Ngayiphi unyaka kwasungulwa Russian ingcebo market? Sakhiwo umsebenzi emakethe ingcebo

Imakethe ingcebo IRussia ingelinye lamazwe kumasegmenti elikhulu emnothweni kazwelonke. Nokho, ukukhula kwawo kuxhomeke kulokho mayelana nesimo sezindaba kweminye imikhakha ayisihluthulelo emnothweni. Russian ingcebo market uchayeke izinkinga, ukuze isimo macroeconomic. lokhu ubuhlobo usukela Indlela etigabeni letehlukene ukuthuthukiswa yayo? Yiziphi nezikhathi ezinkulu ukwakheka nokukhula Russian ingcebo market?

Imakethe ingcebo Russia: isakhiwo

Uma ucabangela amazinga ayisisekelo ukuthuthukiswa emakethe futhi ukusungulwa ingcebo eRussia, kuyoba usizo ukuba ukuyihlola kusukela iphuzu Ngenxa ukusebenza izingxenye ezimbili ehluke kakhulu - ukuthengiselana nge zokuhlala kanye nobudlelwane, isihloko okuyinto - ukuthengwa nokudayiswa neyohweba ukuze iqashwe.

Kungaphawulwa ukuthi kokubili kwenkululeko imakwe eziningi imisebenzi ebalulekile emnothweni Russian Federation kazwelonke:

- zishukumisa funa ezimakethe credit;

- ekhuthaza iziphakamiso emakethe ukwakhiwa;

- inkanuko ukukhula supply imali eningi nezinye izingxenye zebhizinisi - emkhakheni ingcebo Consulting, zokwakha, upende, lacquers, luphela, lodonga;

- ikhambi izinkinga esiphuthumayo nezenhlalo ezithinta ukuhlinzekwa kwezindlu izakhamuzi;

Ngakho, emakethe umhlabathi - omunye wabashayeli enkulu ekukhuleni komnotho iyonke. Manje ake sixoxe kwakheka kanjani futhi bahlakulele amasegimenti ezibaluleke kakhulu.

Zokuhlala ingcebo market Russia: Eminyakeni yokuqala ukuthuthukiswa

Ngayiphi ngonyaka impahla kwakhiwa emakethe Russian emkhakheni yemisebenzi nge zokuhlala? Kuleli qophelo zikhona amaphuzu amaningana umbono.

Ngokwabacwaningi eziningi, zokuhlala ingcebo market ingxenye abafanele waqala ukuthatha ukuma ngo-1990 - eqinisweni kushicilelwe yonke eMthethweni? "Ngakolunye isakhiwo", okuyinto sivunyiwe kulesakhiwo yangasese eU.SSR - okokuqala ngemva kwesikhathi eside becindezelekile. Ngaphambi kwalokho, eSoviet Union noma impahla ezinye, kuhlanganise zokuhlala, usesandleni siqu izakhamuzi. Kodwa hhayi yangasese - elalihambisana ngokuyinhloko ohlelweni isicebi, okuyinto ideologically abaphikisa izimiso sezenhlalo lesikhungo efanele e-USSR.

Njengoba nje uMthetho "Ngo isakhiwo" kwavunyelwana anawo izakhamuzi zaseSoviet at kwakukhona izindlu nezindawo zokuhlala, okuyinto ngesikhathi basuke labawatfolile esifundvweni nobe oda abolekise nezakhiwo ezikhona. Mangisho, lezi loans abasakwazi kude evamile namuhla owakhileyo izinhlelo mortgage, kodwa ngezinga elithile ezifanayo kuzo. Abanikazi Ayekwazi ukuthi bathengise impahla yabo emakethe.

azimele isici

Ngakwelinye ihlangothi, ngo-1992 wasungula azimele emikhulu zokuhlala, etholwe ngesikhathi isimo. Lokhu predetermined kumiswa emakethe lemiqulu emikhulu iziphakamiso, futhi ngenxa yokuthi lokho ukulethwa khulula kwezindlu kusukela Isimi kuyehla kube sezingeni eliphansi (ngaphandle kokuchezuka izinhlelo ezehlukene emphakathini), kwaba khona futhi kufunwe ingcebo.

Uma sikhuluma ngesikhathi kusekhona Russian ingcebo market ke ungakwazi ukugxila nje okufanayo ngesikhathi ekuqaleni azimele izindlu zomphakathi. Okungukuthi, kuba 1992. Nokho, ezinye izazi zikholelwa ukuthi i-Russian ingcebo market kwamiswa ngo-1991, ngemva nje umthetho "Ngo Impahla" wathola ngokugcwele futhi okwenzayo kuqala kwezentengiselwano ukudayiswa nokuthenga izindlu iye luyaphumelela. Kodwa ngenxa lemali kunalokho elincane ukuze kwaneliswe isidingo iyona zezinqubo libhekene emakethe ngaphambi, abakwazi kumelwe libhekwe njengelingcwele emakethe ngokugcwele. Kuphela ekuqaleni azimele walabo waqala ukwakha.

Ngakho, izigaba kumiswa Russian ingcebo market, uma kuziwa ingxenye yokuhlala, ukubalwa semthethweni kusukela 1992. Enye into ukuthi sphere abafanele of ubudlelwano commercial kusikisela ukuba khona hhayi kuphela isikhungo kwempahla ngasese, kodwa futhi inani elikhulu izindlela ezingokomthetho futhi zezimali okuyothi ngalo ukuthengiselana on ukuthengwa nokudayiswa zokuhlala kungase kwenziwe. Cabangela lesi sici kabanzi.

Lapho sakha izindlela zomthetho Russian ingcebo market?

Ngakho, yini unyaka kwasungulwa Russian ingcebo market, uma kuziwa ingxenye yalo yokuhlala, manje sesiyazi ukuthi - ngo-1992. Nokho, kuba ifomu yayo yasekuqaleni ukuba asebenze ngaphansi kohlaka ongasasebenzi, ngokuyinhloko eliqhutshwa enye inkathi sezenhlalo izindlela ezingokomthetho. Akubuzwa - ngisho uMthethosisekelo isimo ngaleso sikhathi esahambile. Kodwa uvele 1993. Kwathi ngokuhamba kwesikhathi bamukela futhi wayenza yasebenza imithetho yokubhalisa isimo amalungelo ingcebo - ngo-1997, ku-mortgage - ngo-1998.

izikhungo Legal futhi zezimali: nomthelela ekukhuleni emakethe

Ngakho, naphezu kweqiniso lokuthi Russian ingcebo market kwamiswa ngo-1992, kwathatha isikhathi yokufuna izindlela ezifanele legitimation zokukhokhelwa ku ukuthengwa nokudayiswa kanye obolekisayo.

Empeleni, iqiniso lokuthi ezingeni zomthetho zavunyelwa mortgage izinhlelo, ekuqaleni kusengaphambili kwetinhlavu isigaba esisha ukuthuthukiswa emakethe yezindlu eRussia libhekene ukukhula esitebeleni ngokufunwa, futhi ngenxa yalokho, ingcebo amanani. Ngokuphathelene periodization - siyafana nalokho iminyaka 2000 ngaphambi 2008-2009 crisis ngonyaka.

Cabanga imininingwane yayo eqondile.

Zokuhlala ingcebo market Russia: kusukela ekuqaleni kowezi-2000 kuya 2008-2009 crisis

Izinto eziyinhloko yentuthuko Russian ingcebo market ngesikhathi esifanele waqala, ngakho izinhlelo mortgage (baningi kakhulu ngabo kwaba maphakathi nawo-kowezi-2000), okwandisa amaholo izakhamuzi, kanye funa njalo okusezingeni eliphezulu nezezindlu. Ngenxa yalokho, amanani ze ezindlini kowezi-2000, wakhula ngokushesha. Factor in ukuncipha kwawo yini ube esibucayi emnothweni, okuyinto ngabe kuhlonzwa ukuthi Ukwehla mortgage emakethe kanye nokwehla kwezindlu funa ngenxa okwehlisa ukukhula amaholo.

izimo ezifanayo kwavela ekwindla ka-2008, lapho ngenxa izinkomba emakethe negative global zezimali unezinkinga emnothweni Russian. Imali engenayo yezakhamuzi Russian esikhathini kuze kube mayelana 2010 saphela sikhule, okungenani kulawo amazinga ukuthi babonakala phambi crisis autumn 2008. Amabhange babé eqinile ukuhlola creditworthiness of mortgage ababoleka, futhi ngenxa yalokho izinga isikweleti sendlu kwehle.

Ngenxa yalokho, ngesikhathi kunezinkinga ka 2008-2009, impahla amanani eRussia sesinciphe kakhulu. Kodwa njengoba sinjalo ka isimo macroeconomic eRussia futhi waqala ukuba balolonge ukukhula kwemali ngeniso yezakhamuzi, amabhange kabusha lingakunika amandla kule ngxenye isikweleti sendlu, futhi Russian ingcebo market, ukusungulwa kwalo Sekwenzekile, liye langena isigaba esisha ukuthuthukiswa. Hlola izici zayo.

Zokuhlala ingcebo market Russia: 2010 no 2014 Inkinga

Against isizinda nokwanda okuphawulekayo mortgage abolekise rate, Ngokuqhubeka ukufuneka kakhulu ngalesi sikhathi kule Russian Federation waphinda waqala ukukhula ngokushesha amanani impahla. Nokho, lokhu kuthambekela, abahlaziyi bathi, kwakuphambene nobuntu kwezifunda zonke Russian. Ikakhulukazi, wemizi emikhulu eRussia, ikakhulu eMoscow, eSt Petersburg, ukwanda amanani ikhaya awuzange njengoba liphinyiselwe ngokuya isihlobo. Lokhu abahlaziyi kuchasiselwe ikakhulukazi emakethe ukugcwaliswa. Naphezu kweqiniso lokuthi imizi elikhulu WaseRussia ahlale ezikhangayo okuthutha, ukuthuthukiswa emakethe ukwakhiwa kwezindlu eMoscow Petersburg, ngokwezinga elithile offset ukufuneka kakhulu ingcebo.

Isimo esisha kanye nemakethe ingcebo

Noma kunjalo, kwezinye emadolobheni amaningi Russian Federation ngokuqondene ukuntuleka supply amanani ingcebo rose kancane. Factor in kancane yabo, futhi, kungaba inhlekelele emnothweni. Labo ngenxa izinkinga zokwenza isimo angaphandle, nokuncipha izindleko uwoyela ezinye izinkinga ezihlelekile emnothweni Russian Federation kazwelonke kwavela 2014.

Imali engenayo sabantu sikhule futhi kwaba kubi kakhulu. Ikakhulukazi nenhlekelele omusha omubi abathintekayo kwamabhange - Central Bank waphoqeleka ukuba ukwandisa izinga refinancing nezentengiselwano izikhungo abolekise, esikhundleni salokho, some izimo obolekisayo. Umphumela uba ukuthi emakethe mortgage osedonsa kakhulu. Lezi izici ezanquma sokuntenga komnotho ezweni sihlalise entsha emakethe yezindlu Russian Federation.

Ayini amathemba ezimele kule ndawo ubudlelwane impahla-zomthetho ngokuqondene isimo somnotho samanje?

Zokuhlala ingcebo market Russia: Amathemba

Sahlola izigaba yentuthuko Russian ingcebo market kubonisa ukuthi inkinga akuyona into entsha ukuze ingxenye abafanele. Phakathi 2008-2009 sokuntenga komnotho ezweni sihlalise laligujwa nokwehla kwamanani izindlu, njengoba kule nkinga of 2014, kwehle Dynamics mortgage obolekisayo. Kodwa ngokushesha nje lapho ichaza isimo sase-umnotho ngcono - Ingabe kushintshwe ngesikhathi esifanayo lapho ichaza isimo sase yokuhlala ingcebo ingxenye - ngenxa yokufunwa bephikelela okusezingeni eliphezulu nezezindlu.

Ilindele nezenzo zikahulumeni

Phumani 2008-2009 esibucayi, emnothweni Russian sisizwa amanani aphezulu kawoyela, kusukela ngo-2011, e-oda $ 100 umphongolo. Kuzakubuyela kubo ngesikhathi lapho "igolide abamnyama" kuwufanele izikhathi eziningana eshibhile - umbuzo omkhulu. Uma lokhu kuyiqiniso, kungenzeka ukuthi umsebenzi wayevele kanye umshayeli langempela emnothweni Russian. Uma kungenjalo - cishe ngeke ulinde kuze kube yilapho umsebenzi isiqalo ezithathwe nguhulumeni we Russian Federation ekulinganiseni isimo emnothweni uhlelo kazwelonke ukuqinisekisa esikhundleni izimali uwoyela.

Ngenxa yalokho, isimo yokuhlala ingcebo market kuzoncika yimpumelelo kangakanani kuyoba inchubomgomo yembuso emkhakheni lithathelwe emnothweni Russian izimo ezintsha linqoba emakethe emhlabeni.

Commercial ingcebo market eRussia: ukubunjwa nokuthuthukiswa kwezinhlangano

Ngakho esiphethweni ukuthi unyaka kwasungulwa Russian ingcebo market futhi kanjani ukuthuthukisa - ingxenye yokuhlala. Manje ake sihlole imininingwane yalolu nezinye sphere, okungukuthi, commercial ingcebo. Okwenziwayo of ukudayiswa kanye ukuthengwa kwamanye amazwe nokuqasha abazenzi maqondana izindawo ezifana izakhiwo ihhovisi, eziyinxanxathela, amahhotela, emafektri, emagalaji, izindawo zezimboni, izinkundla.

Ingabe uthola azimele okuphawulekayo ibhizinisi?

Ekuqaleni lokhu ephepheni, sinqume ukuthi kwamiswa ngo-1992 ingxenye zokuhlala Russian ingcebo market - lapho azimele waqala. Kepha neyohweba ke ezifana izenzakalo emakethe emkhakheni efanele lapho impahla isimo mahhala lidlule kubanikazi yangasese, ngezinga elikhulu awuzange waphawula. Ngakho-ke, ukwenziwa ngasese ezimele inzuzo izindawo, nakuba senzeka Russian Federation, kungabalula umshayeli njengoba enamandla ukukhula ingxenye, njengoba kunjalo yokuhlala ingcebo.

Ngakho-ke, singaphetha ngokuthi ingxenye kwezentengiselwano Russian ingcebo market kwamiswa ngonyaka njengoba isikhathi ngo-1991, ngemva umthetho "Ngo yangasese" Baqala ukwenza. Abashayeli obengeziwe ekukhuleni kwayo kwaba, futhi, ukuthuthukiswa kwezinhlelo ebolekiwe, ingashintshwa ukuze sphere commercial, kanye nekutfutfukiswa kwetindzawo kakhulu emnothweni isiRashiya, ikakhulukazi kowezi-2000.

Isici komnotho jikelele zonke izingxenye

Njengoba kunjalo nge ingxenye zokuhlala, commercial ingcebo market abetikhatsalela Inkinga 2008-2009. Njengoba-ke zathiya ukwehla kwamandla omnotho ngo-2014 kuya ku 2015. Ngakho-ke, liyini ikusasa ukuqhubeka lo mkhakha umnotho kazwelonke kubuye sincike Amathrendi komnotho omkhulu.

Nokho, ngokungafani izakhamuzi abangababiziweyo abathengi main kanye nabathengisi emakethe ingcebo, nabalingisi efanele kuleli ingxenye commercial - izinkampani ungaba ku izinqubo zomnotho kuleli zwe nomthelela ngaphezulu. Ngakho, ukusetshenziswa kwezinhlelo zikahulumeni okuhloswe ngazo sesimanje emnothweni, ixhomeke ukushuba umsebenzi kwezentengiselwano amabhizinisi angasese.

Ngakho-ke, amandla ukwenza ibhizinisi eningi ukuze siqinisekise ukuthi isimo e emnothweni Russian Federation kazwelonke isibe mkhuba omuhle. Ngenxa yalokho - ukuze sikhuthaze ukuqhubeka commercial ingcebo emakethe.

isifinyezo

Ngakho, sithole ukuthi, kulokho ngonyaka impahla kwakhiwa emakethe Russian e kumasegmenti zokuhlala kanye commercial, olubonisa ukuthi leli izigaba eziyinhloko sokuthuthuka. Izinto eziyinhloko ezinomthelela isimo kule ndawo ezifanele emnothweni kazwelonke ngokuyinhloko uhlamvu komnotho omkhulu. Uma isimo somnotho welizwe elinesimo predominance yezitayela omuhle - emakethe ingcebo kokubili izingxenye ngenkuthalo asathuthuka.

Njengoba for izici sokuthuthuka emkhakheni commercial zokuhlala kanye - ungakwazi kuqala kunazo zonke kuqashelwe ukuthi le Russian ingcebo market kwamiswa ngaphansi kwezimo ezikhethekile sokushintshela kusuka umnotho sezenhlalo kuya imodeli-Capitalist. Iyadingeka Ukuze Sibe kusebenta kwato evamile yezikhungo zomthetho futhi zezimali ngeke lubonakale.

Nokho, e-yesimanje uhlobo emakethe Russian ingcebo ithuthukiswe ku izimiso ezifanayo ngoba zivamile kule emazweni amaningi-Capitalist. Kumiswa amanani kuso kungenxa umgomo ukuze kwaneliswe isidingo iyona. Lokhu kuchaza ukwencika sokuthuthuka ngokuthi isimo emnothweni iyonke. Uma kukhona ukudingeka kwezinsiza, ke okubakhona kwemakethe uzokhombisa ukuthi unalo igciwane.