Izazi zemvelaphi nenhlalo yabantu - ke ... Isayensi Anthropology. izazi zemvelaphi nenhlalo yabantu eqaphelekayo

Anthropology - isayensi okuthakazelisayo evumela umuntu ukubheka esidlule zabo nezigaba samanje yokuziphendukela kwemvelo, kanye ufunde mayelana nomlando abantu ehlukene namaqembu ezinhlanga. Yingakho izazi ezivelele kungaba ngokuvamile ngeke eyaziwa kahle kakhulu, kodwa likufanele kakhulu ukunakwa. Thina sibheke ezinye zazo.

Carlos Castaneda

Mhlawumbe umuntu oyisazi edume kakhulu American. Carlos Castaneda - hhayi nje usosayensi, kodwa futhi engumlobi abanamakhono owadala umlando nezimfundiso shaman Indian. Umsebenzi wakhe ngeke kukhonjwe ukuba uhlobo oluthile - i zamagama ezincwadi, Psychology, ethnography nezimfihlakalo. Ezinye definition Castaneda isetshenziswa izazi zemvelaphi nenhlalo yabantu manje hhayi kuphela - okungukuthi, ngokwesibonelo, welithi "izindawo kwamandla" noma "umhlangano iphuzu". Carlos yena laphefumulelwa emibhalweni Aldous Huxley, kanye nezithombe wabelaphi sendawo Lima, lapho isikhathi nomkhaya wakhe babehlala. Ngaphezu kwalokho, esiyingini sakhe kukhona abayizinkulungwane ingxoxo ethakazelisayo imibono ukuthi kukhona kungenzeka amaphupho izinhlelo. Ngo-1959, Castaneda waphothula ekolishi nge wezengqondo diploma in 1960 Ufake University nge ezinkulu e-anthropology, lapho kakhulu waziphatha ngitadisha izinhlanga yayo ezithakazelisayo. Ngaya eMexico, futhi Arizona. Isihloko imisebenzi yesayensi Castaneda ukusetshenziswa izitshalo hallucinogenic ngoba umuntu enze imicikilisho yokushiswa Shamanic amaNdiya.

Ezhen Dyubua

ngokuvamile Izazi babe ongoti kwezokwelapha. Ngakho, umDashi Ezhen Dyubua, kodwa waba iphayona of Pithecanthropus, engudokotela lempi. Nguye wathola izingcezwana skull we skeleton ebusweni nangokuzwa femurs zilwane, okuzokwenza kamuva zihlolwe njengoba omunye wokhokho yomuntu. Quest Pithecanthropus ehamba esiqhingini Java kanye Trinil imivubukulo okuphindaphindiwe kwenziwe kwaba nemiphumela efanayo, futhi ekhatsi Leiden, lapho abavubukuli baye futhi wakwazi ukuthola amathambo. Ngokuthakazelisayo, ucwaningo akazange athathe Dubois ababemzungezile izazi zemvelaphi nenhlalo yabantu. Kwakubonakala isinqumo engavamile kakhulu futhi impikiswano. Paleoanthropology kuphela kwezokunyathelisa, futhi imvelaphi yomuntu iye insufficiently wafunda. Elinye iqiniso engavamile - Dubois yabonisa ugebhezi ongoti isiFulentshi, kodwa ngemva kokudla kwakusihlwa, ukhohlwe sikhwama sakhe nalokho okutholwe ku yokudlela. Ngenhlanhla, esebuyile - uma kungenjalo okungenzeka balahlekile i mshini ezibalulekile.

Rudolf Virchow

Anthropology - isayensi imisuka womuntu, ogxile kumbiwa nokuhlaziya izingxenye ezitholakele lwamathambo amathambo. umbono ngamunye, eqinisweni, yilokho kuphela Ukuqagela, ngakho imiphumela angaba. Ngakho, uRudolf Virchow adumileyo waphika ukuthi kungenzeka ukuba khona Pithecanthropus futhi Neanderthal, ukujivaza imiphumela etholwe abacwaningi. Lokhu kwaba nethonya eliphawulekayo ukuthuthukiswa yesayensi, kodwa ngomqondo ongemuhle. izazi zemvelaphi nenhlalo yabantu Okuphawulekayo ngaso sonke isikhathi walalela imicabango yabantu ozakwabo, futhi okwashiwo Virchow ayikwazanga kungaqashelwa. Wacabanga ukuthi amathambo Neanderthal - uhlala eliwumkhehlekhehle umuntu ebhasha ngokwengqondo. Ithola ezihlobene Pithecanthropus, wathola amathambo endoda a Gibbon. Ngokuvamile, kunenkolelo yokuthi amadoda wezinsalela zamandulo Kungenzeka, kodwa ukuba yahlulele lutho amathambo atholakala akukwazi ngenxa yobudala kanye nezinguquko sokugembula. Washiya uphawu lwakhe Virchow nemivubukulo. Found de Sautuola emhumeni imidwebo Paleolithic wabiza manga ngamabomu, okuyinto behlisa ekutadisheni lesikhumbuzo lasendulo yobuciko eSpain iminyaka eminingi.

Gustav Koenigswald

Kuyamangaza ufunde mayelana nendlela izinto kancane ngezinye izikhathi kungaba ngokwanele ukuyisebenzisa ukwenza ukutholakala izazi zemvelaphi nenhlalo yabantu ezinkulu. Lokhu kungaba insalela ithambo noma amazinyo nje. Yaba ngesisekelo zakamuva imisebenzi yesayensi usosayensi German Gustav Koenigswald. Esikhathini namazinyo kusukela Chinese bamakhemikhali izitolo kanye imivubukulo Java, wachaza Meganthropus futhi Pithecanthropus. ucwaningo yaKhe, kujulise isifundo Ezhena Dyubua. Ngo ngamazinyo izitolo ezenza imithi e-Hong Kong wakwazi ukusungula khona entsha uhlobo Peking Man, elingaziwa kubo ososayensi ngaphambili. Phakathi kwezinye izinto, wachaza Ngandong hominids, owawusebenza Java nabaseNingizimu China. Ngaphezu abantu ngatadisha wezinsalela zamandulo orang-utan.

Leakey umndeni

Ngezinye izikhathi anthropology lomuntu lizwakala hhayi usosayensi olulodwa, kodwa lonke uhlanga lwamakhosi ongoti. Faces abazalwane nomfazi omunye wabo, izingane nabazukulu bezifundo - emkhayeni izazi zemvelaphi nenhlalo yabantu ababefunda izinsalela Kenyan, uhlala ka kwezinkawu hominids eMpumalanga Afrika. Louis noMariya wayesebenza esikhumulweni Olduvai Gorge, noRichard watadisha Lake Turkana. Ngenxa incazelo Leakey umndeni kwezinhlobo eziningi njengoba okhokho babantu, futhi wezinkawu wezinsalela zamandulo. Tholile main kwaba kokutholakala Australopithecus eMpumalanga Afrika, kanye kokutholakala "abantu abanekhono." Babé isixhumanisi phakathi archanthropines futhi Paranthropus boisei, okwenezela iketango kwemvelo.

Mikhail Gerasimov

Umuntu oyisazi, umqophi wemifanekiso umvubukuli ezivela eRussia waba neqhaza elikhulu ekuthuthukiseni isayensi. indlela yakhe yokubuyisela ukubukeka komuntu uhlala esetshenziswa kabanzi namuhla. Kakade eyishumi nantathu Michael wayesebenza esikhumulweni Museum yokwakheka, futhi 18 babhala isihloko esihle yisayensi ngezingozi ekumbeni Palaeolithic. Kuyo yonke le minyaka, Gerasimov idale engaphezu kwamakhulu amabili zomlando emifanekisweni ekumeni. Yiqiniso, anthropology - isayensi umsuka indoda ngokuvamile, kodwa futhi ethize ngabanye kanye nezici zabo kuwele ngaphansi izimfuno zawo. Ngakho-ke, ukwakhiwa kabusha ukubukeka Ivana Groznogo, Yaroslava Mudrogo futhi Fridriha Shillera sibaluleke kangaka. Ngaphezu kwalokho, le ndlela ikuvumela ukudala izithombe zabantu lasendulo - Australopithecus, Pithecanthropus, Neanderthal. Ukuqalisa kuhilela ukuqoqwa impahla oluyiqiniso. Gerasimov okuye kungase kutholakale okusobala isakhiwo amathambo izicubu zomzimba ezithambile ngesisekelo okwadala umsebenzi wokuvuselela izakhiwo. Kuyathakazelisa ukuthi uma nozakwethu wanquma ukuhlola Gerasimov wamnika Yekhanda, ngaphandle ecacisa ngoMnikazi walo. Wakwazi ukuhlela ukubonakala namaMelanesia, owawungumnyaka kucishe isithombe - ugebhezi walethwa ngesikhathi uhambo Maclay.

Sergey Gorbenko

Njengoba kushiwo ngenhla, ngokuvamile zesayensi yendabuko - abangodokotela, kanye ngokuthi uchwepheshe Russian - iyathinteka. Gorbenko abaqeqeshiwe endaweni yokucwaninga Institute Maclay, okuyinto efundisa indlela of kabusha Gerasimov. Wavikela PhD yakhe ukubhala kabusha ukuma Yaroslav Osmomysl. I impumelelo main kwaba ukusebenza ekumeni eziningi ka Knights medieval French iNkosi uLouis XI, kanye namanye amaqhawe aziwayo umlando naleso sikhathi. Okwamanje, washeshe wahileleka anthropological ucwaningo izingebhezi kusukela Cleary San Andre.