Medicine e-Russia: Umlando, Development, Izinkinga

Namuhla, izakhamuzi eziningi ezweni lethu bakholelwa ukuthi ukuze uthole udokotela omuhle - kuba nempumelelo enkulu, lifana kokuwina iLotto. Mangisho ukuthi imithi eRussia manje ukwehla, ngakho odokotela unake abaqeqeshiwe, iziguli eziningi abagcina obakhathalelayo. Zonke wabonakaliswa ngokugcwele division phakathi kwabacebile nabampofu, ingasaphathwa nakwezinye izici zokuphila kumuntu ovamile. Kule ndaba, emitholampilo yangasese ngesevisi izinga esigulini uhlobo ukusetshenziswa eside futhi uya khona eziningana izindlela zokuxilonga, beba kuthandwa.

Emlandweni wezokwelapha waseRussia eqoshiwe kunjalo uma udokotela odumile kwekhulu le-19 bahlangana embundwini isiguli ngala mazwi: "Sawubona, isiguli nge mitral isifo senhliziyo." Yiqiniso, lab 'odokotela - siyindlala.

Kuyinto futhi olungasho okuthile izinga lemfundo odokotela esizayo. Isingeniso ukuqeqeshwa odokotela practice jikelele ngonyaka owodwa vó, hhayi kuphela kakhulu ukunciphisa izinga imithi ngokuvamile, kodwa futhi kungandisa inani lokuhlongakala hlangana sabantu. Ngokwesibonelo, ukuba abe udokotela ekhulwini le-18-ke kwakudingekile ukuba nifunde iminyaka 7 kuya ku-11.

Ekhulwini XVIII. isizukulwane

Ngokokuqala ngqá igama elithi "imithi" ezweni lethu Uhlelo isetshenziswa ngaphansi uPetru I. The Emperor yena enamathiselwe kakhulu icala likadokotela, wavula ngo 1707 isikole esibhedlela, futhi 1764 - the Faculty of Medicine e-University of eMoscow. Medicine e-Russia ngalezo zikhathi sashintshwa kusukela abantu kwezesayensi. Uma ukuqeqeshwa okunemibandela ngaphambili lwalulinganiselwe kuphela ukuhlinzwa, uma uPetru mina e esikoleni baqala ukufundisa wesayensi ezilandelayo:

• kwemithi;
• Neurology;
• amazinyo;
• maxillo-ebusweni ukuhlinzwa;
• izitho zomzimba kanye anatomy;
• forensics.

Ochwepheshe abaningi baye baya phesheya futhi bamukela isipiliyoni odokotela angaphandle. Umbusi ngokwakhe ngempela ngokuqinile wahlanganyela esifundweni ibhizinisi yezokwelapha futhi ngempumelelo kwenziwa izinqubo zamazinyo kanye nokusebenza njengoba abantu abavamile nabakhulu.

Ekhulwini XVIII. ukuthuthukiswa

Kutfutfukiswa imithi eRussia lezwakala ngawo ugcwaliseka ngokugcwele. Ngasekupheleni kwekhulu le-18, izibhedlela eziningana, esibhedlela kanye nomtholampilo zengqondo kuqala wavula. Ngangithandaza ngokuqondene kusungulwa yokugcina futhi waqala ukuzalwa wezifo zengqondo njengofakazi isayensi. Ngesikhathi esifanayo, abantu baba ayimpoqo le kwesidumbu isiguli ngemva kokufa kwakhe.

Naphezu umsebenzi bebangalasa, isimo lokubala ubuningi babantu kwaba esidumazayo ngenxa kubhubhane ingxibongo isifo. Abasebenzi bezempilo ngesikhathi, isibonelo SG Zybelin, ezihambisana ukusakazeka kwezifo kanye okusezingeni eliphezulu mayelana nokufa kwezinsana yokuntuleka nempilo efanele emphakathini.

Esikhathini 90 kwekhulu le-18 eMoscow University, lolo ngesikhathi sokuhlwanyelwa laba isikhungo ngobukhulu zemfundo nesayensi, ukuthi ivunyelwe ukumnika degree of Doctor of Medicine. Okokuqala ngithola leli zokuhlonipha isihloko FI Barsuk-Moiseyev. Medicine eRussia agcwaliswa nge abaqeqeshiwe.

Kuhlelwa kabusha imithi kwekhulu XVIII

Ngekhulu le-18, kube sekwakhiwe indlela ngokuyinhloko entsha ukuze inhlangano kwezokulapha, imfundiso nokwelapha icala Apothecary. Wadala oda Apothecary, ekhemisi Office main, Ihhovisi Medical, kanye lokufeza kwekuhlela kabusha kule nqubo kwezemfundo kanye kumiswa ezikhungweni zezempilo. Ngakho, ngo-1753 PZ Kondoidi wasungula uhlelo olusha lwezemfundo, lapho abafundi olwenziwa kule nyuvesi iminyaka 7 futhi ekupheleni lidlule izivivinyo edingekayo.

XIX leminyaka. ekuqaleni

Medicine e-Russia Ngasekuqaleni kwekhulu le-19 waqala ukuthuthukisa ngejubane ngokushesha. Ukuze ukufunda Medicine, kwakudinga izincwadi ekhethekile. Yaqala ukushicilela nakomagazini, futhi bhukwana kuqala ku anatomy, okuyinto lixhaswe ngezimali yi-izinkanyiso wezokwelapha isikhathi I. V Buyalsky no E. O. Muhin.

uzifunde ngokucophelela wokubelethisa nezifo zabesifazane. Imiphumela yocwaningo kanye nesipiliyoni isibe intuthuko e nokwelashwa kwezifo of the owesifazane Izitho zokuzala. Ukuhlolwa yayiqhutshelwa nenhlonipho kohlelo sezinzwa, okwakunginika incazelo zonke izinqubo ezenzeka emzimbeni.

Abacwaningi kulo mkhakha (IE Dyadkovsky, E. O. Muhin, KV Lebedev nabanye) ziye zavela futhi bahlakulele isikhundla kwemfundiso yokuziphendukela reflex.

M. Ya. Mudrov wasungula indlela inkhulumomphendvulwano isiguli, esangenza okwengeziwe bayophenywa esiteji ukukhomba izici eziyinhloko sifo omsakazo yayo. Esikhathini esizayo, le ndlela ngcono GA Zakhar'in.

XIX leminyaka. ukuthuthukiswa

Kutfutfukiswa imithi eRussia kwaphawulwa kwaqedwa uhlu izinyathelo zokuxilonga. Ikakhulukazi, GI Sokolsky labelwe eshaywayo indlela ekuhloleni izifo kwesifuba. Kule ndaba, usosayensi eshicilelwe umsebenzi "On the nokuhlolwa odokotela ngosizo ukuzwa, ikakhulukazi esebenzisa IselulekoSesihenqo," esanyatheliswa ngo-1835.

Ngasekuqaleni kwekhulu le-19 ukuvikela Institute kwamiswa kusukela inhlupho, ingxibongo nezinye izifo eziyingozi ngokugoma. osolwazi abaningi, ukudala izindlela kubhekwe kuyisibopho kuwo uyizame ngokwakho. Kule ndaba, wafa heroically omunye odokotela Russian M. Ya. Mudrov, ogama ukufa waba ukulahlekelwa enkulu eRussia.

Ngo-1835, esinqumweni okushiwo yokufundisa wayezimisele ekomidini ezihlola izincwadi ngo-emayunivesithi yezokwelapha, okuyinto ziyancipha kakhulu nemvelo saphezulu. Cishe, lokhu kusho ukuthi emlandweni wezokwelapha waseRussia bekumele iphele okwamanje. Nokho, odokotela baye baqhubeka izifundo zabo futhi zathola imiphumela emangalisayo.

Ezenye kwekhulu XIX

Ekhulwini le-19 wabeka isisekelo zonke izikhundla lwesayensi lwanamuhla kwezokwelapha, kuhlanganise nezesikhumba, Histology, ngisho balneology. Through ukuthuthukiswa yososayensi edume kakhulu isikhathi, baqala ukusebenzisa izinzwa, amasu yokusiza umuntu ukuba aphefumule futhi Physiotherapy. Yasungulwa wesayensi ezifana microbiology ne Virology, yona eyaqala ukwenza i ukuthuthukisa kamuva kuphela.

Isimo imithi eRussia ngekhulu lama-20

Kusukela 1900, elichumayo amathambo, zamehlo, Oncology. Izibalo esiphawuleka kunazo zonke abezokwelapha wayiswa imitholampilo, izikhungo kanye nezikole - G. I. Turner, RRVREDEN, EV Adamyuk nabanye.

Isinyathelo esibalulekile phambili emkhakheni wokubelethisa nezifo zabesifazane, ikakhulukazi ngokusebenzisa umsebenzi V F. Snegireva enesihloko esithi "lesizalo ukopha." NF filatov kudala isikole sokuqala ezingane, eshicilelwe imihlahlandlela emitholampilo umsebenzi izifo zezingane kanye nokuvinjelwa.

nezinye izindawo eziningi imithi nayo emi namanje. Ekhulwini lama-20 kwathiwa elathola lolu daba ezibaluleke kakhulu ikhodi yofuzo, okuyokwenza ososayensi ukuhlola emagama egcwele umzimba womuntu ngokunemba high.

izinguquko ohlelweni

Izinguquko imithi eRussia nakwamanye amazwe kumele kwenziwe njalo, ngoba isayensi akemi namanje, futhi umphumela waba ukuthi kukhona imithi emisha, izindlela zocwaningo kanye nokwelashwa. Ngaphezu kwalokho, kubalulekile ukuba afeze eyinkimbinkimbi izinyathelo ezihlose ukuqinisekisa kuso sonke isibalo sabantu, ukunakekelwa ngezokwelashwa abafanelekayo, okuyinto namuhla, ngeshwa, hhayi kubo bonke abantu baseRussia bangathembela.

Kusukela ekuqaleni kwekhulu lama-21 izinguquko imithi eRussia kuxoxwa ngochwepheshe ehola. Kusolwa ukuthi ngo-2015 ngezimali izikhungo zezempilo ukuze ushintshe. Izisebenzi Inkokhelo kuyoba ngesikhathi nesineke, hhayi embhedeni ngamunye. Yonke imitholampilo kuyodingeka uhlu olulodwa intengo, abaningi kuzodluliselwa ngosuku nesikhombisa isonto lomsebenzi. Futhi, izibhedlela akhawunti izosetshenziselwa iminikelo yesihle, okuyinto okwamanje ukulinganisela zero. Kulindeleke ukuthi ukwethulwa amazinga amasha kuzosiza ezezimali omphakathi ukuthola ezingeni lelisetulu service kulo lonke ensimini Russian Federation.

imicabango yabantu

Nokho, ezokwelapha zesimanje eRussia ngeke likwazi ukunikeza izinga eliphezulu lokutholakala kwe-, futhi ochwepheshe abaningi bakholelwa ukuthi ushintsho Kudingeka ukuthi uqale imfundo. odokotela futhi ubone kabusha ukubuyela emuva ohlelweni inkonzo ubudala, okubandakanya ukwehlukana esibhedlela abampofu abacebile.

izinkinga wezokwelapha e elaseRussia uxhaso singenele hhayi kuphela ukunakekelwa kwezempilo izikhungo, kodwa futhi ukungabi nandaba ephelele abanye odokotela ukuba iziguli. Ukwahlulela ngokubukeka umlando ibhizinisi yezokwelapha, odokotela abaningi bokuthi ngibeke ukuphila esifundweni futhi ekuthuthukiseni izindlela ezintsha zocwaningo futhi emzimbeni wakhe ukususa zonke izinhlobo zezifo. Ngeshwa, ezokwelapha zesimanje kuyinto mkhuba maqondana nokwenza imali yokuphila.