National yokukhokhelana yeRussia. UMthetho Federal "Ngo-National Payment System"

ELuhlelweni Lwavelonkhe amakhadi okukhokha Russia sesakhiwe ngesisekelo zoMthetho Federal № 112 sangomhla Meyi 5, 2014. Injongo lasungulwa ukhonza ukuze uqinisekise ukutholakala, kuphumelela kanye nekungabi phambili ukuhlinzekwa kwezinsizakalo eziphathelene ukudluliswa kweemali. Cabangela eminye indlela uhlelo kazwelonke ka amakhadi okukhokha we Russian Federation.

Imininingwane zomlando

Ukusungulwa kwe-National yokukhokhelana waqala ngo-1990. Ngo-1992 sasiqhutshelwa interbank nemizana oluxube STB Card. yokukhokhelana "Union Card" sidalwe 1993. Ngu 1999 ejoyina izinhlangano yasebhange 457 namanxusa abo. Abathengi baye bakhipha amakhadi angaphezu kwezigidi ezintathu zokukhokha. "Golden Umqhele" kwamiswa ngasekupheleni 1993. Ngonyaka we-2014, lesi simiso yokukhokha oyoletha ndawonye 87 amabhange elikhiphe amakhadi angaphezu kuka-8 million. Ngo-October 1994, iKomiti Steering sesakhiwe. Lo mkhankaso ngoba kwalophiko ingeyamakhosi eMoscow GTU Bank of Russia. IKomiti kwamiswa ngokuyinhloko kusenesikhathi izinkinga ekusebenzeni interbank zokuhlala. Lokhu kuzakwenza ukuba nethonya ngempumelelo ku nokuqedwa nobunzima futhi ukuqinisekisa ngemibono nezinhlangano yasebhange mayelana nokwaziswa exchange. Njengoba omunye imisebenzi ebaluleke kakhulu iKomidi wakhuthaza ukwakheka kanye ngcono plastic amakhadi uhlelo eMoscow.

Isizinda ukwakheka

Ngemva kokuhlaziya isipiliyoni international, eMoscow State Technical University wafinyelela esiphethweni ukuthi Russian Federation has ithuba eliyingqayizivele ukuthi basebenzise ngamazwe, ikakhulukazi France, ukuya ku-umzila oyibanga elifushane. Ngenxa yale njongo-ke kwakudingekile ukuhlanganisa imizamo yezinhlangano yasebhange. Moscow State Technical University oboné indima yayo kule nqubo e ukudidiyelwa abahlanganyeli kumiswa uhlelo ikhadi esihlanganisiwe eMoscow. Nokho, iningi izinhlangano ngobukhulu yasebhange, inenethiwekhi amagatsha etholakala ezifundeni ezahlukene Russia. Lapho kuhlangene yokukhokhelana uzothola ngesilinganiso sesizwe sonke.

iqembu elisebenza

Ikhumbula isimo samanje, GTU eMoscow bayeke ukugxila imisebenzi yayo isigungu Bank of Russia. Working Group lalinabashumayeli ochwepheshe abangaphezu kuka amabili. Ngaphezu uqondise Bank of Russia Zimelela eMoscow State Technical University, i-Association of izikhungo zamabhange akuleli. Phakathi amalungu weThimba kwakungamadodana ngobukhulu futhi kwenzeke lokhu. Lezi zihlanganisa, ngokukhethekile, zihlanganisa Sberbank, "Agroprom", "INKOM" SBS-Agro "nabanye. Emisebenzini weThimba kanye Fed. FAGCI ejensi. I isigungu ngokuya ambalwa zenzeka kakhulu abameleli izinkampani credit card.

Izindawo womsebenzi weThimba

imizamo umzimba babegxile le migomo elandelayo:

1. Kutfutfukiswa imibhalo project of the Bank of Russia, ukuhlinzeka kwegazi kanye nokusebenzisa izakhi plastic ngokwenza imali zokukhokhelwa in Russian Federation.
2. Kutfutfukiswa National Payment System.

Amaphepha Project yasungulwa futhi ithunyelwa ubuholi Russian eBhange. Ngemva kwalokho (emva ukumisa imisebenzi weThimba) yasayinwa futhi yavunyelwa. Lo mbhalo kuqale isigcawu sokuqala, okuyinto kulawulwa kazwelonke uhlelo lekhadi (NBTS). Ngokuphathelene umbuzo wesibili umsebenzi asebenzayo weThimba kwavela phakathi no-1996. Kuleli qophelo, umzimba wangena komqondo nezinga lokukhula kwengane kanye ekwakhekeni mklamo, okwakukhona kuwo ukwenza uhlelo kazwelonke amakhadi okukhokha. NBTS, ngokusho kongoti Kwezwe Monetary Fund, kungadinga $ 5 million. Lezi zimali kufanele ngokwanele ukuze kuqaliswe ukusebenza inethiwekhi. Ngaphansi kwemibandela ye-Monetary Fund-50% kulesi samba labelwa ngqo yedwa, kanti enye ingxenye kufanele ulethe Russia ezivela emithonjeni yayo. izinkampani Credit card, okuyinto zikhona ukwakheka weThimba ngaleso sikhathi, babekulungele finance 50% yephrojekthi. Baqinisekisa sivumelwano izincwadi zabo ezisemthethweni. Kodwa, njengoba ukuphathwa Russian Bank iye yanquma ukuba agxilise imizamo yayo phezu ukuthuthukiswa nezinye izindawo kohlelo lokukhokha kuya maphakathi no-1996, ukusebenza kwezinye izinhlaka zeNhlangano Wekomidi Lomhlaba kanye ngokuqondile weThimba wayekwa. imizamo Control ziye ngokuyinhloko igxile kumiswa amaphrojekthi yokudluliswa eningi kanye nokusebenza ngobuningi ngemali.

2000

Russian indlela yokukhokhelana ezweni yaqala ukusebenza, kwakudingekile zokulawula nohlaka olubhekele. Ekuqaleni ukuthuthukiswa kwakungelona amaphrojekthi wakhe. Kule ndaba, kowezi-2000 okuqala. It yokutholwa eziningi imithetho. Nokho, inqubo ekuvunyweni imithetho kwalahleka amaphuzu ezibalulekile eziningana. Esigabeni esilandelayo umsebenzi ngezimali phrojekthi ayisekho emi. Nokho, amabhange asikwazanga ngokwengeziwe ukuze kufinyelelwe esivumelwaneni mayelana nokuthi ubani ngempela bayothola kuwo inzuzo. Huge imakethe isivuno akukho inhlangano wafuna. Lomkhakha yakha izimali okukhulu kusukela ikhomishini ngenxa yemisebenzi. Nakuba amabhange Russian bavumelana, emakethe yahlukaniswa amasistimu wokukhokha ngamazwe "Master Card" futhi "Visa". Ezinye izinkampani zasekhaya zezimali aye akha iqembu ngokubambisana. Amakhasimende zalezi amabhange serviced ATM zonke izinhlangano. Iqembu elikhulu kunawo wonke kubhekwa "United Settlement Network." Luhilela mayelana 100 ATM amabhange.

National yokukhokhelana Russia: isinyathelo esilandelayo

Ngo-2010 it kwenziwe ukuthuthukiswa kwemithetho kahulumeni okuhloswe ngaso elawula ukuhlinzekwa kwezinsizakalo zikamasipala kanye nesimo. Ukudla kwalo kufakwe ukuthi uzoqala isebenze yokukhokhelana kazwelonke eRussia, futhi ukucutshungulwa ukuthengiselana yasekhaya phesheya uzobe uvinjelwe. Nokho, leli qiniso wadonsela ukunaka US Embassy eMoscow. Kwacaca ukuthi esimweni Ukuyekwa kwezindlela umthethosivivinywa ngaphandle izinguquko "Master Card" yenkampani kanye "Visa" Uzolahlekelwa emakethe abanenzuzo mayelana US $ 4 bhiliyoni .. Kulesi senzakalo amanxusa siqanjwe yocingo, aqondiswa ku esiphakeme isisebenzi sikahulumeni of America. Umbhalo abasebenzi Kunconywa ukusizakala enomhlangano nozakwabo kusukela Russian Federation ukunikeza ingcindezi zokugcina ukushintsha bill. Sithanda ngaleyo ndlela unikeze isiqinisekiso kubo bavikele izithakazelo izinkampani zaseMelika, ukuvala amathuba umonakalo kubo. Ngo isenzo eshicilelwe ngingekho ukuvinjelwa ekucubunguleni ukuthengiselana yasekhaya phesheya.

UMthetho Federal "Ngo-National Payment System"

It lwemukelwa ngo-2011. UMthetho Federal "Ngo-National Payment System" uchaza inethiwekhi njengoba iqoqo izitatimende, ukudlulisa imali. UMthetho ubeka izinhlobo nemiqondo eyisisekelo elawula ukuhlinzekwa kwezinsizakalo. Isenzo normative kuchazwe imithetho okufanele isebenze yokukhokhelana kazwelonke. isakhiwo inethiwekhi kwamiswa ngesisekelo ebekwe umthetho. Njengoba sihambisana nale wayezimisele ngokulandelana ukuze bengamele futhi nokudidiyelwa. Nokho, uMthetho wawungasho ukuthi ahlinzekele simiso amakhadi okukhokha kazwelonke futhi kuvinjelwe ukucutshungulwa ukuthengiselana Russian phesheya.

izinqumo ezibalulekile

Bakhandwa yokutholwa ngo-2011. Lezi zinqumo maqondana nokudalwa ikhadi jikelele ngogesi, precluding ukubamba iqhaza enqubeni ye izinhlelo international "Master Card" futhi "Visa". Ngesikhathi esifanayo Sberbank uthembise sitsatse tinyatselo letibalulekile kute iwukudambisa "lobbyists yalezi amanethiwekhi e-iziphathimandla zaseRussia." Ngasekuqaleni kuka-2013 i-Central Bank ubumbe irejista opharetha. zonke izinhlelo lokukhokha, owayesebenza Russia Kuye kwenziwa lokhu base. Phakathi kwabo, lezo kwakuyizikhathi aqhelelene, kwadingeka anencazelo ekhethekile emphakathini. Lezi zihlanganisa, ngokukhethekile, abangu labizwa ngokuthi: lokuxhumana, inethiwekhi "VTB" kanye Savings Bank, "Golden Umqhele", "Master Card", "Visa".

2014

NgoMashi wonyaka lowo US eziphoqelelwe unswinyo, yalahla iRussia ngecala elihlobene ukufakwa zokugcina eCrimea. "Master Card" futhi "Visa" okwesibili emlandweni amasevisi ikhadi wayeka eziningana amabhange yasekhaya kwezinye ATM kanye amaphuzu ukudayiswa inethiwekhi ngamazwe. Kule ndaba, futhi kuphakama umbuzo mayelana lokuthi eRussia kufanele kube khona indlela yokukhokhelana ezweni. Russia idinga inethiwekhi yayo siqu, ezimele isimo ubudlelwane emhlabeni. Kule ndaba, ukulungiswa eziningi izichibiyelo zomthetho yokutholwa wethulwa. Babefanele lula ulwazi kanye nengqalasizinda salokhu kuvalwa inqubo Ukudluliselwa imali amanani ngaphakathi Russian Federation. Lokhu kusho ukuthi ukuhlanzwa nokusebenza izikhungo - izikhonzi National Payment System - kufanele ibekwe ngqo kwi insimu yezwe. Ngesikhathi esifanayo, umThetho unikela ukuba kuvinjelwe ukuhlinzekwa ukufinyelela nokudluliselwa kolwazi kwamanye amazwe ukuze ulwazi ukuthengiselana basekhaya Russian Federation. Ekupheleni kuka-March 2014 okwaqala ngalo ngenkuthalo baxoxe ngokuqaliswa kwezinqumo izinyathelo ezidingekile. UMongameli V. Putin lavuma ukuba kumiswe uhlelo National ngokuyala ngokushesha ngangokunokwenzeka ukuze uqhubeke nentuthuko kanye nokuqaliswa.