Lustration - kuyini? Umthetho lustration. Lustration e-Ukraine

Ushintsho kohulumeni uhulumeni uvame ukuhambisana Ukuvezwa nezinqubo ahlobene zokwahlulela accusatory. Igama elithi "lustration" alulusha. Igama ukwazi ngisho ongakhanyiselwe kakhulu. Kodwa yini lustration, luhlala okungacaci ngoba cishe wonke umuntu.

Umlando okuvela Lustration izinqubo

Ngakho, eRoma yasendulo futhi lasendulo Greece kwakukhona ezelaphayo. Yayisekelwe Kuyinkolelo-ze aphathe izinsana uhlanzekile ngokunikela imihlatshelo konkulunkulu. Ezimweni zanamuhla, ezibuza: "Lustration - okungukuthi," singaxoxa mayelana inqubo ukuhlanzwa nawo wonke amazinga kahulumeni ovela uhlobo oluthile izikhulu.

Ngokuvamile lustration isebenza kubo bonke nezikhulu ezinezikhundla eziphezulu isimo, kanye zonke abameleli umthetho nokuhleleka futhi ukulondeka kwezwe. Befundisi, abameleli, lo mphathi iziphathimandla zomthetho, wevikeleko, abahluleli kanye amaphoyisa - iwuhlu akuphelele bakahulumeni maqondana asebenzisa umqondo wegama elithi "lustration".

Kungani usebenzisa lustration

Initiators yenqubo zihlale entsha, woza ngesikhathi abanye linemibhikisho (noma Icebo lika) kahulumeni. Alwela kuzo zonke indlela yokubonisa ubumsulwa ukuba konke okwakwenzeka ezweni phambi kwabo. Ngokuvamile abantu yezwe ehlupheka zonke "kokufaneleka" kubabusi eyedlule entsha. Futhi akusho ukwandisa kuvezwa ukwethembakala abantu kuhulumeni omusha, kodwa kunalokho kuchubekisela i nzima kakade inguquko izinqubo.

Ngakho-ke, lo hulumeni omusha waphasisa umthetho ku lustration, ecacisa izimo ngaphansi izikhulu angahlala kumasistimu ehhovisi. Bonke labo ngandlela-thile Kuhlanganisani ukwephulwa kwamalungelo wobuntu, ukucindezelwa kwabantu, falsification amaqiniso zezombusazwe yomlando, njalo njalo. E., Musa ukuvumela imizimba ukulawula usethe umbuso omusha.

Lustration - kuyinto yokuziphindiselela ababengaphambi

Lustration - kuyini? Revenge ngaphambili. Yileyo ndlela esizwa ngayo abanye ososayensi bezombangazwe baseYurophu futhi American, futhi izazi-mlando zilinganisela le nqubo. Akukhona njalo kungenzeka ukufakazela icala lotawulungisa esemthethweni amacala maqondana amalungelo esintu kanye nenkululeko. ngesikhathi esifanele yokudlulisela "isibonakaliso" Ngokuvamile ngokwanele ukuba ikhomishana, elibhekene nomse- le nkinga, nezikhulu kukhona izinkinga eziningi.

Nge ukugeleza ekubalahleni ebhekene izigxobo zikagesi futhi Czech, lapho izikhulu lustration olwenziwa ngemva kokuwa iqembu lamaKhomanisi. Isibalo izicelo izakhamuzi anamagama uyathinteka ukwephulwa kwamalungelo wobuntu kula mazwe ifinyelele obungaka ukuthi kuphela esigabeni sokuqala - lapho ethola isignali - sebevele ihlelwa ngezigaba ezintathu. Izikhulu lokuqala ukuwa kabani wecala kwafakazelani, futhi akazange Siyadinga; yesibili - labo nabazono ungazange sifakazelwe, kodwa sifihla Eqinisweni wokubambisana yakhe neziphathimandla nokuvikeleka. Futhi iqembu lesithathu Kwatholakala abantu kabani emacaleni ngokuthini kwaba nzima ngenxa ukulinganiselwa kwabo imisebenzi yabo. Ngokuvamile maqondana lezi zikhulu ngobala angatjhutjhisi, kodwa lesi sigaba kwakuwumsebenzi wokuhumusha omkhulu kunayo.

Izimiso eyisisekelo lustration

Njengoba sekushiwo, lustration - kwencazelo izikhulu emazingeni ahlukahlukene kwamagama, okuyinto eyenqatshelwe ukusebenza ekuphathweni kwemisebenzi yomphakathi. Inqubo ezivame kakhulu kwaba aseMpumalanga Yurophu ngemva kokugumbuqelwa kombuso lamaKhomanisi. Naphezu umehluko izindlela yekubona mthetho kwamalungelo wobuntu emazweni ahlukahlukene kwakuseneziyaluyalu izimiso ezifanayo futhi baqhube lustration.

Okokuqala, wonke amazwe bamlahla imisebenzi umbuso zamaKhomanisi, urhulumende umyalelo yezwe nokusebenzisa abezindaba ingcindezi kubantu. Okwesibili, kubhekiselwa kuyo yonke inkathi isikhathi umbuso zamaKhomanisi kuchazwa njengeselelesi. Lokho caveat encane ekuthuthukiseni isimo -. Kuyinto iminyaka 1948-1990. Okwesithathu, eziningi emazweni ukuba Sinqanda ukufinyelela emininingwaneni izikhulu wangaphambilini we izikhundla zokuphatha abathintekayo hhayi kuphela uhulumeni futhi umthetho, kodwa futhi izikhungo zemfundo kanye nezinhlangano zezinkolo.

Zonke ezinye imibono ngaloko lokwentiwa lustration kwamandla, kwadingeka izici kazwelonke. Omude kunayo yonke owake futhi loudest lustration izinqubo wazibonela Czech Republic nePoland.

Lustration eCzech Republic

Ukuhlukaniswa yeCzechoslovakia ku ezimbili uthi futhi kokugumbuqelwa kombuso lamaKhomanisi kwaholela eqinisweni lokuthi Czech Republic iye waqalisa ingashiswa sasivumela eqinile ezijulile izikhulu. Ngakho lustration - ukuthi kwakunjalo umkhuba?

Kusukela ngo-1991, i-Federal oPhethe Czech Republic wathatha inombolo kwemithetho decommunisation. Ikakhulukazi, omunye wabo - "On the emthethweni umbuso zamaKhomanisi" - banquma ukuthi umthwalo konke okwenzeka ngemva kwempi eCzechoslovakia, isogwini Communist Party ne ubuholi bayo. Basolwa hhayi kuphela ukuphathwa nezomnotho kuleli zwe futhi umyalelo izinqubomgomo zokubusa ngesimiso sokusebenzela uhulumeni, kodwa umkhuba sokumpimpa olunzulu on nomunye.

"Ukuthamba" lustration mass eCzech Republic

Ngenxa yalokho iqinisekiswa isinyathelo usebhekene abantu abangaphezu kuka-140 000 - .. Abasebenzi zonke zezikhulu, abahluleli, rectors emanyuvesi, abaqondisi zocwaningo, njll Lapho nje isibonakaliso esisodwa noma esinye isisebenzi sikahulumeni, yena waba ngokushesha axoshwe imisebenzi yabo (uma kwaba umsebenzi e uhulumeni) kanye ikomidi eliphezulu ukuqalisa isibuyekezo maqondana nalowo muntu. Ngokusho ukuhleleka, isheke akuyona ngaphezu kwalokho esasinakho izinyanga ezimbili ukuze kwenziwe, kodwa ngokuvamile imisiwe izinyanga eziyisithupha noma ngaphezulu.

Uma iKomidi wakwazi ukufakazela icala umuntu, noma okungenani vela amaqiniso mayelana nokubambisana kwakhe kungenzeka nge imibutho yezokuphepha, yena waba ophucwa kungenzeka ukubamba izikhundla okuholela kuzo zonke izakhiwo isimo iminyaka 5. Kungenxa ezinjalo "nokujezisa" Czech lustration izinqubo kanye abizwa ngokuthi esithambile.

Ukusebenzisa ngendlela engafanele inqubo lustration

Naphezu obala zonke izinqubo, lapho uhulumeni omusha wafuna 1996 tebuholi kubo bonke comers akwanele. Ngakho-ke, ngisho nalabo abamele kukaHulumeni omusha wentandoyeningi, waqala ukudla inqubo lustration iwukudambisa betembusave.

It got ngisho Vatslavu Gavelu, owayengowokuqala umongameli we-Czech Republic futhi idlalwe nje ngemuva control de-communization namandla. Esikhathini emilandwini amaPhoyisa KaHulumeni wathola ifayela phezu kwakhe, okwathi ngazo, ngemva enye ingxoxo kummeleli iziphathimandla Havel bachazwa ngokuthi "umfundi kungenzeka ngokubambisana."

Kakade 1996, ukuze yazi nge amafayela zabo, uma ikhona, endaweni yokugcina, wonke umuntu ayengakwenza amaCzech namaRomany. Kodwa njengoba kwakunoFakazi abangu eziningi "vulamehlo ihlazo", futhi abagxeki lustration zithinta imbulunga ukhombe besimo yale nqubo, imikhawulo ethile kwi ukudalulwa kolwazi mayelana izintatheli, izifundiswa kanye nothisha inyuvesi kwangena.

Lustration ePoland

Polish "ISolidarity" ukunyakaza wathatha baton kwamandla ezandleni amaKhomanisi. Kwakubukeka kakhulu ngokuthula ngokomthetho. Uhulumeni omusha uqinisekisile bangasephula amalungu LamaKhomanisi nokuvikeleka. Nokho, abameleli olukhulu nomqondo ka "ISolidarity" befuna ukuthola ukufinyelela esiphezulu kuhulumeni ezihlongozwayo ukwethula isijeziso sokubambisana umbuso zamaKhomanisi ngesimo ejele.

Lezi ziphakamiso akuzange kwamukelwe, kodwa sasisikhulu kangangokuba inqubo is ngokoqobo laqothula izwe sikusiphi okulahla nozakwabo. Ngenxa yalokho, i-Polish Sejm yokutholwa umthetho ku lustration, lapho kwesiyingi izikhulu kungagcini kuphela ongqongqoshe, izikhulu eziphezulu, amasekela namajaji. Ngesikhathi esifanayo, esebenza kwi isikhundla, wabanjwa olusemthethweni base baphenduke esidlangalaleni begodu ufumane ukulitjalelwa abantu abasebenza umbuso zamaKhomanisi. Ekuqaleni, lokho ngakho.

ukuchayeka Massive esikhundleni kwezikhulu ezintsha

Ngu 2007, Poland ishanelwe amahlazo eziningana ezinkulu. Ngemva ukuvezwa kwemibhalo ingobo yomlando waya Isekela uNdunankulu Yanushu Tomashevskomu, fighter edume kwamalungelo esintu Lech Walesa, Aleksandru Kvasnevskomu (umongameli wesikhombisa zikhonza njengezigqila Poland) nezinye osopolitiki abaningi Polish owaziwa futhi abaqavile emphakathini.

Ngo-2006, Polish Sejm yokutholwa izichibiyelo zomthetho lustration, owawuthi enwetshiwe uhla lwabantu ogama imisebenzi phakathi nokubusa LamaKhomanisi wayeyizwa yomphakathi. Izintatheli, izifundiswa kanye oprofesa baseyunivesithi, abaqondisi izikole kanye nezinye izikhulu ezincane nazo ukuhambisa lustration isimemezelo lapho befaka isicelo somsebenzi noma ibhekane isheke kwenzeka ukuthi ngesikhathi kwamukelwa izichibiyelo kakade ayekade esesikhundleni okuthunyelwe. Nalapha okulahla ukugeleza selingaphezu ngezabelo engakaze ibonwe, ukuze weNkantolo yoMthethosisekelo kwadingeka ukuba iPoland ngo 2007 ukuqaphela eziningi kwalezi zichibiyelo, emthethweni.

scandal Kugcine, enikeza impendulo yombuzo othi "lustration - ukuthi" Kwagqashuka 2007 phakathi kwababusi eSontweni LamaKatolika. Okuthunyelwe kwakhe Metropolitan waseWarsaw waphoqeleka ukuba ashiye Stanislaw Wielgus, ngubani ukucasha ngesikhathi interview Vatican ubudlelwano bayo amaPolish emizimbeni zezokuvikela 70s.

Lustration kufanele ukuvulwa ku zonke izici zokuphila komuntu, kodwa umehluko wemisindo nemiqondo yamagama kanye nezimo lapho abantu kumelwe kubhekwe.

Lustration esikhaleni post-Soviet

republic uMbumbi eSoviet Union, ithola uzibuse ngo-1991, futhi ke ithé ngokuphindaphindiwe ukuthi lustration, okuyinto inani lingu kuzwakala kuyihaba kakhulu, kuyadingeka.

Ngo Russia nase-Ukraine ziye wazama ngokuphindaphindiwe ukungethusa ukuze siqalise lustration, kodwa akukho bill ngeke bashiywe ngaphandle abangaphumelelanga. ERussia, izinga laqanjwa njengengxenye nokuvuselelwa becindezela umbuso wobushiqela yomthetho, owawuthi bonke abahluleli nezikhulu ehilelekile ezingabekwa zokucindezelwa kwalabo bantu, bemangalelwe enkantolo. Nokho, ukusabalala ekhethekile lo mkhuba ayitholakali, futhi yonke imizamo okwenzeke iziphathimandla lustration ayitholanga ukwesekwa.

EGeorgia, iCommunist futhi amaNazi izimpawu wawuvinjelwe ngesikhathi lustration. Ukuze izikhundla ezibalulekile akuvumelekile abasebenzi ababengamasosha izitho ukuphepha kanye nemsebenti leQembu LamaKhomanisi.

Lustration emazweni aseBaltic

Okukhulu kunakho resonance lustration safinyelela emazweni aseBaltic. E-Estonia, isibonelo, umthetho sihlinzekela kushushiswa abantu abathintekayo ku ezingabekwa zokucindezelwa kwalabo bantu mass ngesikhathi sombuso wamaKhomanisi. ELatvia naseLithuania kukhona sengqondo abaqotho xaxa esidlule abantu babo, kodwa lapha imithetho efanele ukukhawulela ukufinyelela amandla uyaqaphela wabambisana imibutho yezokuphepha zaseSoviet Union ngaphandle kokuphazanyiswa. Nokho, njengoba eYurophu, base abafisa ukuziphindiselela ezitheni zakhe siqu - ibinzana "ngokubambisana bayazi" kuyinto kakhulu oluphelele, futhi umuntu Ngakho umsolwa akubizi lutho.

Ukraine futhi umzabalazo ubumsulwa iziphathimandla

"Lustration e-Ukraine kufanele kwenziwe ngokushesha!" Kwaba ezinamazwi zinjalo ababhikishi akuyona inguquko yokuqala. Okokuqala sina baqala ukukhuluma ngaba- lustration ngemva "Orange Revolution" ka-2004.

Khona-ke, ngo-Verkhovna Rada yabhaliswa ngokushesha 2 Bill lustration. Ngokusho komunye wabo, lustration kumele kwenziwe maqondana nalezo abathintekayo ekuphathweni isimo, ngaphandle uMongameli nohulumeni wakhe asebenza. Kwesinye bill, kuvinjelwe kunoma ubani ngokuqondile noma ngokungaqondile babambisane ne-KGB-USSR.

Ukulungela umphakathi Ukraine ukuthethelela

Ngiphakathi ke futhi manje akukho bill ngeke bashiywe ngaphandle abangaphumelelanga. Ngokusho kochwepheshe (zezenhlalo, ososayensi zezombusazwe, nokunye. P.), Lustration e-Ukraine akunakwenzeka, t. Ukuze umphakathi. Kakhulu ufuna ukuziphindiselela futhi akunakwenzeka ukuba kube yiqiniso maqondana nanoma yikuphi nato tonkhe tikhulu.

Izidingo "uhulumeni wesikhashana" izishoshovu of Maidan ngo-2014, ikakhulukazi, ubeka izidingo ukhetho yilezi: ubumsulwa emagunyeni, kusukela ngo-2010; isipiliyoni esiwusizo okungenani iminyaka 5 abasezikhundleni eziphezulu e t h futhi uhulumeni ..; ngimsulwa kuya 100 abantu abacebe kunabo bonke e-Ukraine , nokunye. n.

Kusukela ngomhla ka-April 9, 2014 ku Verkhovna Rada of Ukraine isivele bhalisiwe 4 Bill, ezihilela wokuhlanza of wonke amazinga kahulumeni Ukraine - kuyinto izinqubo ezifana lustration amajaji, izinceku zikahulumeni kanye nezincane, amaphoyisa aqapha, nokunye ..