Izinhlobo amakhalenda: lasendulo, yesimanje kanye ekhethekile

Ikhalenda evame ukubizwa ngokuthi uhlelo, lapho kungenzeka ukuhlukanisa ukugeleza isikhathi njalo ngezikhathi ezithile, esiza lula ukuphila kwabo. Kwaba eminingi kakhulu, futhi isekelwe ezimisweni ezahlukene emlandweni wesintu amakhalenda. Kulesi sihloko, sizoxoxa ngamathonya izinhlobo ezinkulu amakhalenda kanye inkulumo mayelana nokuthi uluphi uhlobo ukuma kungathatha wethu wamanje isikhathi uhlelo inkomba.

Umsuka wegama elithi "kukhalenda"

Ngaphambi kokuqhubeka incazelo ngqo siqu izinhlobo inombolo system, ukuthola lapho izwi livela, ukufaka yabo. Igama elithi "ikhalenda" etymologically livela olimini lwesiLatini le caleo isenzo, okungama-"ukumemezela." Enye, futhi yaba umthombo igama elithi "Ikhalenda", lokhu calendarium. Elokugcina eRoma yasendulo okuthiwa ncwadi izikweletu. Caleo kulondoloza kithi inkumbulo yokuthi eRoma ekuqaleni kwenyanga ngayinye ngendlela ekhethekile ngikweluleke wamemezela. Ngokuqondene izikweletu yencwadi, inani layo ngenxa yokuthi bonke isithakazelo on izikweletu kanye loans eRoma ikhokhwe ngosuku lokuqala.

Umsuka uhlelo lwekhalenda

Cishe ngaso leso sikhathi igelezela kuzo ibanga elithile, abantu baqaphela isikhathi eside ngesisekelo izenzakalo cyclically yansukuzonke kanye izenzakalo, okuyinto impela eningi. Lokhu, isibonelo, imini nobusuku, izinkathi zonyaka, ukujikeleza sphere yasezulwini, nokunye. Ngesisekelo zazo ezahlukene ekugcineni savela amakhalenda. Iyunithi eyisisekelo isikhathi somunye wabo - usuku, okuhlanganisa omunye Ukujikeleza komhlaba azungeze axis awo siqu. Khona-ke indima ebalulekile kudlalwa emlandweni inyanga, izigaba ushintsho esiyingxenye okubizwa ngokuthi inyanga synodic. Nguye njengoba igama lesiGreki elithi "sinodos", okuhunyushwa ngokuthi "Kuhlangana". Sikhuluma Kuhlangana e ilanga nenyanga esibhakabhakeni. Futhi ekugcineni, a ukushintsha kwezinkathi zonyaka ezine zonyaka ezishisayo. igama Its livela esiGrekini "Tropos" okungukuthi, "vula".

Kungani abantu abahlala emhlabeni efanayo ezahlukene, kukhona izinhlobo ezahlukene amakhalenda? Impendulo itholakala lokuthi isikhathi umjikelezo wansuku zonke, ngenyanga synodic, futhi akukho ukuhlanganisa emkhatsini ngonyaka tropical enikeza isinqumo eziningi lapho kwakhiwa ikhalenda.

Kunezinhlobo ezintathu ikhalenda

Ngesisekelo amagugu ezichazwe ezahlukene izikhathi kwenziwa imizamo yokwenza fit ikhalenda umphakathi. Ezinye zazo babeqondiswa kuphela imijikelezo yenyanga. Ngakho, lapho inyanga amakhalenda. Njengomthetho, bona olunezinombolo izinyanga eziyishumi nambili, igxile kuphela ukuhamba izibani ebusuku, futhi akuhambisani zonyaka. Abanye, kunalokho, izibalo kuphela ngesisekelo kwesiyingi zonyaka, kungakhathaliseki ukuthi inyanga kanye nesigqi somqondo. Le ndlela emenza ikhalenda welanga. Kanti abanye baye kucatshangelwe kokubili imijikelezo - kwelanga nokwenyanga. Futhi, sakhela phezu zokugcina, uzama, ngandlela-thile, ukuvumelanisa ezimbili ndawonye. Baye kwavula amakhalenda okuxubile solar-enqunywa ngokuthwasa kwenyanga.

ikhalenda kwenyanga

Manje xoxa ezicashile simiso ukubala isikhathi zisekelwe kuphela ezinyakazayo kwenyanga. ikhalenda Lunar, njengoba kuye kwashiwo, kusekelwe ngenyanga synodic - umjikelezo shift zenyanga kusukela ekwethwaseni kwenyanga kuya kokunye ukwethwasa kwenyanga egcwele. Isikhathi isilinganiso nyanga izinsuku 29,53. Ngakho-ke, iningi inyanga ikhalenda ihlala 29 noma ezingu-30. Kulo nyaka ikakhulukazi liqukethe izinyanga eziyishumi nambili. Ngakho, kubonakala sengathi ubude ngonyaka imayelana 354,36 izinsuku. Njengomthetho, kuyakushiswa babanjwa ukuba 354, kuyilapho njalo yethula ngonyaka eqa izinsuku 355 ka. Zenza ehlukile konke. Ngokwesibonelo, uchungechunge edumile Turkish, lapho iminyaka eyisishiyagalombili akhawunti iminyaka emithathu eqa. Enye, nge isilinganiso 30/11, linikeza uhlelo lwesi-Arabhu, lapho senziwa ngesisekelo bendabuko ikhalenda Muslim.

Kusukela amakhalenda kwenyanga ayixhunyiwe ne ukuhamba kwelanga, kancane kancane washintsha kuzo ngenxa umehluko izinsuku ezingaphezu kweziyisishiyagalombili nokuba eziyishumi ngonyaka. Ngakho, lo mjikelezo ikhalenda elanga '34 oluhambisana abaneminyaka engu-35 ezinqunywa ngokuthwasa kwenyanga. Naphezu AMANGA ezinjalo, lesi simiso uhlangana nabantu abaningi, ikakhulukazi kusaqalwa ukuthuthukiswa, lapho ngabo abangu elinesimo yokuphila ayimizulane. Moon Ukwethwasa kalula esibhakabhakeni, futhi lokhu ikhalenda akudingi izibalo okuningi kuyinkimbinkimbi. Ngokuhamba kwesikhathi, nokho, lapho indima yokukhangisa ezolimo kanye namakhono zawo zazilotshiwe enganele - kwakuthatha izinyanga ngaphezulu isikhonkwane kanzima izinkathi nasekuhambeni uhla imisebenzi yezolimo. Lokhu eye yavusa ukuthuthukiswa ikhalenda welanga.

Ububi ikhalenda kwenyanga

Ngaphandle kweqiniso lokuthi ikhalenda isekelwe ngokuphelele umjikelezo ezinqunywa ngokuthwasa kwenyanga, kakhulu siyahluka nonyaka ezishisayo, anakho elinye ethile ebalulekile. Siqukethe eqinisweni lokuthi ngenxa eziyinkimbinkimbi kakhulu emzileni isikhathi lwenyanga synodic kushintsha njalo. Umehluko kulesi simo kungaba cishe amahora ayisithupha. Kumele ukuthi ukuqala kwenyanga entsha e ikhalenda kwenyanga akuyona inyanga entsha, okuyinto trudnonablyudaemo, kanye nalokho okuthiwa neomeniya - ukubukeka lokuqala kokuthwasa kwenyanga ekushoneni kwelanga. Lo mcimbi ulandela inyanga entsha emva kwezinsuku ezingu-2 noma 3. Ngesikhathi esifanayo neomenii incike inkathi, isikhathi lwenyanga kanye nendawo obuka sika. Lokhu kusho ukuthi ikhalenda ibalwa endaweni eyodwa, kuyoba ngokuphelele olungalungile kwenye indawo. On wonke, alukho uhlelo kusekelwe imijikelezo ezinqunywa ngokuthwasa kwenyanga, akakwazi abonisa ngokunembile ukunikezelana ukunyakaza wangempela izibani ebusuku.

ikhalenda solar

Ikhalenda Umlando awukwazi ibe ephelele ngaphandle kukhulunywa umjikelezo elanga. Mangisho ukuthi namuhla ifomu eyinhloko kathisha isikhathi. Kusekelwe ngonyaka ezishisayo, ehlanganisa izinsuku 365,24 ka. Ukuze wenze izibalo esinembile, ngezikhathi owethulwa eqa iminyaka, okuyinto ukuqoqa anqwabelene "isivuno sisiningi kakhulu khona" e "extra" usuku olulodwa. Kunezinhlobo ezehlukene uhlelo visokosov, okwenza izinhlobo eziningi eyaziwayo amakhalenda esekelwe ukunyakaza kwelanga. Esizoqala is ngokwesiko kubhekwe lo ngosuku ngesikhathi sokulingana kwemini nobusuku Vernal. Ngakho-ke, omunye nezidingo ikhalenda sonozungezilanga ukuthi unyaka ngamunye umcimbi kwadingeka ngosuku olufanayo.

Uhlelo lokuqala kwadingeka visokosov likaJulius. Iphuzu ayeligcizelela ababuthakathaka kwakuwukuthi iminyaka 128, wathola usuku olwengeziwe, futhi aqale ngesikhathi sokulingana kwemini nobusuku, ngokulandelana, emuva. Lokhu AMANGA wazama ukulungisa ngezindlela ezihlukahlukene. Ngokwesibonelo, Omar Khayyam ahlinzekwa umjikelezo ekhethekile engu-33, elalilisha ngalesosikhathi isisekelo sokuthethelelwa ikhalenda WasePheresiya. Kamuva, ekuthatheni isinyathelo uPapa Gregory owethulwa ikhalenda likaGregory, okuyilona elisebenzayo ikhalenda civil emphakathini wanamuhla main. Liphinde kancane kancane ukuthola usuku olwengeziwe, kodwa lokhu isikhathi sandisiwe iminyaka engu-128 ukuze 3300.

Omunye umzamo yokuthuthukisa uhlelo Julian senziwa Milutin Milankovitch. Inkulumo yakhe yayinesihloko okuthiwa i-Revised Julian Ikhalenda, okuyinto kuyiphutha ngosuku wayesenze amaphutha yazuza engu-50 000. Lokhu kwenziwa umthetho ekhethekile maqondana iminyaka wokuziphilisa (bangakwazi kubhekwe ngonyaka eqa kuphela uma division by 900 engxenyeni esele livela 2 noma 6). Ububi we-Gregorian futhi lesiBuketiwe Julian Ikhalenda lapho zinembile Kuyaphawuleka ukuthi usuku ngesikhathi sokulingana kwemini nobusuku kuba elintantayo, futhi thina kufanele njalo ngonyaka ngezinsuku ezahlukene.

Lunar Ikhalenda

Ekugcineni, thina uthinte ikhalenda solar-enqunywa ngokuthwasa kwenyanga. Ingqikithi yalo iwukuba silethe ndawonye komunye umjikelezo ukuhamba kwelanga kusukela ukunyakaza inyanga. Ngenxa yalesi kwakudingekile ukuba ngezikhathi ukuvuselela ngonyaka ngenyanga eyodwa. Wayibiza ngokuthi embolismicheskim ngonyaka. EGrisi lasendulo, iBabiloni, futhi izinyanga ezintathu ezengeziwe abangu iqondiswa iminyaka eyisishiyagalombili. Iphutha lakhe izinsuku eyodwa nengxenye phakathi naso sonke isikhathi oneminyaka eyisishiyagalombili. umjikelezo amade, njengoba umlando ikhalenda ithi, yamukelwa e China, nakuba babazi ngokufakaza naseBhabhiloni, bese kuba iGrisi. Iphutha lakhe ngosuku olulodwa iminyaka engu-219.

izinhlobonhlobo amakhalenda

Manje asikhulume ngalokho ukwahluka ikhalenda zikhona namuhla. Kumayelana design, hhayi mayelana nezici yezinkanyezi. Ngakho, kakhulu ziphoqa namuhla, tabletop, udonga kanye ephaketheni amakhalenda izinyembezi.

umklamo ikhalenda

Enye igama lolu hlobo ukushicilelwa tipografnogo - "endlini". Nakuba abanye embodiments ungase ube ukwakhiwa ezahlukene futhi kuhlanganise ukuma plastic. Lokhu kaningi, eziyingxenye esemqoka nge usekelo amapensela kanye iminyango okuyisisekelo. Iphuzu eliyinhloko ukuthi ikhalenda edeskini yakhiwa ukuze ezinyangeni ithebula atholiwe emakhasini ezahlukene ezidinga ngesikhathi esifanele Pheqa. Ndawonye ngekhalenda ngabo kakhulu eseduze ezihlukahlukene ulwazi, noma umane izithombe amahle zifakwe jikelele Igumbi nomklamo. Sebenzisa imikhiqizo enjalo ngokuvamile emahhovisi futhi sizikhandle eliqhele Ekhoneni kudeskithophu. Ikhalenda elihlala edeskini futhi livame njengesipho noma eziyisikhumbuzo.

ikhalenda Wall

Abaningi ekhishini kukhona ikhalenda enamathiselwe odongeni, umnyango esiqandisini noma umnyango. Wall amakhalenda athandwa kakhulu ngoba kulula ukusebenzisa, nokubaluleka kwayo tebuciko esikhathini sethu awenzele umhlobiso omuhle lasekhaya. Ngezinye izikhathi basuke ngokuhlanganiswa "endlini" ubuchwepheshe. Kulokhu, udonga amakhalenda, njengoba umthetho, lawo ma-albhamu abazinikele ngesihloko esithile. A umsebenzi, eqinisweni, isikhathi ukubala kubenza bangabi ngasendleleni.

Pocket ikhalenda

Lolu hlobo cishe ezivamile esikhathini sethu. Pocket amakhalenda amakhadi amancane, kolunye uhlangothi okuyinto, eqinisweni, plate ikhalenda, futhi ngakolunye - abanye umdvwebo. Isikhathi esining impela, mikhiqizo ukukhonza namabhukumaka, amakhadi ibhizinisi. Ngokuvamile bajwayele ngezinjongo zokukhangisa. Pocket amakhalenda - uhlobo amakhadi athwale umsebenzi owengeziwe. Abakwazi kalula efakwa esikhwameni sakho bese abaziphethe, ukuthatha njengoba kudingeka.

yokukhipha amakhalenda

Soviet izinyembezi-off ikhalenda ajwayelekile kuwo wonke umuntu. Uma betholakala cishe kuyo yonke imizi, kodwa manje udumo lwawo uwile kancane, nakuba zinezikhwepha namanje ovamile. Le mikhiqizo amelela incwadi real, lapho ekhasini ngalinye lwabelwe usuku olulodwa onyakeni. Uma usuku olusha, ikhasi eledlule off. Ngakho-ke, ubizwa ngokuthi silingo. Ohlangothini reverse of the Ikhasi liqukethe umbhalo othile. Njengomthetho, ngamunye kulamakhalende kuyinto ngokuzinikela ngesihloko futhi owethulayo ngaphakathi umthombo sasivumela ulwazi.

ikhalenda isonto

A amazwi ambalwa kufanele futhi kuthiwe ikhalenda zesonto ezifana nalezi, njengoba abaningi ukuza esontweni noma ukufunda isonto izincwadi, sibhekene uhlelo ezimbili zokuthola izinsuku zezenzakalo. Eqinisweni, ngaphansi ikhalenda Orthodox libhekisela abavamile likaJulius. Vele eminyakeni engaphezu kwezinkulungwane ezimbili sekuyinto ukuhambisana real-time intuthuko Astronomical isikhathi esingamasonto amabili. ISonto LamaKatolika nalo lapho eqondiswa, okuholela ukubukeka ikhalenda likaGregory. Kodwa-Orthodox ekutjhugululweni ayizange yamukelwe. Lobu-Orthodox LaseRussia, futhi izindawo ezimbalwa ezizimele, isibonelo, namanje abanamathela kwezikhathi Julian. Kodwa iningi Orthodox emhlabeni namanje waqhubeka lesiBuketiwe Julian Ikhalenda, okuyinto manje kuvumelana Gregorian.

ikhalenda Church, ngakho-ke, kunezinhlobo okungenani ezintathu. Kwamanye amazwe, ngaphezu kwalokho, amakhalenda zabo kazwelonke asetshenziswa emasontweni. Ngokwesibonelo, e-Egypt Ukuhlelwa kwezenzakalo Coptic basakaza uhlelo. Sinenkosi amakhalenda zabo nezinye izinhlangano zenkolo. Akwaziwa, isibonelo, amaVeda, Buddhist, Islamic, Baha'i nezinye izinhlangano wesikhathi uhlelo.

Mayan Ikhalenda

Ekuphetheni, amagama ambalwa ngalokho ikhalenda lamaMaya asendulo. Eqinisweni, akuyona eyodwa kodwa uhlelo ezahlukene wonke kwezikhathi. Civil ikhalenda ngonyaka ngesikhathi Mayan kwaba libalele futhi wawunezinsuku ezingu-365. Inhloso yayo eyayibalulekile ukuthi ukuhlela ukuphila epulazini. Kwakukhona futhi ikhalenda isiko, ngokuthi Tzolkin. It ngokuvamile lihunyushwa ngokuthi 'isibalo izinsuku ". He is engavamile nse oyiyo. Ngokwesibonelo, ngonyaka ikhalenda Tzolkin aluqukethanga 365 kanye 260 izinsuku. Lesi sakamuva zahlukaniswa imijikelezo ezimbili - amabini anamane trinadtsatidnevny. Izinsuku zokuqala zazinobuso igama lalo, kanti eyesibili equkethwe inombolo ye-serial kuphela. Mayan isikhathi ohlelweni nokubala kuhlanganisiwe nezikhathi njenge-tuna (izinsuku ezingu-360), katuns (20 tuns) baktuns (20 katuns). Kwakucatshangwa ukuthi inkathi enkulu e 260 katuns. Ngokuya nokubala uhlelo ajwayelekile kithi sekuyiminyaka 5125 ubudala. Disemba 21, 2012 ekutheni omunye inkathi enjalo, ebizwa ngokuthi ilanga yesihlanu, futhi waqala inkathi entsha lesithupha.