Kuyinto iselula wokuqala emhlabeni

ukuxhumana Mobile, nesebenzela emhlabeni wonke namuhla, besilokhu kubhekwe yafika empeleni esasisesisha. Nokho, le nhlangano lokuqala ingqalasizinda umqondo yezokuxhumana mobile sekukhona ekuqaleni kwekhulu lama-20. On umbuzo, ifoni yokuqala mobile, futhi lapho, kunzima ukuphendula ngokungananazi kulokho lizwe. Kodwa uma uzama ukwenza lokhu - lokho amaqiniso ukuthuthukiswa ezokuxhumana nokusetshenziswa kwemishini ye- radio kumele wafunda wokuqala nomkhulu kunabo bonke? Ngokusekelwe kulokho zindlela labo noma enye idivayisi kufanele zabelwe omakhalekhukhwini?

Umlando Funny: Amaqiniso Key

Ukuze siphendule lo mbuzo - owasungula ifoni yokuqala mobile emhlabeni, singakwazi lokuqala zonke bajwayelane umlando amadivaysi abafanele zokuxhumana.

Lwati prototypes amadivayisi ukuxhumana, ngokombono obusebenzayo buka, eduze mobile phones, waqala kuzoxoxwa emiphakathini eyahlukene (ngokwesayensi, ubunjiniyela) ekuqaleni kwekhulu lama-20. Kodwa umakhalekhukhwini langempela njengoba wokuxhumana ahlinzekwa umsebenzisi ekupheleni 70s ukuthuthukisa laboratory i-Bell Laboratories, neyayingaphansi enye yezindawo ezinkulu US corporations --AT & T Phakathi kwamazwe okuqala ukuba iqalise ngempumelelo ibhizinisi zokuxhumana uhlelo mobile - Finland. mobile zokuxhumana uhlelo ayenziwa e-USSR.

Kodwa lokho uhulumeni ngaphambi lonke ngokuya ukwethulwa omakhalekhukhwini?

Kuyoba usizo, ukuba zihlale ezisunguliwe KwabaseSoviet Kwakugxile Khona - ajwayelane amaqiniso kubo kuyosisiza ukuba baqonde uma ifoni kuqala mobile emhlabeni futhi lapho ezweni.

Ukudala iselula: isipiliyoni Soviet

Phakathi ngokuthi yiMpi Enkulu Yobuzwe, umqondo idivayisi ekhethekile, Monophonic, uphakamise usosayensi Soviet Georgi Ilyich Babat. Le yunithi kwakumelwe ube ephathekayo efonini operable ikumodi othomathikhi. Kwakuthinta bazitshela ukuthi kwakuphumelela etinhlotjeni letehlukene 1-2 GHz. Isici avelele kudivayisi ehlongozwayo ngu GI Babati, kwaba ukuqinisekisa ukudluliselwa izwi ngokusebenzisa Inethiwekhi ebanzi yophathina waveguides ekhethekile.

Ngo-1946, Shapiro futhi I. Zakharchenko wanikelwa ukuhlela uhlelo lokuxhumana umsakazo lapho idivayisi ukuthola bese bedlulisela izwi kwadingeka ukuba afakwe izimoto. Ngaphakathi accordance nga lo mqondo, ngesisekelo mobile zokuxhumana ingqalasizinda kwadingeka ukuba iziteshi esebenzayo ezisemadolobheni, kulekelelwa ngumuntu imishini radio ekhethekile. I Kulindeleke zisebenzisa Ikholi ekhethekile njengoba isihlonzi zokubhalisa.

Ngo-April 1957, unjiniyela Soviet leonid Kupriyanovich wadala prototype sedivayisi zokuxhumana - radiotelephone LK-1. Le divayisi ine engaba isinyathelo km mayelana 30 futhi abe nesisindo eside - mayelana 3 kg. Wayekwazi ukunikeza isixhumanisi ngenxa ukusebenzisana PBX ethize, okungase uxhumeke ngocingo zaleli dolobha. Ngemva kwalokho, ifoni ithuthukisiwe. Ngakho, LI Kupriyanovich kakhulu ziyancipha isisindo nobukhulu balezi idivayisi. Umthamo ebuyekeziwe Phiko cishe elingana nenani 2 ngezinhlobo zikagwayi amabhokisi, zabekwa phezu nomunye. Isisindo radiotelephone kwaba ngu-500 grammes nge ibhethri. Silindele ukuthi iselula Soviet uzobe kabanzi umnotho wezwe ekhaya kuzoxoxwa ukusetshenziswa siqu izakhamuzi.

Radiotelephone LI Kupriyanovich ivumela nje kuphela ukwenza amakholi kodwa futhi uwaphuze - enikeziwe isabelo izinombolo siqu, kanye wasebenzisa ingqalasizinda ukuze adlulisele amasignali kusukela PBX kuya okuzenzakalelayo yocingo esiteshini, futhi nabo - kakade ukuze amayunithi zokubhalisa.

Ucwaningo emkhakheni wezokuxhumana mobile labetibambile kwamanye amazwe sezenhlalo. Ngokwesibonelo, ngo-1959, usosayensi Bulgarian Khristo Bachvarov athuthukile idivayisi yeselula, ezifanayo isimiso main ngocingo LI Kupriyanovich, futhi enelungelo lobunikazi ke.

Ingabe singasho ukuthi iselula wokuqala emhlabeni yasungulwa, ngakho eSoviet Union noma kwamanye amazwe sezenhlalo?

Isimo sokunquma bokunikeza amadivayisi omakhalekhukhwini

Okokuqala, kufanele unqume kulokho kubhekwa, eqinisweni, umakhalekhukhwini. Ngokuhambisana definition ezivamile, kwakufanele kubhekwe njengokungekho ngaphansi leli thuluzi okuyinto:

- compact (umuntu okuthwala nawe);

- lusebenzisa umsakazo izixhumanisi;

- ivumela oyedwa ukuthi abize omunye ngenombolo esiyingqayizivele;

- afundziswe ngekuhlanganiswa olunezintambo ucingo amanethiwekhi ngendlela ethile;

- litholakale emphakathini (kungenzeka uxhumano akudingi imvume walabo noma ezinye iziphathimandla abanekhono, futhi antulayo ngokwezimali futhi okwakhiwe ngayo ababhalisile).

Kule ngombono, ifoni ngokugcwele mobile namanje engakaze yasungulwa eSoviet Union. Kodwa-ke, izidingo zokunikwa izincazelo ngaphezulu akukwazi kubhekwe umakhalekhukhwini jikelele. Futhi uma une ukususa, ikakhulukazi, ukufinyeleleka kanye compactness, okunye kungase kahle ukufanisa isimiso samaSoviet "Altai". Cabangela izici zayo ngokuningiliziwe.

isipiliyoni Soviet ekuthuthukisweni mobile: uhlelo "Altai"

Ukutadisha umbuzo yini ifoni yokuqala mobile emhlabeni, kuyasiza ukufunda amaqiniso ayisisekelo mayelana abafanele zokuxhumana uhlelo. Ngo amadivayisi axhunyiwe ku-ke, kwakukhona, isimiso, naphezu kwazo zonke izibonakaliso umakhalekhukhwini, ngaphezu ukutholakala jikelele. Lolu hlelo ngaleyo ndlela:

- esebenza ku isimiso yokuxhumana umsakazo ;

- ukuvumela omunye ababhalisile ukubiza ezinye izinombolo;

- it has ngendlela ethile afundziswe ngekuhlanganiswa amanethiwekhi edolobheni.

Kodwa-ke akatholakalanga esidlangalaleni: uhlu Yomshayeli evunyiwe ezingeni zomnyango. Uhlelo "Altai" wethulwa 60s eMoscow, futhi '70 lenza emadolobheni kuka 100 yase-USSR. Ngezenzo esetshenziswa ngesikhathi 1980 Olympic Imidlalo.

Kwakukhona eSoviet Union uhlela ukwakha mobile zokuxhumana uhlelo okungase ukuxhuma wonke umuntu. Kodwa ngenxa ayinkimbinkimbi kwezomnotho nezombusazwe kwaba maphakathi nawo-ngasekupheleni '80s ukusebenza ekuthuthukisweni kwalesi umqondo yashiywa dengwane.

Ngo-post-Soviet Russia ukuze zesiLungu yokuxhumana yeselula isetshenziswa. Ngesikhathi banayo isikhathi eside yenza kube khona ukuxhumana phakathi amadivayisi lungase lubizwe ngokuthi omakhalekhukhwini agcwele. Masitadishe indlela lapho bahlakulele izindinganiso ezifanele eNtshonalanga. Lokhu, futhi, kuzosisiza siphendule umbuzo kuphi futhi nini ngowokuqala efonini ephathekayo emhlabeni.

Umlando US mobile

Njengoba siphawulile ekuqaleni kwalesi sihloko, iselula sibonelo mobile kwaqala ukuvela eWest ekuqaleni kwekhulu lama-20. Esikhathini-yalolucwaningo 30-40 waqala ukuba lusebenze intuthuko yempela. Ngo-1933, phakathi izimoto ka amaphoyisa eNew York kungaba zixhumana zisebenzisa imisakazo isigamu-Duplex. Ngo-1946 e Missouri , kuhleloxhumano yeselula lakhiwe, lapho ababhalisile ngabanye ingakwazi ukuxhumana namanye usebenzisa imishini ngayinye irediyo kwaloba opharetha. Ngo-1948 e isimo Indiana ingqalasizinda wethulwa, okuvumela zokubhalisa eyodwa nje ubiza omunye kakade mode othomathikhi.

Ingabe singasho ukuthi e-United States, ngaleyo ndlela-ke yasungulwa iselula wokuqala emhlabeni? Uma sicabangela isimo sokunquma eziphawulwe ngenhla okunzima bokunikeza kudivayisi radiotelephone elihambisana uhlobo - ngakho, ngakho ukukhuluma, kodwa ebhekisela ngentuthuko American kamuva. Iqiniso izimiso ezisebenza yayo American yeselula amanethiwekhi 40s zazingakapheli kakhulu kulezo agcwele yesimanje amanethiwekhi eselula.

Systems, njengalezo eziye atshalwa Missouri futhi Indiana ku 40s, sinokulinganiselwa eningi kwi amaza neziteshi. Akuvunyelwe ukuba ukuxhuma amanethiwekhi eselula, inombolo ngokwanele enkulu ababhalisile kanyekanye. Isixazululo sale nkinga, kwahlongozwa uchwepheshe D. Bell esiyingini, okuyinto ezihlongozwayo yokuhlukanisa insimu radio esiphelweni kuseli noma amangqamuzana akha eziteshini base akhethekile asebenza ngesikhathi amaza ezahlukene. Lesi simiso ngokuvamile waqaphela futhi opharetha mobile yesimanje. D. Ukwenziwa Ring, ngokomthetho umqondo waqalwa ngo-1969.

Umlando yezokuxhumana mobile Yurophu ne-Japani

ENtshonalanga Yurophu, imishini radio lokuqala uhlelo ucingo usebenzisa zahlolwa ngo-1951. Eminyakeni 60 umsebenzi kulesi siqondiso ngenkuthalo olwenziwa e-Japan. Kuyaphawuleka ukuthi onjiniyela Japanese bathole ukuthi imvamisa eliphezulu ukuthunyelwa ingqalasizinda mobile - 400 kanye 900 MHz. Namuhla lezi amaza - kuhlanganise main, ezisetshenziswa opharetha mobile.

Omunye lamazwe ahamba phambili ukuqaliswa kwe-intuthuko emkhakheni wokusebenza we amanethiwekhi agcwele yeselula baba Finland. Ngo-1971, i-Finns waqala phaka commercial inethiwekhi yeselula Ukusabalala endaweni ezafinyelela Usayizi lonke lelo zwe ngokushisekela 1978. Ingabe lokhu kusho ukuthi iselula sokuqala ngqa emhlabeni, ezisebenza izimiso yesimanje, uvele Finland? Kukhona ezinye agumenti esivuna lokhu mqondo: ngokukhethekile, luthole ukuthi ukwembuleka Finnish ezokuxhumana corporations ezifanele ingqalasizinda strany.No isikali ngokuvumelana iphuzu yendabuko buka, leli thuluzi ubonakele okwamanje e-United States. A indima enkulu kuleli, futhi, uma sicabanga version ethandwa idlalwe kusukela Motorola.

umqondo yeselula kusukela Motorola

In the 70s ekuseni kwathi ekuncintisaneni okushubile kakhulu phakathi abahlinzeka ngemisebenzi kanye nemishini ezithembisa izingxenye emakethe e-United States - emkhakheni yokuxhumana yeselula. Abadlali eziyinhloko steel corporation-AT & T kanye Motorola. Kulokhu, inkampani sekucala sigcile ukuthunyelwa zezimoto zokuxhumana - endleleni, njengoba ezokuxhumana corporations eFinland, kwesibili - ukuqaliswa amadivayisi compact okungawela kuso noma yisiphi izmhiaka bangaqhubeka.

Won umqondo wesibili, futhi, okusekelwe Motorola Corporation ekuqaleni ukuthunyelwa, eqinisweni, gcwalisa ukuqonda yesimanje enethiwekhi yamaselula usebenzisa compact devaysov.Pervy ifoni yomhlaba ngaphansi ingqalasizinda Motorola, futhi, ngokuhambisana indlela yendabuko iye yaba nesandla njengoba iyunithi zokubhalisa ngo-1973. Ngemva kweminyaka engu-10 e-US beyiphethe inethiwekhi full commercial ukuthi Ungaxhuma abavamile baseMelika.

Cabanga ukuthi umelwe iselula wokuqala emhlabeni yasungulwa, ngokuvumelana ovamile, onjiniyela American kusuka Motorola.

umakhalekhukhwini Okokuqala: Izici

Kumayelana devayse Motorola DynaTAC. Yayinesisindo mayelana 1.15 kg. Ubukhulu balo kukhona 12.5 x 22.5 x 3,75 cm. Sahlela inombolo okhiye Ukudayela, kanye izinkinobho ezimbili ekhethekile ukuthumela ucingo, futhi ushayele ukunqanyulwa. Idivayisi battery, by okungase ukusebenza ukulinda call mode, oda amahora angu-8, futhi ingxoxo - 1 ihora. Shaja ibhethri ye umakhalekhukhwini lokuqala kwadingeka ukuba amahora angaphezu kuka-10.

первый в мире мобильный телефон? Kuyini iselula wokuqala emhlabeni? kudivayisi isithombe - ngezansi.

Ngemva kwalokho, le nkampani Motorola ukhiphe eziningi izinguqulo ethuthukisiwe zedivayisi. Uma sikhuluma Motorola inethiwekhi commercial - ifoni yokuqala mobile izwe lavela ingqalasizinda efanele ngo-1983.

Sikhuluma idivayisi Motorola DynaTAC 8000X. Le yunithi esingamakhilogremu angaba ngu-800 amagremu nobungako kwakhona ufana inguqulo yokuqala zedivayisi. Kuyaphawuleka ukuthi enkumbulweni yakhe ayikwazanga ukugcina ucingo izinombolo 30.

Ubani owasungula ifoni yokuqala mobile?

Ngakho, uma silinga ukuphendula lombuzo yethu eyinhloko - owasungula iselula wokuqala emhlabeni. Umlando yentuthuko ezokuxhumana usebenzisa umsakazo ukuthi idivayisi lokuqala kakhulu okuhambisana ngokugcwele nenqubo omakhalekhukhwini, iyasebenza namuhla, yasungulwa Motorola e-United States futhi ibonise nezwe ngo-1973.

Nokho, esingalungile sokuyenza siyokhula bathi Nhlangano uye wasungula ukuthuthukiswa ngokuyinhloko entsha. Amaselula - ngomqondo wokuthi base imishini umsakazo futhi usinikeza ukuxhumana phakathi ababhalisile nge inamba engafani eyaziswa - ngesikhathi esetshenziswa eSoviet Union, Yurophu ne-Japani. Uma sikhuluma lapho iselula wokuqala emhlabeni u inzuzo - inkampani, ke iye yathuthukiswa umkhankaso elihambisana ibhizinisi ngo-1983, kamuva kuka, ngokukhethekile, amaphrojekthi kangaka iye lwenteke eFinland.

Ngakho, Motorola corporation kufanele uthathwa njengoba kuqala, okuyinto unikezele ifoni ephathekayo ngomqondo wesimanje - ikakhulukazi, usebenza ku-isimiso basakaza base iziteshi amaseli, kanye nokuba format compact. Ngakho, uma sikhuluma lapho yasungulwa iselula wokuqala emhlabeni, ezweni lapho - njengendawo yembobo, kudivayisi compact ukuthi iyingxenye netinsita yeselula, kuyoba esisemthethweni ukuze sinqume ukuthi usho idatha babe-United States.

Nokho, kuyafaneleka ukuthi isimiso samaSoviet "Altai" esebenza ngempela kahle futhi ngaphandle ukwethulwa American-isitayela nobuchwepheshe. Ngakho, onjiniyela ezazivela eSoviet Union ngokuyinhloko kungase kutholakale ikhono akusebenzise ingqalasizinda mobile kazwelonke, eqinisweni, ngesilinganiso, ngaphandle kokusebenzisa izimiso ukusatshalaliswa eziteshini base ku lezinyosi.

Kungenzeka ukuthi ngaphandle kwezinkinga zezomnotho nezombusazwe 80s eU.SSR ngabe sethule siqu amanethiwekhi yabo mobile ezisebenza ngesisekelo imiqondo okunye American, futhi babengavumeli ukuba asebenze sibi kakhulu. Nokho, iqiniso - Namuhla asetshenziswa namazinga yokuxhumana yeselula eRussia, athuthukiswe in the West, sipho futhi inzuzo izwe iselula kuqala.

Kuyaphawuleka ukuthi "Altai" uhlelo empeleni wasebenza kuze 2011. Ngakho, Soviet ezifinyelelwe ezobunjiniyela isikhathi eside wahlala evumelekile futhi kungase kubonise ukuthi bangase babe ne ngcono kudingeka, kungase ancintisane imiqondo amazwe ekwakheni ingqalasizinda ephathekayo.

isifinyezo

Ngakho, ngokunengqondo, ubani owavela iselula wokuqala emhlabeni? Impendulo yalo mbuzo kunzima. Uma iselula ukuze uqaphele a compact zokubhalisa imishini radio, elihlanganiswe ne amanethiwekhi ezisemadolobheni, ukusebenza isimiso wamangqamuzana etholakalayo wonke umuntu, cishe akunakwenzeka vele okokuqala, lo ingqalasizinda laqanjwa US inkampani Motorola.

сотовых сетях — то таковые, вероятно, в масштабе всего государства были внедрены в Финляндии, однако с применением устройств, ориентированных на размещение в автомобилях. Uma sikhuluma commercial kunethiwekhi kuqala yeselula - ke labo kungenzeka yonkana isimo ziye yethulwa kuleli Finland, kodwa ukusetshenziswa kwamadivaysi okuhloswe ngaso ukubekwa ngezimoto. Ezingenzi-nzuzo amanethiwekhi avaliwe mobile zenzeka ngempumelelo futhi, eqinisweni, ngezinga elithile e-USSR.