Izilinganiso zamabito ngesiNgisi: imithetho, izibonelo

Kubalulekile ukuphawula ukuthi isixhumi siyinto ehlanganiswe negama, futhi ezimweni eziningi shintsha incazelo yegama nendima yalo ekukhulumeni.

Njengomthetho, izilinganiso zamabito ngesiNgisi zihlangene namazwi athile, okudingeka ukuthi abe ngekhanda kuphela. Kodwa-ke, kunemithetho eminingi edinga ukunamathela kumakhono amakhono asemakhono.

Zingaki izixhumi ezenziwa isiNgisi?

Izilinganiso zamabito ngesiNgisi kukhona inani elikhulu, futhi zonke zinencazelo yazo. Ngakho-ke, kubaluleke kakhulu ukuwaqonda. Kudingeka ukwazi ukuthi ngokuvamile izilinganiso ngolimi lwesiNgisi zihlala zicindezelekile, kodwa ezimweni ezithile zinezingcindezi eziyinhloko kulo lonke igama.

Kubalulekile ukuqaphela ukuthi kukhona:

1. Amagama angamazwi angamazwi ngesiNgisi anesibopho sokudala amagama amasha aphethe incazelo ehlukile. Isibonelo, igama liqoqa , elisho ukuhumusha lisho ukuqoqa ngokungeza isixhumi noma , ukuthola incazelo entsha kumqokeleli , okusho umqoqi.
2. Amafomu ezakhele ifomula anesibopho sokuguqula igama kwelinye ifomu, isibonelo, esikhathini esedlule. Isibonelo, igama lokupheka , elisho ukuhumusha lisho ukupheka, uma ufaka isithinteli, uthola ifomu elidlule ngaphandle kokulahlekelwa umqondo wezwi ngokwalo ( okuphekwe-okuphekwe ). Kukhona kuphela izixhumi ezingu-5 ezinjalo.

Ukusetshenziswa kwezilinganiso, noma, i-ar

Lezi zingqinamba zamabito ngesiNgisi, njengombuso, zinamathela ezenzweni futhi zinikeze igama incazelo yomenzi wesenzo. Futhi, izixhumi , noma, i-ar ingasebenza ukukhombisa ithuluzi elenza isenzo esithile. Kubalulekile ukunikeza ezinye izibonelo ukuqonda isimo:

1. Masithathe isenzo sokudlala , okuhunyushwa kuso "ukudlala" futhi wengeze isixhumi. Ngenxa yalokho, sithola umdlali wegama, okuhunyushwa ngokuthi "umdlali". Kulesi sibonelo, ungabona umehluko uma ungeze isixhumi, ngoba igama elithi ukudlala , ukuhumusha kwakhe kwakuyigama elithi "ukudlala", liphenduke waba umdlali wesibizo, okuhunyushwa ngokuthi "umdlali".
2. Isenzo ukuqoqa (ukuqoqa) ngenkathi uneza isixhumi noma uthola incazelo "yeqoqo".
3. Uma isenzo sicela, okusho ukuthi "ukubuza", ukwengeza i-suffix ar , khona-ke leli gama lizophenduka igama elisho "umphambukisi".

Iphuzu elibalulekile ukuthi amagama afana nobaba, umfowenu, udadewabo, indodakazi , futhi abhekisela kulo mthetho, naphezu kokuthi incazelo yabo ayibonisi umsebenzi wabo. Nakuba, ngezinga elithile, lo logic ukhona lapha.

Ngokuqondene nemithetho yokubhala, kubalulekile ukukhumbula ukuthi kukhona izenzo eziphela e-consonant e . Kule ndaba, uma ungeza isigxili, incwadi eyodwa kuphela yongezwa .

Kuyathakazelisa ukuthi abahumushi bavame ukuphendulela ekuhunyushweni okuchazayo lapho behlangana nalezi zixhumi. Isibonelo, umculi wegama elivame ukuhunyushwa njengedivayisi yokuphakamisa, noma i- timer yegama ihunyushwa njengedivayisi ebala isikhathi.

Enye into ethakazelisayo yilezi zibizo ezinesisindo noma izixuku ngokuvamile zivela ngesiFulentshi noma isiLatini. Isibonelo, udokotela, umlingisi , njll.

Isihluthulelo -sisho ngesiNgisi

I-suffix ist ethandwa kakhulu, inikeza igama incazelo yesibalo somsebenzi esiqondisweni sesayensi noma sezombusazwe. Lesi sivumelwano ngolimi lwesiNgisi sifana naso "ist" yethu, esinegama elifanayo ngolimi lwesiRussia. Isijobelelo singakwazi ukuhlanganiswa kokubili izibizo nezichasiselo.

Ake sinikeze isibonelo sokubonisa, lapho lesi sixhumi sisetshenziselwa ukubhekisela kumuntu oqeqeshiwe. Isibonelo, igama elithi psyshologist , elilingana nelulimi lwesiRussia igama elithi "ingqondo kwengqondo".

Lesi sivumelwano singasetshenziswa futhi ngezinsimbi zomculo ukukhombisa ukuthi ubani owenzayo. Isibonelo, ngokuvumelana nalesi simiso, igama elingu- pianist laqalwa , okuhunyushwa ngokuthi "pianist".

Isijobelelo singasetshenziselwa ukubhekisela kumuntu onesimo sengqondo esibi ngokuqondene neqembu elithile labantu, isiqondiso emphakathini. Isibonelo esihle kakhulu salesi simo yigama elithi racist , elisho ngokuhunyushwa lisho ukuthi "ubuhlanga".

Iziqu-isiNgisi

Lesi sinxephezelo singabhekisela emvelaphi yesiLatini noma yesiGreki yegama elithile. IsiNgisi sisebenzisa lesi sixuku:

1. Ukwabiwa kobuzwe noma ukuhlala ezweni elithile. Isibonelo, isiRashiya - isiRussia, isiRashiya; Isi-Ukrainian - isi-Ukraine, isi-Ukraine; Isi-Bulgarian - isi-Bulgarian, isi-Bulgarian.
2. Lesi sivumelwano singasetshenziselwa ukubhekisela emisebenzini, kodwa lokhu kuyinto engavamile kakhulu. Isibonelo, umculi ungumculi; I-Librarian - i-librarian.

Kumele kukhunjulwe ukuthi izibizo nezichasiselo ezibonisa ubulungu ezweni elithile, ubuzwe, zihlale zibhalwa ngesiNgisi ngencwadi enkulu, kungakhathaliseki ukuthi isilwane. Lo mthetho usebenza kuzo zonke izichasiso nezibizo ezikhomba ubuzwe, futhi lawa magama angaba naluphi uhlangothi.

Kubalulekile ukuthi uqaphele ukuthi amagama angamanje namanxeba angahunyushwa ngokuthi izichasiselo.

Esikhathini sesixhumi se-suffix ian isisindo, kepha lesi sixhumi asivamile. Kodwa kufanele kuphawulwe ukuthi amagama amaningi ngokwanele akhiwa nge-suffix futhi asetshenziswe ngokubili kokubili inkhulumomphendvulwano nasenkulumweni esemthethweni.

Okungafani -kungesiNgisi

Lesi sivumelwano sinezibizo ezivela ezenzweni. Ukutholakala kwesilwane sokuthi kungabonisa:

1. Isenzo. Isibonelo, ukuhlangana - ukuhlangana, ukuhlangana - ukuhlangana.
2. Umphumela . Isibonelo, qhubeka-qhubeka, qhubeka - sebenzisa.
3. Inqubo . Isibonelo, ukwakhela ukwakha, ukwakha - ukwakhiwa.
4. Indaba . Isibonelo, wad-wadding, ukugxusha izinto.

Kodwa-ke, kubalulekile ukuqonda umehluko phakathi kwegerund, isenzo nokuhlanganyela. Konke kusetshenziselwa ekupheleni kwe- ing , kepha umehluko phakathi kwabo kubaluleke kakhulu. Ibonakala isebenza futhi inencazelo.

Isijobelelo sokusebenza, Yebo, sisetshenziselwa ukuchaza izichasiselo. Okokuqala, izichasiselo ngalesi sixuku zichaza ukuthi zibhekephi. Isibonelo, "uhambo oluthakazelisayo" luzohunyushwa njengohambo oluthakazelisayo .

Lesi sivumelwano singasetshenziswa ukukhombisa imbangela. Isibonelo, into ephazamisayo iyohunyushwa njengento edidayo .

Okungafani -ngaba, -ion, -ngesiNgisi

Eziningana zalezi morphemes zinempahla efanayo. Lezi zingqinamba zingenza kahle:

1. Ukuhamba, umphumela noma isimo. Isibonelo esicacile yisenzo sokunyakaza , okuhunyushwa ngokuthi "ukuhambisa." Uma ungeza isifungo siphenduka sibe yigama futhi sitholakale ukunyakaza okusha , okuhunyushwa ngokuthi "ukunyakaza";
2. Isixuku-isisho singasho uhlelo lokubukwa nezinkolelo. Isibonelo, ubuhlanga (ubandlululo, ubuhlanga), ubukhomanisi (communism);
3. Isixhumi - ion singabuye sibe nencazelo yesenzo, inqubo, noma umphumela. Isibonelo, i- revolution inguquko; Ukuhlukaniswa; Ukuvimbela - ukuvinjelwa. Ukuba khona kwalesi sivumelwano njalo kukhuluma ngesiLatini.

Iziqu-ziyiNgisi

Lesi sinxusa sidlala indima ebaluleke kakhulu ekutholeni ulimi lwesiNgisi, ngoba lakha amagama obunikazi besifazane. Isibonelo, umbongi wesibongo, uma efaka isisindo - isisindo , uthatha ifomu lobuqili bese ethatha ubulili besifazane, la magama ahunyushwa ngokuthi: "imbongi yombongi" noma igama elibi lendabuko - umphathiswa uba ngumphathi futhi uthathe isifungo sesifazane ngalesi sixhumi.

Lesi sinxephezelo sibizwa nangokuthi "owesifazane" isisulu ngoba ingenye yezilinganiso ezimbalwa zokubunjwa kwamabizo wesifazane.

Izinselele -zikhathi, -ukusebenza ngesiNgisi

Lezi zingqinamba zikhombisa ubudala, ubuhlobo nesimo somuntu. NgesiNgisi, ukusetshenziswa kwalezi zinxephezelo kuyinto evelele kakhulu. Isibonelo esihle salokhu ngamazwi, isibonelo, ebuntwaneni , okuhunyushwa ngokuthi "ubuntwana", umama , ekuhunyushweni okusho ukuthi "umama", ubungane , ekuhunyushweni "ubungane."

Kubalulekile ukuthi uqaphele ukuthi umkhonyovu ukhomba eqenjini elithile, elihlanganisiwe ngesici noma izici ezithile. Futhi, lesi sivumelwano singabonisa isimo sobuhlobo, isibonelo, ukubambisana , okuhunyushwa ngokuthi "ukubambisana". Kubonisa isihloko noma isikhundla, isibonelo, ubukhosi , okuhunyushwa ngokuthi "ubukhosi". Isivumelwano singachaza amakhono noma amakhono, isibonelo esicacile yigama elihle, elisho ngesiNgisi nesiRussia, elizoba nencazelo "yokugibela ubuciko".

Morphemes -ness no-

Ngokuqondene nesibambiso, kusebenza ukwakha amagama amabizo ezichasheni. Isibonelo esicacile igama elithi cuteness , elihunyushwe ngokuthi "ukuheha" lisuselwa kwisichasiselo "esikhangayo", esesiNgisi sizozwakala sengathi sihle.

Isixhumi-sithatha indima ebalulekile, ngoba ibonisa igama elinenani lekhwalithi. Isibonelo, iqiniso liyiqiniso, impilo ingempilo.

Yiqiniso, ngesiNgisi kunezinhlobonhlobo ezihlukahlukene zezinxanxathela ezahlukene ezahlukahlukene, kodwa lesi sihloko sibonisa ukuthi sisetshenzisiwe kakhulu.