Izinkanyezi: izinhlobo izinkanyezi ngezigaba zabo ngokuvumelana umbala kanye nosayizi

Wonke umuntu uyazi ukuthi ukuze ibukeke izinkanyezi esibhakabhakeni. Tiny, izibani ezimhlophe abandayo esikhanyayo. Ezikhathini zasendulo, abantu abakwazi beveza incazelo lesi simanga. Star wazizwa emehlweni wonkulunkulu, imiphefumulo okhokho asebafa, eziqikelela futhi zizivikele, ukuvikela ukuphumula wobuntu ezinzulwini zobusuku. Khona-ke akekho wayengakaze acabange ukuthi Sun - ibuye inkanyezi.

Kuyini inkanyezi

Emakhulwini amaningi eminyaka ngaphambi kokuba sekudlule abantu baqaphela ukuthi bamele izinkanyezi. Izinhlobo izinkanyezi, impahla yabo, ukumelwa lendawo lapho zamakhemikhali izinqubo zemvelo - lena indawo entsha yolwazi. izazi zezinkanyezi sidilizwa akakwazanga ngisho ukucabanga ukuthi ukukhanya empeleni akulona ilangabi amancane, futhi nzima usayizi ball gas ashisayo, lapho ukusabela zenzeke Fusion. Kukhona indida abangaziwa dim kwezinkanyezi - ukukhanya yoMninimandla imeyli engahlonziwe, futhi imfudumalo ethokomele kwelanga - ukushisa ezinkulukazi ezigidi degrees Kelvin.

Zonke izinkanyezi ukuthi kungabonakala esibhakabhakeni ngeso lenyama, kukhona emthaleni i-Milky Way. Ilanga - futhi ingxenye yesimiso sonozungezilanga, futhi itholakala ezisemaphethelweni yayo. Kuyinto engenakwenzeka ngeso lengqondo indlela ngabe unjani esibhakabhakeni ebusuku, uma ilanga imaphakathi kuyi-Milky Way. Phela, inani lezinkanyezi kule Umthala - angaphezu kwezigidi eziyizinkulungwane ezingu-200.

Kancane ngomlando astronomy

izazi zezinkanyezi wasendulo sasibonisa likutshele engavamile futhi ezithakazelisayo mayelana zezulu. Sumerians kakade isehlane nemilaza ngabanye kanye izimpawu zomgamu wezulu, bona okokuqala ibalwa sokuhlukanisa engela ingqikithi 360 ^0. Baye wadala ikhalenda kwenyanga, futhi bakwazi ukuvumelanisa ngayo ilanga. AbaseGibhithe wayekholelwa ukuthi Earth ku nendawo emkhathini, kodwa sasazi ukuthi Mercury ne Venus azungeza ilanga.

EChina, sasi- isayensi yezinkanyezi isayensi ekupheleni III yeminyaka BC. e., futhi bavela okokuqala Observatory e XII. BC. e. Babetadisha ukufiphazeka kwenyanga nelanga, ngesikhathi esifanayo ukukwazi ukuqonda imbangela yabo ngisho yokubala lolu suku esivezwa, waphawula Meteor ukusakazwa lezinkanyezi ezinomsila trajectory.

Ancient Inca kahle umehluko phakathi izinkanyezi namaplanethi. Kunobufakazi ezingaqondile, ukuthi ayazi aseGalile iziphuphutheki of Jupiter , nokubukwayo ifiphele lamatshwayo kudiski Venus, ngenxa yokubakhona emkhathini kule planethi.

AmaGreki asendulo bakwazi ukufakazela sphericity Zomhlaba, baye basikisela heliocentrically uhlelo. Bazama ukubala ububanzi we Sun, siqala ngokuyiphutha. Kodwa bezizwe ngowokuqala ngokuyisisekelo wasikisela ukuthi Sun usayizi Earth, phambi kwabo bonke, sithembele observation ezibukwayo, wacabanga ngenye indlela. Hipparchus ngesiGreki wadala ikhathalogu lokuqala izinkanyezi ezikhonjwe izinhlobo ezahlukene izinkanyezi. Ukwahlukanisa izinkanyezi kule imisebenzi yesayensi yayisekelwe umfutho ukukhanya. Hipparchus ezikhonjwe 6 ukukhanya amakilasi, zonke kwisikhangisi kwaba 850 izinkanyiso.

Yini ukubheka izazi zezinkanyezi zasendulo

Kokuqala Ukwahlukaniswa izinkanyezi esekelwe ukukhanya kwazo. Phela, leli umbandela itholakala kuphela sezinkanyezi, elokhe ephethe isibonakude. I izakhiwo bhá noma ifa eziyingqayizivele izinkanyezi azibonayo ngisho wathola amagama abo, futhi bangabanikazi ezizweni zonke. Ngakho, Deneb, Rigel, futhi Algol - amagama Arab, Sirius - Latin futhi Antares - Greek. Polar Star ezizweni zonke unegama lalo. Lona mhlawumbe ngelinye lamavesi abaluleke kunawo wonke "ngomqondo ongokoqobo" lezinkanyezi. indawo yayo esibhakabhakeni ebusuku azizange zishintshe, naphezu komhlaba. Uma lonke izinkanyezi ukuhambisa esibhakabhakeni uya kusukela ekuphumeni kwelanga lize ukuthi iNkanyezi yaseNyakatho akashintshi isikhundla salo. Ngakho-ke, kusetshenziswa amatilosi ayo kanye nabahamba njengendlela lokuma okuthembekile. By the way, ngokuphambene nenkolelo evamile, lokhu akukona inkanyezi bhá esibhakabhakeni. Polar Star ukubukeka akusho ivelele - noma ngobukhulu noma ukushuba luminescence. Ungayithola kuphela uma wazi ukuthi ubheke kuphi. Itholakala at ukuphela "ebhakedeni isibambo" Ursa Minor.

Siyini isisekelo ngezigaba lezinkanyezi

izazi zezinkanyezi Modern, umbuzo ka iziphi izinhlobo izinkanyezi, ayoba mancane amathuba okwenza basho ukukhanya noma indawo esibhakabhakeni ebusuku. Ingabe lokho kulungile zomlando noma izinkulumo, eyenzelwe kakhulu kude kakhulu astronomy izilaleli.

ngezigaba Wanamuhla izinkanyezi ekucwaningweni yabo Spectral. Lokhu ngokuvamile namanje zibonisa luminosity mass futhi lo engaba nendikimba ethile esemkhathini. Zonke lezi zibalo zinikwa nokuma kwelanga, okuyinto ncamashi izici zayo lithathwe njengendlela iyunithi.

Ukwahlukanisa izinkanyezi ezisuselwa kulesi umbandela, ngokuphelele ezidlula. Lokhu ukugqama ezingeni sobala nendikimba ethile esemkhathini ngaphandle emkhathini, evamile isebangeni at ibanga 10 parsecs kusukela iphuzu observation. Ngaphezu kwalokho, acabangele kokuhlukana zokukhanya kanye nobukhulu inkanyezi. Izinhlobo izinkanyezi manje kunqunywa liklasi labo Spectral futhi kakade ezinemininingwane - subclass. Izazi zezinkanyezi Russell Hertzsprung ngokuzimela bacubungula ubudlelwano phakathi iLuminance, ubukhulu ngokuphelele, izinga lokushisa kwamanzi kanye Spectral ekilasini izinkanyiso. Bakha idayagramu ne abafanele Ukudidiyela izimbazo, futhi wathola ukuthi umphumela uba yini kunezinxushunxushu. Ukukhanya igrafu elise amaqembu ngokucacile akachazeki. Isifanekiso ivumela, ngokwazi isigaba Spectral izinkanyezi, ukuchaza okungenani ukunemba eseduze ezidlula yayo ngokuphelele.

Indlela izinkanyezi zizalwa

Lesi sibalo wakhonza njengephayona ubufakazi obucacile ngombono yesimanje yokuziphendukela kwemvelo lezi izindikimba zasezulwini. Igrafu ebonisa ngokucacile ukuthi isigaba ngobukhulu zihlobene okuthiwa main ukulandelana izinkanyezi. Izinhlobo izinkanyezi fanele kuze lo ingxenye kuyizinto ezivamile okwamanje iphuzu yonke yentuthuko. Lesi sinyathelo Ekukhanyeni okukhulu lapho amandla yemiphefumulo emisebeni offset etholwe ngesikhathi yokusabela Fusion. Isikhathi esichithwe kulesigaba ka nendikimba ethile esemkhathini kunqunywa mass namaphesenti yizakhi ezisindayo kuka-helium.

Ngokuvamile neyaziwayo ngesikhathi lezinkanyezi yokuziphendukela kwemvelo uthi kokuqala shining isinyathelo ukuthuthukiswa kukhishelwa giant igesi efwini. Ngaphansi kwethonya amandla adonsela phansi yayo siqu, it is onomfutho, kancane kancane kuphenduke ibhola. Kukhula kokucindezelwa, bazolokhu amandla adonsela phansi iguqulwe ibe ukushisa. Negesi uyabaselwa, futhi lapho izinga lokushisa ifinyelela izigidi ezingu 15-20 K, osanda kuzalwa inkanyezi ukuphendula iArmagedoni iqala. Ngemva kwalokho kokucindezelwa inqubo okudonsa imisiwe.

Isikhathi eyinhloko yokuphila inkanyezi

Ekuqaleni, emaqaqasini izinkanyiso abasha yibona abasabela ngayo umjikelezo hydrogen. Lena inkathi ende kunazo zonke ekuphileni lale nkanyezi. Izinhlobo izinkanyezi ngalesi komqondo nezinga lokukhula kwengane, futhi okwethulwa ezinkulu kakhulu ukulandelana main imidvwebo kuchaziwe ngenhla. Ekugcineni i-hydrogen inkanyiso core ekugcineni yaphenduka helium. Ngemva kwalokho amandla omlilo iArmagedoni kungenzeka kuphela azungeze i-nucleus. Star kuba licace izingqimba saso kuxhomeke kakhulu, futhi izinga lokushisa lehliselwa. umzimba waseZulwini iphenduka ibe giant ebomvu. Lesi sikhathi sokuphila inkanyezi okuningi kwalowo odlule emifushane. isiphelo sayo okwengeziwe kancane wafunda. Kunezindlela ezihlukahlukene ezicatshangwayo, kodwa ubufakazi obuphathekayo engakaze etholwe. Imfundiso ezivamile wukuthi uma helium kuba kakhulu, umongo lezinkanyezi, ayikwazi ukuthwala isisindo ayo, onomfutho. Amazinga enyuka kuze kube, kuyilapho helium lingenayo angene Fusion ukuphendula. okushisa Kakhulu kuholele ukunwetshwa esilandelayo, inkanyezi yokusa iba giant ebomvu. Isiphetho obengeziwe izinkanyiso ku imibono yososayensi, kuncike isisindo salo. Kodwa eyeza nezazi zezinkanyezi ezikhuluma ngale, kodwa umphumela-computer yokumodela, ayiqinisekiswanga ngokubukisisa.

epholisa izinkanyezi

Kucatshangwa ukuthi imidondoshiya obomvu ngongqimba encane uzobe onomfutho, ekubeni dwarfs futhi kancane kancane ukupholisa phansi. Star of isisindo isilinganiso kungenziwa uguqulwe ube esigaxeni kwamaplanethi, kuyilapho esikhungweni imfundo enjalo uzoqhubeka khona elingenalo zangaphandle Uthwale core kancane ukupholisa phansi abe ukukhanya okuguqukayo. Ukube izinkanyezi emaphakathi ezishisa kakhulu zikhipha izinhlayiyana abalulekile amaza okushisa, zikhona nemibandela yokusebenzisa i ekwandiseni igesi igobolondo esigaxeni kwamaplanethi maser cosmic.

izinkanyiso ezinkulu zincipha ingafinyelela enjalo ezingeni ingcindezi ukuthi electron ngokoqobo Dent e nuclei athomu, zibe neutrons. njengoba phakathi lalezi zinhlobo akukho umuzwa wokwenyanya electrostatic, inkanyezi kungenziwa onomfutho ukuze ubukhulu amakhilomitha ambalwa. Kulokhu, ukuminyana yayo idlula kwabantu amanzi izikhathi ezingu-100. inkanyezi okunjalo kwezinkolo kubizwa ngokuthi i-neutron futhi, eqinisweni, i-nucleus omkhulu athomu.

izinkanyezi Supermassive isekhona zilandelana ngokuhamba Kuhlanganisa Fusion ukusabela ane-helium - carbon, bese i-oksijini evela ke - silicon ekugcineni yensimbi. Kulo sinyathelo, ukusabela Fusion kwenzeka ukuqhuma supernova. Supernovae, esikhundleni salokho, ezingenza abe-neutron, uma mass yabo inkulu ngokwanele ukuba uqhubeke kokucindezelwa ukuba umkhawulo ezibucayi futhi yakha izimbobo omnyama.

Ubukhulu

Ukwahlukanisa izinkanyezi ngobukhulu kungenziwa igcwaliseke ngezindlela ezimbili. Ubukhulu bomzimba inkanyezi ingachazwa by engaba yayo. Iyunithi kulokhu engaba ilanga. Kukhona into encane, naphakathi izinkanyezi, imidondoshiya supergiants. By the way, iLanga ngokwalo nje into encane. I engaba neutron izinkanyezi ongafinyelela amakhilomitha ambalwa nje. Futhi kule supergiant ngokuphelele ukulingana emzileni iplanethi i-Mars. Ngaphansi izinkanyezi ubukhulu kungabuye kuqondwe isisindo salo. Kuhlobene eduze kakhulu ukuba izinkanyiso ubukhulu. Inkanyezi mkhulu ephansi kwabantu, futhi Ngakolunye uhlangothi, ukukhanya kancane, ayanda kwabantu. Lokhu umbandela viriruetsya okungaka. Izinkanyezi ukuthi makhulu noma umncane kakhulu kunalokho izikhathi Sun 10, kuncane kakhulu. Iningi ukukhanya ibekwa ububanzi 60 kuya 0.03 uquqaba welanga. Sun ukuminyana, kuthathwe phezu Inkomba kuyinto 1.43 g / cm ^3. White dwarfs ukuminyana ifinyelela 10 ¹² g / cm ³ kanye kwabantu supergiants buhlanjululwe kungenzeka izigidi izikhathi ngaphansi welanga.

Esikhathini ejwayelekile inkanyezi ngezigaba uhlelo lokusabalalisa ngesisindo kanje. Ukuze izibani encane zihlanganisa isisindo kusuka 0.08 kuya 0.5 ilanga. Ungamela - kusuka 0.5 kuya kwezingu-8 mass welanga, futhi ezinkulu - 8 noma ngaphezulu.

Ukwahlukanisa izinkanyezi. Kusukela blue mhlophe

Ukwahlukanisa izinkanyezi by umbala empeleni awusekelwe ebonakalayo emzimbeni kukhanya, futhi izici Spectral. Emission nomkhakha we into kunqunywa ukubunjwa amakhemikhali izinkanyezi, futhi incike lokushisa yayo. Ukwahlukaniswa obujwayelekile Harvard, eyasungulwa ekuqaleni kwekhulu lama-20. Ngokwe-izindinganiso ezamukelwayo ke ngezigaba embaleni izinkanyezi uphakamisa division zibe 7 izinhlobo.

. Ngakho, izinkanyezi, izinga lokushisa eliphezulu kakhulu kusuka 30 kuya kwezingu-60 K, ukubizwa ngokuthi Class A. izinkanyiso okwesibhakabhaka, emizimbeni mass efanayo yasezulwini 60 ifinyelela uquqaba welanga (s M..), Futhi engaba - 15 radii welanga (s. k.). Imida hydrogen ne-helium e bohlu lwabo kunalokho ebuthakathaka. ILuminance izinto ezifanayo yasezulwini ongafinyelela 1 million ayizinkulungwane 400. Luminosities Solar (s. C.).

Ukuze izinkanyezi ekilasini B zihlanganisa ukukhanya ne lokushisa 10 kuya ku-30 eziyinkulungwane. K. Le zasemkhathini okumhlophe nokuluhlaza, isisindo sabo iqala kusukela imizuzwana engu-18. m, kuyilapho engaba -. 7 p. m. I luminosity ongaphakeme kwezinto lesi sigaba ayizinkulungwane 20. s. s., futhi umugqa hydrogen bohlu zithuthukiswa, ukufinyelela amanani ngokwesilinganiso.

Ngo Class A izinkanyezi zibe lokushisa kusuka 7,5 kuya kwezingu-10. Ukuze asemhlophe. Isisindo ubuncane anjenge yasezulwini iqala ngo 3.1 imizuzwana. m, kuyilapho engaba -. 2.1 imizuzwana. k. Luminosity lezinto ungaphakathi uhla kusuka 80 kuya kwezingu-20. S. a. Hydrogen imigqa e emandla spectrum lezi zinkanyezi avele umugqa metal.

Izinto ekilasini F empeleni umbala ophuzi-white, kodwa avele mhlophe. lokushisa yabo amabanga kusuka 6 kuya kwezingu-7.5 K, ububanzi mass kusuka 1.7 kuya 3.1 sm engaba -. 1.3 2.1 s. k. Izinkanyezi likhanya ngendlela efanayo ezifana amabanga kusuka 6 kuya ku-80. a. hydrogen umugqa besazimisele bohlu, metal imigqa, kunalokho, zithuthukiswa.

Ngakho, zonke izinhlobo izinkanyezi ezimhlophe kuwela ngaphakathi emakilasini A kuya F. Ngaphezu kwalokho, ngokuvumelana ngezigaba, kulandele ophuzi kanye orange.

Ophuzi, owolintshi kanye izinkanyezi ezibomvu

Izinhlobo izinkanyezi ngombala isakazwa okwesibhakabhaka ibe bomvu, nge nokuncipha lokushisa, futhi ukunciphisa usayizi futhi likhanya ngendlela efanayo into.

Star Class G, k nokuthi Sun libhekisela afinyelele ezingeni lokushisa 5 izinkulungwane 6. Ngoba, zingabantu yellow. Isisindo izinto ezifana - kusukela s 1.1 kuya 1.7. M., Irediyasi - kusukela imizuzwana 1.1 kuya 1.3. k. ILuminance - kusukela imizuzwana 1.2 kuya 6. a. imigqa Spectral helium nezinsimbi okukhulu hydrogen umugqa buthaka.

Khanyisa, okuqondene K ekilasini, abe lokushisa kusuka 3.5 kuya 5 izinkulungwane K. Babonakala ophuzi, kodwa umbala yangempela yalezi izinkanyezi -. Orange. I engaba izinto idatha egcinwe ku uhla kusuka s 0.9 kuya 1.1. . P, isisindo - kusukela s 0.8 kuya 1.1. m. amabanga Ukugqama kusukela imizuzwana 0.4 kuya 1.2. a. Hydrogen imigqa cishe ezingabonakali, metal imigqa kunamandla kakhulu.

izinkanyezi Iningi abandayo futhi kancane - Class M. Amazinga kuyinto 2.5 kuphela - 3.5 ayizinkulungwane K, futhi kubonakala sengathi obomvu, kodwa eqinisweni lezi izinto zinemibala esawolintshi-bomvu .. inkanyezi iMisa ku uhla kusuka 0.3 kuya 0.8. M., Irediyasi - kusukela s 0.4 kuya 0.9. k. ILuminance - s 0.4 - 0.04 kuphela. a. Lokhu izinkanyezi befa. Ukubanda kubo muva nje wathola dwarfs ensundu. Ngenxa yalezi ukhombe ekilasini ethize M-T.