Izibonelo aromorphosis ezitshalweni nasezilwaneni

Aromorphosis - kuyinto izinguquko oluhambelana eziphilayo zenzeka phakathi kwemvelo ophilayo, zibaluleke jikelele futhi okuhloswe ngayo ukwenza ngcono inhlangano, okwandisa ubungqabavu.

Inani Inani aromorphoses

I aromorphoses ukuvela kubalulekile umzabalazo khona. Izinto eziphilayo lapho izinguquko olunje, babe eseziqonda kakhudlwana izimo zemvelo ungakwazi kahle imvelo entsha. Aromorphosis isibonelo noma yiluphi ushintsho kwemvelo, okuholela ukubukeka, amaqembu amasha okuqhubekayo kwezicubu.

Ukwakhiwa aromorphoses kuyinqubo ethatha isikhathi futhi lihlotshaniswa kokuhlukana sitholwa njengefa. Ngaphezu kwalokho, ukubaluleka e ukuvela izakhiwo entsha izidalwa eziphilayo kuyinto kwemvelo, ukusinda lapho ngaphezulu ingashintshwa eziphilayo. Sinenkosi amandla bokuphila okuningi ukulwa zavela futhi ahlinzeke inzalo ngaphezulu nge izakhiwo ewusizo ukuthi zize zidlulele esizukulwaneni esilandelayo.

Singasho ukuthi kuyinto ebaluleke aromorphosis inqubo morphophysiological. It kuholela ngaphezulu eziphilayo eziyinkimbinkimbi, okuyizinto lencike kancane zezemvelo.

Aromorphoses izitshalo

izinguquko Progressive ejwayelekile izimila. Basitshela hhayi kuphela ukuthuthukisa izici morphological, kaningi kunokuba "aromorphosis" igama elisetshenziswe igama elithi "arogenez", okusho ukuthi "umsuka".

Ukuvela izinhlobo ezahlukene ulwelwe lihlotshaniswa inhlanganisela ezahlukene izakhiwo morphological kanye nekhono photosynthesize, kodwa yengubo yangempela abanayo, ngakho basuke kubhekwe eyinhloko zasemanzini eziphilayo (izinguquko obuphathekayo benkolelo yazo ezindaweni isakhiwo sabo azitholakali).

Uma usho nezibonelo aromorphosis, abaluleke kakhulu kusengathiwa kwamangqamuzana kwezicubu, okwaholela ukuvela eliwumhlaba izitshalo ephakeme. I bakudala iningi labo - ke wona, njengoba kwamangqamuzana lamaseli sekudlule kahle kulezi izitshalo, impande sishoda, futhi amahlumela zinezikhathi isakhiwo bakudala.

Ngakusasa aromorphosis thi okwakubaluleke ngokufanayo division of umzimba isitshalo ukuphunyuka, yena kanye impande. Esikhathini esizayo, iyiphi izitshalo spore, okuhlanganisa ezinjengohlinzamfuku, horsetails futhi wona club, kodwa asenawo akukho mbewu sporophyte ikhulela-embryo yoke, okuyinto kancane differen. Njengoba ukuvundisa idinga amanzi, kuba ngezinga elithile kukhawulela izitshalo spore okwandile.

Izibonelo ezitshalweni aromorphosis

Uma sikhuluma izinguquko ezinkulu isakhiwo kanye nesakhiwo izitshalo, kufanele sikhumbule umnyango Gymnosperms, elimalungu alo benezingane eziningi aromorphoses:

• banawo ovule, okuyinto eba endosperm (gametophyte female);
• kukhona impova okusanhlamvu ziqhume tube impova; gametophyte besilisa kwakhiwa; ukuvundisa ayidingi amanzi;
• lezi izitshalo zinembewu sakhiwa lwegciwane kahle umahluko futhi endosperm, okuyinto umthombo izakhi sokuthuthukiswa umbungu.

Ukuze imbewu izitshalo ngowenye angiosperms. Bona sekukhona esikhathini Jurassic. Izibonelo aromorphosis lokhu umnyango izitshalo ezilandelayo:

• zazinjalo evaliwe carpel ovules (the pistil);
• Kukhona "lolo" ekhethekile - umpe perianths ezinikeza entomophily - impova esebenzisa izinambuzane, okuyinto libhekene ukunemba inqubo ohlotsheni oluthile lwento ephilayo ethize nokuvumela khona izimila eziningi ezihlukahlukene;
• angiosperms libhekene umbungu esakeni kanye isakhiwo okuvumela ukudlula kokukhulelwa double.

Kufanele kuqashelwe ukuthi leli qembu izitshalo kuhlanganisa mayelana 250 zinhlobo futhi isendleleni intuthuko begazi. Ngakho, angiosperms amelwa eziphilayo ezahlukene (ukuthi izihlahla, izihlahla, imivini, utshani, abameleli zasemanzini), okuyinto njalo ngcono mayelana Isakhiwo nemisebenzi ezingxenyeni ngabanye.

izinguquko kwemvelo kule nokwakheka kwezilwane

eziphilayo Eukaryotic, eyayibonakala libhekene uhlobo heterotrophic kwamandla emenza isikhunta nezilwane. Eyokuqala yalezi kukhona eziphilayo owumphumela ukuthi akudingeki izicubu. Ngo kwenkathi Proterozoic avele ezinamangqamuzana amaningi izidalwa ezilwane ezingenamgogodla. Izilwane bakudala abaningi abanengxenye babeneminyaka kabili ungqimba, isibonelo Coelenterates. Izibonelo aromorphosis izilwane kuleli qembu - ungqimba elimbaxambili futhi umzimba embryo yoke, esakhiwa amashidi ezimbili - i-yi-ectoderm futhi endoderm.

Ngakusasa ngcono ezinkulu isakhiwo kwaba ukuvela phakathi lwegciwane ungqimba - the mesoderm, okuyinto sokucasuka izicubu kwamangqamuzana futhi ukuvela isitho izinhlelo (worms flat and nxazonke). Aromorphosis kulandela ukuvela iyonke - ngalo ingaphakathi yesibili, lapho umzimba izilwane waqala ukuba kuhlukaniswe.

Ukuba protostomes bakudala (isib Annelida), okuyinto wayevele parapodia (esitho bakudala) kanye homonomous umzimba ihlukene. Izibonelo aromorphosis elafika kamuva, - ukubukeka heteronomous umzimba izingxenye nasemilenzeni jointed (kokuba Arthropoda). Ekuqaleni le Devonian waphuma ezweni izicabucabu nezinambuzane baye babhekana aromorphosis sina - ukuvela ulwelwesi sombungu.

Evolution deuterostome

Ukubukeka la magciwane notochord, neural tube, le-aorta besisu, bese inhliziyo zaholela ekwakhekeni of uhlobo olusha - chordates. Esikhathini esizayo, izinhlanzi eba visceral futhi Axial skeleton. Ngakho, beye baligcina khona Nogebhezi lwawo kanye emhlathini Yekhanda.

Ngo izinhlanzi bony Samnika eziningi aromorphoses ezibalulekile (kwezimila yamaphaphu yazibonakalisa lezi vele) ukuthi emenza izilwane zasemhlabeni.

Athuthukise amniotes, eyayintula ulwelwesi ezintathu-embryonic. Laba bameleli be-lokuqala yabo ezihuquzelayo steel. Ziyakwazi esizimele emanzini, kodwa ngenxa yokuntuleka kunyatheliswa avaliwe zazingeke zikwazi ukulawula lokushisa emzimbeni njalo, okwaphumela nokuqothulwa ekupheleni the Mesozoic.

iimbonelo aromorphosis - ukubukeka egcwele ukwahlukanisa phakathi ventricles enhliziyweni. Kungenzeka, ukuze zehlukanise phakathi kwegazi, okuholela ukubukeka izilwane ezinegazi elifudumele, kamuva atholwe ikhono fly. kwavela Ngakho isigaba Birds.

Aromorphoses ezaholela ukuvela ezincelisayo

Ngesikhathi ezihuquzelayo esincelisayo-like ekugcineni wakhula forebrain Nenkabazwe athuthukile cortex, kwakukhona inhliziyo emine chambered, wathatha zokunciphisa lwaleli yomthambo i-aorta. Ngaphezu kwalokho, kwavela izilwane ezincelisayo ngenxa ukubukeka ossicles sokuzwa, ijazi futhi kwamangqamuzana mammary amazinyo e-alveoli. Isibonelo esilandelayo aromorphosis ezincelisayo - ukubukeka placenta futhi ukuzalwa bukhoma.

Ngakho, ukupha amathole ubisi, intuthuko eqhubekayo kwamaphaphu, ubuchopho, isimiso sokujikeleza kwegazi, kanye nezinye izindawo eziningana lapho aromorphoses - kubangela waba ukwanda okukhulu kwezincwadi ezingeni jikelele wenhlangano izilwane ukuvela eziphilayo ephakeme.

I last aromorphosis abalulekile kungenziwa ngokuthi ukwanda ubuchopho okhokho babantu (epimorphosis). Namhlanje, Homo sapiens Iyakwazi ndawo oluhambelana ukuthi kukho kumvusele ukubonakala noosphere. Kulokhu, izwe organic liye langena enkathini entsha - psihozoynuyu.

Ngamafuphi, kufanele kusho ukuthi aromorphoses ezinkulu kuholele ekuthatheni izindawo ezintsha kanye ukuvela ezintsha izici ezikhethekile ukuthi ukudlala indima yokuhola inqubo yokuziphendukela kwemvelo.