Mikhail Botvinnik: Biography, izimpumelelo, izithombe

Mikhail Botvinnik (1911 - 1995) - othobekile kodwa lonelulaka, kunqunywa kakhulu, kwadingeka ubunjalo ubunjalo iqhawe phelelisa phezu esaphila. Russian chess esikoleni, okuyinto edala - ukunqoba kwakhe main. Kulesi sihloko sizokutshela ukuthi indoda enemisebenzi kwaba Mikhail Botvinnik. Umlando wakhe akugcini chess.

ebuntwaneni

Ukuba Israyeli ngo-1964, Botvinnik yena usho into enjengale, eminyakeni engaba ngu zakhe zasebuntwaneni. Ubaba wayedabuka emzaneni eduze Minsk futhi ziyafuywa. Wayengumuntu amandla indoda nemeryany ngokomzimba. Mahhala ngiyothatha inkunzi izimpondo wawathela phansi. Botvinnik Mihail Moiseevich ngokwakhe ayecabanga ukuthi sazuza kuyise - kanye nesimo kanye ngokomzimba baba. Ubaba waya Petersburg lokuyofunda uchwepheshe kwamazinyo. Elapho, watholana Serafima Samoilovna Rabinovich, dantistkoy. Bashada ngoba babengakulungele kuphela efanele eduze, kodwa ngokwasemoyeni - kokubili nengxenye 1905 Revolution. uyise Technician we iqhawe esizayo wawumangalisa. Ngokushesha womkhaya osemncane, okuyinto eye ebeletha indodana yokuqala ka-Isaka, wathuthela omkhulu solar efulethini semikomnatnuyu ku saseNevsky. Umndeni kwadingeka umpheki, umphathi, wasendlini. Bese kufika unyaka 17, lapho kwakudingeka ngicashele izivakashi ezingalindelekile. Uyise engu-20 washiya umndeni futhi aphinde ashade. Esikhathini umshado wayenamadodakazi amabili kanye nonina wakhulisa izingane zakhe yena. Kodwa ubaba wangisiza ngokwezimali.

Ujwayele chess

umzalwane Buddy sika, owayehlala egcekeni elingumakhelwane, iminyaka engu-12 luye lwabonisa Misha, indlela ukudlala chess. Ngalesi sikhathi, Mikhail Botvinnik, kakade esikoleni nokufunda zonke nezincwadi zakudala: Lermontov, Gogol, Turgenev. Wayethanda ikakhulukazi "Impi Nokuthula" futhi Pushkin. Kamuva, wajwayelana ngemisebenzi Zoshchenko futhi wabathanda. kamuva Wathola kumbhali ababekholwa nguye, hhayi kuphela e-chess, kodwa futhi umuntu othile owayephunyukile eziningi iyoletha empilweni. Kodwa kwaba ngo-1933. Futhi ngenkathi Misha emhlabeni chess wafunda ngokuzimela. Ayiloba amanothibhuku party Lasker futhi ubeke amazwana kubo. Nanka akhethiwe Mikhail Botvinnik ezemidlalo - chess.

zengqondo kwabazali

Misha waya chess club. Kodwa lapho etshelwa ngalokhu kuyise, bese uthando indodana ka-kokubalula ukuba ngokucijile ezimbi. Wavele bacabanga ukuthi emdlalweni wenhlanhla ezifana amakhadi. Futhi unina akayithandanga ungachithi indodana. Lapho isimemo wafika indodana yakhe Stockholm, ke bangene ukuzigqaja futhi ngagijimela esikoleni ekucela ukuba bangavumeli ibhungu phesheya ngo-1926. Kodwa esikoleni ukukhathazeka kwakhe ziphathwe indida kanye Misha eyakhishwa ngo Sweden. Ukubuyisana kanjani ngomama nobaba ukuba chess into eyodwa kuphela: akuyona umsebenzi, nokuzilibazisa. Futhi musa ukudlala Mikhail Botvinnik bahluleka. Futhi Umqeqeshi akakwenzanga. Ukuze wenze konke yena. Ngafunda izincwadi ku chess, ihlaziye. Kuze kube sekupheleni kokuphila kwakhe ayekholelwa ukuthi wonke umdlali has ukwenza yena: ahlaziye, ahlahlele abuye futhi. Kubalulekile, futhi ulwazi namuhla Akunzima ukuthola.

Isifundo, umsebenzi kanye chess

Mikhail Botvinnik ekuseni, lapho wayengakabi engu-16 ubudala, ngaphothula esikoleni esiphakeme, nelulwane hits ubuqhawe kazwelonke. Imiphumela ebabazekayo: ayisishiyagalolunye onqobayo, eziyisikhombisa udonsa kanye ukunqotshwa ezine. WayeyiZwi umhlanganyeli omncane. Futhi nje konyaka, waphinde zingafaka izicelo kanye ukubhalisa Polytechnic Institute. Chess ambalwa ezisithekile. Kodwa ukutadisha at sikhungo, futhi kamuva esikoleni iziqu, uMichael ehilelekile ezemidlalo tournaments. Ngo-1933 ngesikhathi emncintiswaneni kazwelonke lokuqoqa wonke amandla akhe, yena uthola ukunqoba. Ngawo lowo nyaka kuleli meshi S. Flohr draw ohloniphekile. Kodwa zonke West babekholelwa ukuthi iqhawe eCzechoslovakia. Ukuze lokhu kunqoba Botvinnik waklonyeliswa imoto futhi isihloko Enkulu-USSR.

umshado

Ngo '34 kwaba omjwayele wabangane bami nomakhelwane etafuleni. Kwakuyisenzo esasibonisa nenhle abasha amnyama asebegugile ubuhle ballerina. Walandela emzini wakhe nasemvuleni. Ngemva konyaka, lo mshado wathatha indawo. Umshado ophumelelayo awumi ndawonye eyathatha iminyaka engamashumi amahlanu nambili. Gayane Davidovna ohlakaniphile, uma wayengenakukwazi ukuya ku nomyeni wakhe mqhudelwano, njalo Kunconywa hhayi ukukhokha ukunakekela ukuthi. Uyeluleka umyeni wakhe ukuba banakekele isimiso sezinzwa. Futhi omema isibonelo Galina Ulanova, owafika umbukiso amahora amabili ngaphambi kokuqala futhi akazange akhulume, wayezimisele.

ukunqoba ngamazwe

Ngo-1936 umdlalo eNgilandi alethwe abadlali ndawonye ukhiye emhlabeni - Euwe, Lasker, Capablanca, Alekhine. Botvinnik Capablanka futhi ihlukaniswe 1 no-2 indawo. Ngo-1938, iqembu Botvinnik - Capablanca umklomelo "Ngoba ubuhle," futhi lapho Mikhail Moiseevich beat Alekhine.

Wanqoba indawo 3rd. Zalokhu kunqoba inikwe amandla chess umdlali ukukholelwa bona. Ngesikhathi Championships emhlabeni uMichael ivumile ukufanisa ngokwabo Alekhine, kodwa kuqala impi. Kuyo yonke iminyaka ama impi GM Wasebenza unjiniyela kagesi e Perm futhi kuzo zonke Championships yase-USSR, alokhu zibalwa kuqala. Umhlangano no-Alekhine lihlehliselwe 1946, kodwa ingqwele jikelele evele yafa esikhaleni. Ngo-1948, ngokushesha wahola ekuhleleni nasekukhuthazeni ukubekwa iNdebe yoMhlaba futhi walahlekelwa ke imidlalo emibili kuphela Mikhail Botvinnik. Iqhawe emhlabeni Kwakuqala ngqa indoda Soviet. Kusukela ngo-1948, wanqoba isihloko World Champion, Botvinnik uyekile isinyathelo, futhi sekhefu eyathatha iminyaka emithathu. Wayelethwa ngokungathi sina wahlanganyela isayensi. Ngo-1951 yena waba PhD kwezobunjiniyela kagesi. Yayingeke kodwa kuthinta ikhwalithi umdlalo wakhe kulo nyaka.

Championships emhlabeni

• Ngo-1951 umdlalo nge Davidom Bronshteynom kwaba draw, kodwa isihloko wahlala Mihailom Moiseevichem.

• Ngo-1954 lo mqhudelwano ne-V Smyslov wayebuye draw.
• Ngo-1957, wayengekho ngaphambi Vasiliya Vasilevicha Smyslova, kodwa ngo-1958 ukunqoba kumeshi waya Botvinnik.
• Ngo-1960, walahlekelwa ukuba Mihailu Talyu, kodwa ngo-1961 - waphinda ukunqoba futhi ikholisa kakhulu.
• Kwakungenxa nje ngo-1963, kwaba ngaphambi Tigran Petrosyan.

Lokho iminyaka engu-15 bekulokhu ongenambangi iqhawe emhlabeni. Mikhail Botvinnik bese waqhubeka ukunqoba kwamanye imincintiswano international.

Championships Ubuhlobo

Okokuqala, okwavela ngaye zonke ubudlelwano babe Bronshtein abangu sinqanyuliwe ngoba babeye ngokuziphatha okubi. Ehholo phambi esigabeni ebhokisini wahlala abalandeli bakhe, futhi uma wayinqoba pawn, wabe esezwa ihlombe ngokushesha. Bronstein, okwenza sathutha, ngokushesha ebiza ngemuva esiteji, bese uyabuya. It melteshenie athikanyezwe Botvinnik. Ngaphezu kwalokho, Bronstein, isisebenzi-KGB, sasimelene Alekhine umdlalo - Botvinnik. Wabancoma ukuthi umdlali chess ukumemezela umuntu Alekhine ngubani uyasebenzisana amaNazi ukuphuca kuye ezingekho elwa, isihloko iqhawe emhlabeni.

T. Petrosian futhi ngaziphatha, lapho uma sikubeka kahle, ayilungile. Ngelinye ilanga imidlalo yena bezimo Naughty: benqaba ukusayina iphuzu lutho kule imithetho yalo mdlalo, ke kuvunyelwane ke futhi enqaba. Lokhu kwakusho into eyodwa kuphela - wayefuna ukudonsa izinzwa Botvinnik. Kodwa lapho umdlalo waqala, abalandeli Petrosian ngaphambi kokungena izitezi waqala ngisisho ngekhanda phansi, yaletha esuka Armenia. Benzenjani Botvinnik? Indlela ngehlazo. Wasikisela ukuthi uma ngaphambi kokuba elachithwa ezweni elingcwele kweJerusalema, ongacabanga ukuthi "abasekela" umane ashanele phansi.

izici Eyingqayizivele

Ukuphikelela okuqinile nokukhuthazela, ikhono umgomo futhi ngaphandle kokuthikamezeka, ukulandela wakhe. Isimo ngesikhathi imidlalo owawuvame elwa. Ngenhla lokhu GM wasebenza njengoba ku ukuqeqeshwa ngokomzimba. Ngempela, lo okukhulu mqhudelwano izimpi washisa amandla amaningi. chess umdlali wakholwa ukuthi uma sekuqhubeka le midlalo isisindo somzimba, kusho ukuthi akusilo aliveza umdlalo. Futhi ukuze ngizigcine ngiwumqemane kangcono imidlalo ezibucayi, wayehlale isipele ngokwakho chocolate.

Ekuphileni kwethu kwansuku zonke

Umndeni wawuhlala abavamile endlini enamakamelo amabili. Lalinama abantu ezinhlanu, kuhlanganise ngophethe indodakazi yami. Ithebula endlini kwakunebandla elilodwa. It ingane ukuba benze imisebenzi yesikole yasekhaya, futhi Mikhail Moiseevich zibekwe a chessboard. Futhi ngo-1951, ngesikhathi kunomdlalo nge Bronstein ebusuku, ukuze ngingasebenzisi ukugxambukela ekhaya, ngahlala futhi wacabanga phezu party in the yokugezela, wema engqongeni ibhodi nobhasikidi elondolo.

Njengoba isazi mkhulu art (PhD, uprofesa), wayengumuntu zonke umsebenzi wesikole besilisa waqhubeka. izandla zami siqu, isibonelo, yalungisa amapayipi ngezinye izikhathi. Uma kuleli zwe, kuzo zonke ezingcolile, wayenza okuthile kahle. Ngadlula umakhelwane, umsizi uBrezhnev, nokubona ezingcolile Babukeka babahle kepha mine ugly, ovele: "Khona-ke ukuza kimi." Le nkiyankiya yaxazululwa lapho behlangana.

Indlu kwisayithi, lanikezelwa ngo-1949, ngokusho ukubala ayo kanye nemidwebo futhi ngezandla zakhe Mikhail Moiseevich eyakhelwe ngokwami.

Wawubuye linesizotha ngokuphelele. Wayethanda ukudla okuhle, kepha kungahunyushwa ngekutsi wanelisa nokunye okufana nokolweni kuphela.

Esikhathini lab isayensi

Ngo-laboratory, akazange abe itafula. Kwakungekhona ngengozi. Mikhail Moiseevich wacabanga ukuthi kwesihlalo aluyidambisi futhi uyama. Yena ngentshiseko engaba-ngamashumi amathathu sigxile ekwakheni uhlelo chess "Pioneer". Kanti uke inqobe eCanada ongalwazi efanayo.

Usosayensi waphendula kanye nesibhicongo eChernobyl. Wayekholelwa ukuthi enuzi izitshalo amandla kufanele yakhiwe kuphela lapho abantu abangaphili eNyakatho Ekude yeCanada, isibonelo. Kodwa "phezulu" ephendula kulesi siphakamiso athule ephelele.

Ukudalwa eSoviet chess esikoleni

Mikhail Botvinnik wadala indlela entsha yokulungiselela umncintiswano, wahlakulela ezicini ezincwadini chess. Umklamo wakhe wokuqala yokuqala, lapho i-Black odlala ukuba athathe isinyathelo. New ukubukeka Enkulu wabheka eziningi imikhiqizo ejwayelekile. Mikhail Botvinnik futhi bacubungula theory kanye umkhuba we Endgame.

Mikhail Moiseevich owadlalela ihlaya emcimbini no-1202 nengxenye 59 tournaments. Amabili abafundi bakhe baba ompetha emhlabeni - Anatoly Karpov futhi Garry Kasparov.

Imininingwane emayelana iqhawe kwalesi sihloko kungatholakala encwadini, eyabhalwa Linder - "Mikhail Botvinnik: ukuphila futhi umdlalo», umfundi, ukuthi ivuleka, akafundi ngokuphila kwakhe siqu futhi yezemidlalo, kodwa uzokwazi ukubuka futhi ezigxeka of chess imidlalo.