini ngokobulili ezishaya unkulunkulukazi u-izinceku.

Article 34 soMthetho-sisekelo obiza States ukuvikela izingane ekuxhashazweni ngokocansi kanye nobugqila. Article 35 icacisa ukuthi uhulumeni kufanele athathe izinyathelo ezifanele ukuze avimbele ukuthunjwa izingane.

Usuku Lomhlaba Against Child Labour

Ezweni kukhona yini lapho silwa ukuxhashazwa kwezingane. Ngenxa yalokhu, isibalo izingane ukusebenza unqabe. Juni 12 - kugujwa uSuku Lomhlaba Wonke Against Child Labour. It wamukelwa ngonyaka 2002 yi-International Labour Organization ngenhloso yokuheha baqaphelise umphakathi ngokungabi inkinga, okuyinto ekhona kuwo wonke amazwe.

efingqa

Ukugqilazwa - inkinga ukuthi kwenzeka kuwo wonke amazwe. Kuvamile kakhulu Afrika nase-Asia. Kunenkinga futhi WaseRussia. Esikhathini esizayo esiseduze uhulumeni uhlela bazithobe Criminal Code izinguquko, owawuthi izaphula-mthetho ngubani ukuxhaphaza izingane, zizabalomlandu. Kuze kube manje, zikhona izikweleti eziningana ukuthi banesibopho kulondolozwe ebuntwaneni.