MIG-29: Imininingwane. MIG-29: ukwakhiwa kwezikhali, ukuchumisa isivinini, izithombe

The kungenzeka Imboni yezokuvikela ye-USSR ngokuphindaphindiwe siyibukele phansi isitha, njengongase abe umngane futhi ngempela. Inani amasampuli izikhali waseSoviet umlando wezwe isibe standard for abaklami amaningi asethuthukile ngokuphakeme ezimbonini States. Nye of them fana waba uphawu lokuhlala amabutho eU.SSR futhi Russia entsha. imishini Inkazimulo Shpagin futhi Kalashnikov, T-34 ne-T-54 "Katyusha" nezinye Russian umkhiqizo ebulalayo usephendukele ngalé wesithupha ezweni. Combat izindiza MIG ziyasebenza nakubantu yasekhaya izikhali zabuna.

Umlando MIG Design Bureau

Design Bureau waqala ukusebenza ngaphambi kweMpi Yezwe II. Onjiniyela A. I. Mikoyanu (umfowabo Commissar kukaStalin) kanye M. I. Gurevichu ngo-1940 wakwazi ukwakha fighter omkhulu, esinye sezici the best emhlabeni. Waba nezimpikiswano eziningi kokushiyeka, kodwa ngesikhathi qala-off test kulo mshini isivinini engasindi nge wabuka okuchachambile ungase ancintisane iyiphi bezindiza eJalimane, UK noma US.

KB uye wafuna njalo hhayi kuphela ukulandela ukuthambekela emhlabeni izindiza umkhakha, kodwa kusho nethuba lokuthola ubacele. Eyokuqala ukukhiqizwa jet fighter e-USSR, MIG-9, kwaba impendulo kusetjentiswa ngemphumelelo Air Force Western izindiza ekilasini yayo.

inkathi esisheshayo

ukumangala ebuhlungu abashayeli American kwaba MIG-15 e isivinini kanye maneuverability izici bebakhulu ukukhiqizwa elizigqaja ngako Northrop nezinye abakhiqizi kusuka eU.S., ngubani owakholwa amasu akhe angenakuqhathaniswa. Ngo isibhakabhaka ngesinye nempi yaseVietnam wazibonakalisa Interceptor esihle MIG-17 futhi u-MIG-21. Kwakukhona nezinye onobuhle bezindiza, MIG-19 futhi u-MIG-23. Ngesikhathi sempi Israyeli eGibhithe esindayo duty MIG-25 uye ngokuphindiwe izinqubomgomo front line, ethelekela ku Tel Aviv. Futhi nakuba ayinazo izikhali, yokuthi indiza Soviet flying angajeziswa ezweni lonke, ahlome yakamuva US izinhlelo emoyeni ukuzivikela uye simisiwe hotheads eziningi. Inani yezingxabano lesifunda, lapho iSoviet wezempi izindiza MIG yabonisa ngokwayo at zizinhle, isibe uhlobo zokukhangisa sha, isiqinisekiso sokuthi izinga kanye nekusebenta eliphakeme kweSoviet nezempi. Umvuthwandaba imizamo Abaklami kwaba MIG-29. izici Kobuchwepheshe fighter futhi nanamuhla, yize sekuyiminyaka 37 ngemuva kokuphela umsebenzi ezinkulu design ngempela ukuhlangabezana izidingo zanamuhla for izimoto ukulwa ekilasini yayo.

isabelo uhulumeni Okubalulekile

Ngo sixties ngasekupheleni - yoma zokuqala, "workhorse" eyinhloko US Air Force futhi amazwe amaningi - nezitha ezingaba yingozi ye-USSR - kwaba edumile F-4, "Phantom" zokuguqulwa ezahlukene inkampani Mcdonnell Douglas. I design yalesi izindiza uye waphumelela kakhulu, akwazi ukunquma ngemvelo jikelele yenkinga - ekuqhubeni emoyeni ukulwa elawula ukuba sokuqhuma kwamabhomu nokungabi missile ukuhlaselwa emhlabathini okuhloswe. Kodwa okuhlangenwe nakho Vietnam naseMpumalanga Ephakathi wabonisa ukuthi ngokumelene MIG-21 Soviet ngisho ngaphambili MIG-17 wonke amandla ukulwa naye kanzima. isilinganiso ukulahlekelwa kwabo akuyona into esivuna baseMelika. E-United States baye baqala umsebenzi ekudaleni esikhundleni "Phantom", okwaphumela fighter aircraft F-14 "Tomcat" kanye F-15 "Lokhozi". Soviet Air Force bawadinga ngokuphuthumayo sesimanje ekubukeni amaphrojekthi eside abenzi bezindiza phesheya nge "amakati" zabo futhi "ezinkozi". KB MIG, uhulumeni wamaSoviet awuzange usetha ukuqondisa. Ngu ekwindla ka 1977 ngase ngikulungele Interceptor entsha MIG-29. prototype Take-off senzeka mhlaka-6 Okthoba. Ngemva kweminyaka emihlanu, izindiza sebemukele Air Forces of USSR.

Kancane ngokubukeka

Ngaleyo minyaka, ngisho nokubonakala kokungqubuzana uhlobo olusha isikhali kwakuyimfihlo okwaphela isimo. Ngempela, izixazululo wamavukelambuso eziningi lobuchwepheshe, kuhlanganise lomqondo, baba isici esasenza i-MIG-29. Photo engaqondile ishicilelwe emaphephandabeni, noma irekhodi indiza ukuboniswa, wabonisa kumabonakude, kungaletha Ochwepheshe emakamu nobudlova imicabango komugqa eyinhloko zezindiza umkhakha esizayo. Ngokusho umqondo Umklami Chief M. Waldenberg asekelwe lempumelelo Jikelele Artem Mikoyan R. Belyakov, indiza bekulokhu okuthiwa okuhlangene wesifunda sakhiwo. Lokhu kusho ukuthi kusukela kwamukelwa omhlaba zezindiza division imiklamo indiza kanye fuselage ku KB ehoxa. Yonke airframe lalinabashumayeli ushintsho oluhle, nokuwohloka kwesikhumba, kanye "classical" ohlangothini izindonga kuphela umnsalo.

Izinyathelo athobele ekusithekeni kwakungelona ngokuqapha ngokweqile. Inhloli Amathrendi zabanye abantu kanye nezifundiswa ukwazi owaklama MIG izindiza. Photo variable eyanele wakhuluma 'Phantom ", senziwe omunye ubonisa umoya, wanika ngesikhathi sakhe ngolwazi wabasiza kakhulu onjiniyela bethu. Umhlangano ofanayo lasetshenziswa MIG-23.

Amandla isitshalo kanye sibalo we "insimbi"

Aircraft izinjini babe ezimbili (RD noma RD-PO-ZZK for ukuguqulwa "M"), ukuthi akuphi ngezansi iphiko. wawo Imininingwane ongafinyelela kusuka 16.600 kuya 17.600 kN (kgf). Uma sithatha ku-akhawunti ukuthi isisindo ukuthatha-off umshini amathani angaphezu kwangu-15, kulula ukuphetha ngokuthi kudlulwe ukubaluleka inkomba iyunithi saliphosa isisindo isilinganiso. Lokhu-ke kusho ukuthi uma MIG-29 setha thwi bese uphuma negesi esimweni eduze umkhawulo, kuyoba hang endaweni noma kunqoba ngaphandle lift iphiko. Lesi sici lobuchwepheshe ikuvumela ukuba hhayi kuphela ukubonisa aerobatics ezehlukile imiboniso, kodwa futhi unalo ukubaluleka ezibalulekile esisebenzayo. Locators bahlinza isimiso Doppler futhi kungaba kuphela ukulandelela izinto ezinyakazayo. Ngesikhathi ukuqaliswa kwe "insimbi" futhi "Cobra" (okuyi okuthiwa aerobatics lapho kukhishwa ngalo kukhona "lag") ijubane indiza MIG-29 kuyinto ilingane no-zero, futhi zonke control nesiqondiso izinhlelo isitha air ukuzivikela usabona ke ezikrinini zabo .

"Gills" MIG-29

Ngo ukwakhiwa izindiza, kunezinye izixazululo ebonisa izindlela fresh ekuxazululeni izinkinga ngokucindezela. Inamandla ngamandla uhlelo kudinga omningi, futhi ukusivumela engayitholi eyamukelayo inqwaba. Uma evulekile embozwe iqhwa, kuso kukhona isihlabathi (ukuthi kwezinye izifunda hhayi siyindlala) noma nezinye izinto, konke lokhu iwela ophephela. Kunezindlela eziningana ukubhekana nalesihlava. Ngokwesibonelo, kungenzeka ukufaka umoya izihlungi emotweni. Kodwa nabo bavame ukuba ivimbekile. Noma omunye isixazululo: ukubeka umoya isibalo ephakeme. Kodwa lokhu ezehlisa izakhiwo sokunciphisa umoya lapho zindiza we airframe. Endabeni MIG-29 Abaklami basuke sebethathe isixazululo engavamile futhi eyingqayizivele. Air eyanele kuze sihoxise lokhu kwaziswa gear kokwehla ngokusebenzisa ezengeziwe emoyeni nemifula phezu fairing phezulu yokuxhuma iphiko ne fuselage. imigqa abo amabili, ukuthi akuphi afanako ohlangothini sokunene nesobunxele. Babizwa ngokuthi bangabantu "gills". Lapho le nkathi futhi lokufikela main emoyeni isibalo avimbelwe ngokuphelele, futhi kuphela ngemva kokuba iqoqo eyanele esiphephile sokusebenza ukuphakama bevula.

Avionics

Akukhona nje izinjini ezinamandla futhi ekwazi ukumelana namandla omoya elihle kakhulu MIG-29 abadumile. Ukucaciswa, babe yini rasprekrasno, e yesimanje emoyeni ukulwa akuqinisekisi ukunqoba, uma umshayeli asakhelwanga izimo ergonomic nolwazi ukwesekwa, kukunikeza isinqumo osheshayo. Noma kunjalo, kube sesizukulwaneni sesine kokuthile sizokwenza, ikakhulukazi njengoba ngentuthuko yakamuva ye-electronics, izimbangi zethu kungenzeka bebelokhu ziphathwe ukunakwa okukhulu. Iqiniso lokuthi ngesisekelo cost-ibhodi ikhompyutha (lokhu TS100.02-06) Ulwazi kanye Computing Center, futhi akumangalisi lokhu. Ngokokuqala ngqa kuleli zwe (futhi mhlawumbe emhlabeni) asetshenziswa kumadivayisi amaningi ezengeziwe lula umsebenzi umshayeli. Ikakhulukazi, "Natasha" (njengoba abashayeli bezindiza ngelika uhlelo izwi inkomba, eqinisweni, lokhu "idayimane-UP"), izwi zesifazane ezimnandi ekutshela ukuthi indlela wenziwa ngokungabi bikho kwezinsizakalo ukuphakama noma isivinini, azise mayelana isitha, abaye beza umsila, noma ezinye ingozi, iphutha noma eziphuthumayo.

Arms ukulawula Kuyinto elula kakhulu. Ulwazi slide isiphephelo somoya elicwebezelayo esiteshini kombhede futhi headset ukukhwezwa uhlelo target isiqu. Sabuka indiza, ngathatha isinqumo ukuhlasela, kwaphoqa zingakuqeda yini ukuhlonyiswa ngezikhali inkinobho - futhi kuthathwa ngokuthi isitha alusekho. Njalo is ukubukeka ebulalayo ngesikhathi abashayeli bezindiza yethu. Futhi uma udidekile futhi walahlekelwa ukuma kwendawo, kulungile, chofoza omunye inkinobho kanye indiza uqobo angabekwa futhi Ukunquma, futhi-roll.

Electronic Ukuphathwa uhlelo

Ngo yesimanje wezempi izindiza ukuhlukana Avionics nokulawula izikhali uhlelo kunzima kakhulu. Ngaphandle ukuthola ebucayi kwelitshe ngokumelene isizinda surface radar eMhlabeni ukunqoba namuhla cishe akunakwenzeka, kodwa kule divayisi eyenza umsebenzi navigation. MIG-29 ifakwe uhlobo radar HO-93 uyakwazi ezihambisana Okuqondiwe eziyishumi kanyekanye. Kuyinto ingxenye sextant lokuzula eziyinkimbinkimbi OEPRNK-29, okungase enze yangokwesiko okusheshayo, algorithm sinquma ukuhlaselwa akhatshana yemikhumbi yempi phansi kwesitha. Ngo oyiyo lapho futhi optronic sextant uhlelo Oeps-29, lapho-ke sisetshenziswa ekuthuthukiseni impumelelo yakamuva quantum physics. Injongo itholwa uhlonzwe at ibanga km 35 (ngoba Dogons) kuya ku-75 km (emkhathini khulula). Ngokuvamile, eziyinkimbinkimbi indawo elawula uhlelo, kodwa naphezu kwalokhu, kulula ukuyisebenzisa.

Ihlumela?

Okwenzeka YaseVietnam wabonisa ukuthi nabanye ezicitshwayo ukuba DogFight, ezikwazi ikakhulukazi, kunzima. Ukuncisha wezikhali "Phantom", amaMelika baphoqeleka ukuba usungula iziqukathi ekhethekile okwesikhashana nesibhamu nezinhlamvu. Mig-ehlome okusheshayo-29 (1500 imizuliswano ngeminithi) GSh-301 isitokwe amanzi selehlile kokuba amagobolondo engamakhulu (30 mm ubukhulu).

pylons eziyisithupha zangaphandle ukukhwezwa ngaphansi kwamaphiko zenzelwe ezicitshwayo. Kuye umsebenzi, zingase SD efakwe (R-73 noma R-60M). Ukuze ehlasela phansi okuhloswe isicelo SD uhlobo X-25M. Ukubeka lezi izindlela ke Kwenziwa noma ngumuntu isignali ithelevishini noma ugodo laser. Kuhloswe unguided (nar komagazini, ibhomu) kuveza radar. target Marine SD abathintekayo X-29 anti-umkhumbi kweminsalo, noma uhlobo leSupersonic X-31A, okungase baphathe MIG-29. onobuhle kwezikhali eziphambili lwamarokhethi afakwa Umklamo izingxenye ukumiswa.

amabhomu Ubude namarokhethi kungagcini esiphezulu ukulwa umthwalo amathani 3 (isizinda imodeli) no-4, 5 amathani (MIG-29M).

TTX Mig-29

usayizi Plane nesisindo kancane kancane nozakwabo wesimanje American, ezifaka hlangana ukuhlahluba F-14 futhi F-15. Swayiphela Soviet Interceptor amaphiko kancane nje kwengu-11 amamitha (ezifana "Tomcat" ngesikhathi shanela esiphezulu, kanye "inaliti" - 13 m). Ubude elingamamitha 17 kanye refueling-pole indiza (19 ngokumelene ngamunye "AmaMelika). MIG-29, okuyinto unesisindo esingamathani angaba ngu-15, kuba lula kokubili izindiza - Cishe abaphikisi (cishe nesishiyagalombili amathani ngamunye). Xhumanisa abaphehla ugesi ezimbili kungadluli izimoto American futhi ifinyelela 17.600 kN (14,500 y "Tomcat" futhi kancane kuka eziyinkulungwane 13. I "inaliti").

Le ndawo elincani iphiko (38 sq. M.) Ingabe abatshele umthwalo omkhulu othize, kodwa offset ngamandla eziphakeme airframe ngenxa izici of ilungiselelo ebalulekile. Mig-speed ifinyelela 29 2.3M (2450 km / h), y emphemeni samuntu MIG-29k Kuthi ngaphansana 2300 km / h. Ukuze uqhathanise: F-14, bakwazi ukuthuthukisa 1,88 M (1995 km / h) futhi F-15 - 2 650 km / h. Enye inkomba ebaluleke - ubude indlela phakathi ukusuka kanye kokwehla. Ukuze ahlubule MIG, kwanele evulekile obuphelele ayi-700, futhi afterburner -. Kuphela 260 m angase ahlale phezu platform 600 budze. Lokhu kukuvumela ukuba esisebenzisa njengophawu izindiza yenethiwekhi ezisekelwe (ngentambo uhlelo unyathela amabhuleki), noma usebenza airfields awukakulungeli (noma ngisho izingxenye ke emendweni, njengoba kwenzeka ngesikhathi izimpi zaseYugoslavia). Mayelana efanayo razbezhno-Probizhna izici benomthwalo izimoto American. Ikhono ukusebenzisa njengoba othanda ukulwa base abathwali izindiza ukuba eyakhayo futhi enikeziwe, wenza foldable iphiko console. MIG-29 isivinini lokubikezela kuyinto 235 km / h, nakho ukhomba yayo "umphefumulo zasolwandle." palubniki American ezifanayo ngesikhathi esifanayo.

Practical MIG ophahleni ifinyelela 17,000 amamitha futhi ithatha isikhundla Lesisemkhatsini phakathi F-14 futhi F-15.

Okulinganiselwa ku elwa izimfanelo MIG-29 iSoviet, izici lobuchwepheshe nokuvumelana nezimo zalo kusivumela bagomela ngokuthi indiza udlula zonke analogue angaphandle, ithuthukiswe ngesikhathi esifanayo njengoba. Amandla kuzonyamalala radar izikrini phakathi nempi emoyeni unikeza lesi imoto eyingqayizivele. Ukuqamba isetshenziswa uhlelo lokulawula, ezifuywayo zezindiza umkhakha alethwe ezingeni qualitatively entsha. Kubalulekile futhi ukuthi MIG-29 has a engaba ebanzi ukuguqulwa. Its zinhlobo target orientation ezahlukene, ezahlukene indiza ububanzi, ne ngezinhloso ezehlukile obusebenzayo ugibelile izimpahla ezisebenza ngogesi, kusukela ukuqeqeshwa Tactical fighter ukuba "edeskini flying", ekhishwe phezu ezimbili kweshumi. Ababili babo (MIG-33 futhi u-MIG-35) zihlukaniswa zibe ezimele imodeli CB umugqa kubo. Mikoyan futhi Gurevich.

Nge izifanekiselo ezihlukahlukene emaphikweni

Ngemva kokuwa eU.SSR imikhumbi lempi isimo esisodwa lalihlukene phakathi, kukhona amazwe ayengaphansi kweSoviet. Nobunzima kwezezimali, eziningi zazo ziye waqala ukuthengisa izimpahla zazo engadingeki. Ngokwesibonelo, Moldova elathathwa United States iminyaka engu-MIG-29 esetshenziswa. Izindleko izindiza ngayinye babuyizingalo $ 2 million, okuyinto izikhathi eziningi ngaphansi intengo emakethe. BaseMelika lokhu Interceptor kwaba nesidingo sokuba ekuthuthukiseni amaqhinga zokunqanda BBC Lithi kuyinto enkonzweni. MiGs zadayiswa izingxenye ukungqubuzana e-Afrika, e-Asia kanye nezinye izingxenye zomhlaba.

Air ilungu-amazwe we Warsaw Pact atheleka futhi ayehlome ngezibhamu MIG-29. Cishe bonke beza anawo 'nomngane' Russia lapho sibhekene NATO ngesikhathi. Luftwaffe pilot German ejwayele ngokuyinhloko ubuchwepheshe American, abangu wesilisa kusimangaze induduzo nokulawula ergonomic - izimfanelo nobuntu MIG-29 Soviet fighter Photo nge abalekele Maltese (ukuhlonza kumaka German Air Force), kuqala wavusa engaqaliwe bekhungathekile ke konke lokhu esetshenziswa.

Indiza enkonzweni nge emazweni angaphezu kuka amabili nanhlanu, futhi bayashintsha ngenkathi konke ngeke.

Lapho ekhetha umphakeli imikhiqizo ukuzivikela nohulumeni bezinye izizwe ziqondiswa ikakhulu elwa izimfanelo futhi yezakhi zezombusazwe. Kodwa hhayi komncane luyimfanelo zezimali kuthengiselana. MIG-29, okuyinto kubiza cishe abayizigidi ezingu-70-75 zamadola per unit, ongaxazulula imisebenzi ethize kakhulu yamasosha ungcono imbangi yayo enqamula F-15, okuyiwona "buza" ukuba amakhulu ezigidi. Esikhathini sethu esibucayi umehluko onjalo ngokusobala udlala ezandleni Russian "Oboroneksportu".

MIG ukulwa nakho

Inqobo nje lo mncintiswano, "amaphuzu ukwesekwa» ( «Fulcrum», okubizwa ngokuthi NATO MIG-29) futhi American "Eagles» F-15 kwaba bemvelo theory, kwakunokwenzeka ukuba ngiphikisane naye ukuthi ezinye izindiza kangcono. I sina Ukungqubuzana kuqala yangempela phakathi imishini emibili engqubuzanayo esenzeka esibhakabhakeni phezu Gulf (1991, "Ugwadule Storm" operation). Ngaphansi kwesimo impumelelo jikelele, ngenxa ukulungiselelwa ngokucophelela, inzuzo ulwazi kanye ne-software kohlaziyo futhi ephakeme kunabanye ambalwa, ezifana kahle kwaba zikhanyiswa yokuthi phakathi nempi eGulf of Allied izindiza futhi wayengakwazi uwine okungenani eyodwa waqinisekisa ukumehlula MIG Iraq 29. izici Kobuchwepheshe abashayeli Interceptor Hussein wadala izimo ngokunqoba zasemoyeni, icala olubhaliwe lapho kubhujiswa lesi British "Tornado" in the enyakatho-ntshonalanga ye-Iraq (ngokusho kwemibiko ezingaqinisekisiwe wayengesilo eyodwa kuphela).

13 MIG-29 zaseYugoslavia (kwakukhona 15 SFRY ahlomile, kodwa amabili kuya ekuqaleni ubudlova wazibonakalisa zingabafaneli kusukwe) samelana izikhathi eziningi ephakeme kunaleyo amabutho NATO. Ngendlela ethile eyimfihlakalo abashayeli American (ngokuvumelana kubo) wehliswa 24. yabo Empeleni, kwakungenjalo nge bravura, njengoba umbiko NATO abashayeli bezindiza. amayunithi ezine kwaqhunyiswa ngamabhomu esikhumulweni sezindiza, omunye Interceptor elahlekile kule ngozi. I ayisithupha asele abangu empeleni esingu phansi NATO, umfelandawonye ukuphathwa Nokho, zenza konke ezingakwenza ukuze understate ngokulahlekelwa kwabo siqu. Ukuze ukuhlola inani nesibalo sokunconywa MiGs kunzima okwamanje.

Kwakukhona nezinye amacala ukulwa umsebenzi bezindiza MIG-29, sabonga ukungasebenzisi. Kunoma ikuphi, cishe ukuphumelela womklamo ukulwa imoto kungenziwa yahlulelwe kuphela amacala 'emsulwa "ngxabano okungenani cishe pilot afanelekayo ngokulinganayo. iziqephu Zazinjalo ezimbalwa emlandweni wamuva, futhi bonke bathi MIG-29 has a ukuphila isikhathi eside ngaphambi.