Iyini i-dyslexia? Dyslexia Ezinganeni: Izimpawu kanye Ukwelashwa

Abantu abaningi basuke bengazi ukuthi yini i-dyslexia. Kodwa bakhona labo abaye mathupha ukuzwa nge lesi sifo ethile, esizibonakalisa ukungakwazi kahle ikhono lokufunda. Dyslexia ezinganeni kuzibonakalisa kumanaphutha kubangelwa ukugula noma sihoxisiwe imisebenzi ngokomqondo, nokwagcina banesibopho inqubo yokufunda. Ukwephulwa lingatholakala noma azalwa naso, ebonwe nezingane ezikhubazekile bokusungula nezingane nge intelligence kuyinto eyamukeleka ngokuphelele. Lokho i-dyslexia, kubangelwa, izimpawu, izinhlobo nezindlela zokuqeda uzokutshela esihlokweni.

omsakazo

Ngokuvamile lesi sifo esingokwemvelo, okungukuthi, ekuqaleni bakha amakhono okufunda angahleliwe. Dyslexia ezinganeni kulokhu ngenxa yezizathu begazi. Ingane e utero kungenzeka okulimala ebuchosheni, isimiso sezinzwa entailing Ukuwohloka. Ngenxa yalokho, izingxenye zobuchopho obangela imisebenzi ngokwengqondo ezihilelekile ekwakhekeni kwemakhono eKufundza ahlupheke.

Ukulahlekelwa noma sokuphazamiseka ekuqaleni kahle kwakheka amakhono kuwumphumela umthelela izici zezenhlalo kanye ngokomqondo, nokwagcina zihlanganisa ukunganakwa ezemfundo, ukuntuleka oxhumana izwi hospitalism syndrome nokunye okunjalo. Dyslexia ezinganeni esikoleni ingase ukuthuthukisa uma ibekwe phezu kwabo nabaqashi abafuna okungaphezu ku ukufunda nokubhala, ukuqeqesha ngokushesha okukhulu kakhulu. Kulokhu, ingane kukhona isimo maladjustment ngokwengqondo. Ngokuhlanganyela kwezimo ezingezinhle kwezenhlalo, lokhu kusho iziyaluyalu ukuvela ezifana dyslexia kanye dysgraphia. Ezinganeni, idatha disorder eminyakeni yamuva ngokuya ekukhanyeni.

symptomatology

Amaphutha lapho ufunda - akusiwona kuwukubonakaliswa lesi sifo. Ochwepheshe cabanga ngenkinga ngokunabile, ubuye futhi ukhuluma mayelana izimpawu zokwelapha, okuyinto zivame ukuhambisana dyslexia. Izimpawu, isibonelo, zihlanganisa encephalasthenia, infantilism ngemilingo. ukwephulwa eqondile amakhono ukufunda kuboniswa moshini we umsebenzi inkulumo futhi inani elikhulu amaphutha ahlukahlukene. amaqembu amaningana ungabahlukanisa phakathi kwabo:

• ukuxuba futhi esikhundleni of nabonkhamisa umsindo mkhombe efanayo;
• Yomiselela izinhlamvu imidwebo efanayo;
• permutation baphawula / ngokungeza amaqoqo ezinhlamvu izincwadi, isb ukuhlanekezela umsindo-syllabic isakhiwo;
• izinkinga ngamazwi wesifundvo sekuvisisa, imisho, umbhalo, singekho ukwephulwa of amasu ukufunda ;
• agrammatism, isibuko ukufunda.

indlela Clinical nezingokwengqondo

Ukuze uzwisise ukuthi yini i-dyslexia, kufanele ucabange ngezindlela ezahlukene. Ngakho ngokuvamile, lesi sifo kwenzeka ezinganeni systemic sezinzwa uhlelo iziyaluyalu (ehlasela umzimba wonke, ukusebenza, zendawo, organic). Lezi zingane ahlupheke ukwehluleka lokunye imisebenzi yengqondo ephakeme, unezinkinga ukuzinza nekulawulwa ukuhamba izinqubo engqondo. Kanti nezingane ziyakujabulela unezici sokugembula we sphere ngokomzwelo: nobuthakathaka ukucabanga ngamazwi okunengqondo ngokuhle isithombe-okubonakalayo, lithathelwe evamile ezimweni zansuku zonke, kuhlanganise maladjustment esikoleni nokunye. Izingane enganele ngamazwi inkumbulo kusilela ihluzo namakhono ezibukwayo.

Abacwaningi abaningi baye exhumene sifo nokuthuthukiswa obanele we nolukhulunywayo nokufundwa ubunzima phakathi izici okukhulunywe izinhlangano zvukobukvennyh nokungathuthuki, kanye ukwephulwa of emagama ifonotiki. Izingane unobunzima ukusungulwa ikhodi ukuxhumana (bemisindvo) futhi awukwazi ukushintsha kule nqubo. Ngenxa yalokho, baye wanciphisa ukuhileleka yobuchopho.

Ukuba yingcweti Ukufundwa

Ukudlala umsindo uhlobo izwi, ngokusekelwe izithombe zakhe ingcaca - lokhu ukufunda. Lokhu inqubo buyinkimbinkimbi isakhiwo okuphambene kuya incwadi. Lapho sibhala, incazelo ecacile izinhlamvu zamagama, kuthi lapho sifunda, siyaqonda incazelo ngokusebenzisa bezibona izinhlamvu.

Ngo inqubo kokufunda bazibandakanye rechesluhovoy, rechezritelny, Speech Analyzers. Ukuze ufunde, udinga ukuhambisa amehlo akho, uthole phambili (antipatsiya) futhi ukuze ubuyele emuva (Regression). Uma ikwazi ukuhamba ngenkululeko ukhawulelwe umbhalo iso, inqubo Ukufundwa siphukile, ngoba bezibona izwi senzeka ngqo ngesikhathi nenkanuko edlulele, okungukuthi, lapho amehlo ayeke emgqeni. Isibalo fixations kuxhomeke endleleni emagama latayelekile, isakhiwo zabo nokunye. N. izinhlamvu isenzo izwi njengoba inkomba amaphuzu. Lapho sifunda, ke thina cha perceive zonke izincwadi, kodwa evelele kuphela.

ngezigaba

Ngokusekelwe ezimali imisebenzi ukwephula lapho kufundwa, baye kwabelwe izinhlobo ezahlukene zokugula. Ake sicabangele ngayinye yalezi zinkulumo ngokuningiliziwe.

1. dyslexia Optical

Izimpawu yaleli fomu itholakala lokuthi izingane angeke ngokunembile ukubona isithombe ingcaca futhi ezala tibonwa, ukuze basuke unenkinga nge ukufunda izinhlamvu. Izingane ukudida izincwadi ukuthi abe ukufana sokuqhafaza, futhi ayikwazi ukuhlukanisa phakathi izici zawo-optical. Lezi zingane azikwazi zamagama ezibukwayo kanye nokuhlaziywa.

2. Lwati dyslexia

Lesi sifo lihlotshaniswa nokungathuthuki we lwemisindvo uhlelo imisebenzi, ezinye zazo yilezi:

• Eyingqayizivele - ikhono correlate nge inhlanganisela ethile phonemes umqondo lapho ushintsho eyodwa noma ukulandelana phoneme amayunithi uhlelo umsindo kubangela ushintsho incazelo;
• kwamangqamuzana sluhoproiznositelnyh - ikhono lokuhlukanisa phonemes articulatory futhi acoustically;
• lwemisindvo ukuhlaziywa - ikhono babeka lamagama phonemes zabo abamelwe.

ngokuvamile Izingane unobunzima sluhoproiznositelnyh kwamangqamuzana futhi ukuhlaziywa kwemisindvo. Esimweni sokuqala, kubonakala kudida acoustic-articulatory imisindo efanayo, ukufunda izinhlamvu, nongwaqa sihamba ngesikhathi confluence yabo, permutation imisindo kanye amaqoqo ezinhlamvu. Esimeni sesibili, izingane unobunzima definition:

• khona noma ukungabi khona umsindo;
• uzwakale indawo izwi (ekuqaleni, maphakathi, ekupheleni);
• Okokuqala / zokugcina umsindo;
• ukulandelana umsindo;
• inombolo ephelele imisindo;
• indawo umsindo ku izwi ngokuphathelene nezinye (angomakhelwane) umsindo.

3. Agrammaticheskaya dyslexia

Ngokuvamile leli fomu kwenzeka ezinganeni nge jikelele inkulumo iziyaluyalu. Sibangelwa nokungathuthuki ka ngokuvamile syntactic kanye morphological lwetakhi telulwimi uhlelo inkulumo. Izingane nge lesi sifo ngo-inqubo kokufunda ushintsho esimweni eziyimpumelelo kanye nenani kahle emabito, tiphawulo, futhi bavumelane emabito okungalungile ubulili, icala, inombolo, shintsha ukuphela abajwayelekile tabito, amafomu, izinhlobo nalesitako.

4. semantic dyslexia

Iseluleko zalezi zinkinga kudinga indlela ukuhluka kuka kwezinye izimo, ngoba lolu hlobo disorder libhekene nezinkinga futhi aqonde okuqukethwe langempela futhi okushiwo umbhalo, nakuba kuba ngokomthetho umfundi ofunda umbhalo ngendlela efanele. Ukuhluka ukwephulwa:

• ukufunda nge amaqoqo ezinhlamvu, lapho ingane njalo lukhuluma emalunga, kodwa awukwazi sihlanganise wawayisa lonke okunenjongo, futhi ngaleyo ndlela ngeke ukuncela ulwazi ngenkathi ufunda, okungukuthi, zikhona eziyinkimbinkimbi zvukoslogovogo zamagama;
• ukufunda amazwi egcwele, uma ingane ayikwazi ngokucacile ukwethula ubudlelwane syntactic ngaphakathi umusho, okungukuthi, wonke amazwi ebona hhayi ngokuhlanganyela amazwi angomakhelwane kanye yedwa;
• inhlanganisela nabantwana bami ababili bokuqala ongakhetha lapho ufunda amaqoqo kulandele ukungaqondi okushiwo ukumelwa usongene of ubudlelwano syntactic emishweni.

5. mnesticheskimi dyslexia

Lokhu ukuhlukumeza kubangelwa izinkinga zokukhumbula ngamazwi, ngenxa lapho umntwana likuthola kunzima lapho kumiswa ubudlelwano phakathi isithombe okubonakalayo izinhlamvu nemisindo. Schoolboy awukhumbuli incwadi, esikhundleni lapho ufunda kwezinye, udidekile.

6. Okuthintekayo dyslexia

I ukuphazamiseka lolu hlobo esivamile kulabo abayizimpumputhe. Uma ufunda abantu abanjalo ungasebenzisi ezibukwayo ukuqonda futhi sensorimotor uhlelo (funda ngenxa emizweni ethintekayo). Nokho, ucwaningo lubonisa ukuthi izingane abayizimpumputhe ne-dyslexia e izindlela zabo akuhlukile inkulumo iziyaluyalu ezisuka kusukela izingane ababonayo. Lapho disorder ethintekayo, inkinga main - kokunikezwa kwe-incwadi kokubonwa izinhlamvu zeBraille (usosayensi French necebo ifonti ethintekayo kubantu abayizimpumputhe). izingane Blind ebukhoneni dyslexia ngamagama ukufunda ulahlekelwe, ukudida izinhlamvu ngokuvamile ungamqedeleli kuze kube sekupheleni izwi bese uzama ukuqagela it. Ngesikhathi ukwephulwa okufanayo uma kususwa iminwe ngalezi zingane luhambisane yokuphula ngesikhathi eye movement kwenzeka ezinganeni ababonayo abaphethwe nenkinga efanayo (bona kuyagcinwa ngemehlo Ukujikeleza senhlekelele, ekuhlehleni njalo).

Dyslexia: ukwelashwa

Ukwephulwa kungaba yingozi impilo yonke, kodwa abanye abantu uphathe ukuthuthukisa amakhono okufunda sokusebenza. Nokho iningi dyslexics edingekayo ekukwati kufundza nekubhala ezingeni akakaze ufinyelelwe. Ukuze uthuthukise isimo, kubalulekile ukuba ulungise ngokugcwele yonke inqubo yemfundo. Izingane nge lesi sifo adinga ukusebenzisa izindlela nenkhulumombiko yokufundisa izwi ukuqashelwa kanye kumiswa amakhono ukwehlukanisa izingxenye emazwini. Emfundisweni eqondile usebenzisa ubuchwepheshe ekhethekile ifonotiki, okungezona kahle ukufunda. ukuqeqeshwa ongaqondile kuhilela ukusetshenziswa nohlelo olukhethekile, okuyinto by amasu athile ifonotiki bangafunda ukufunda

Ukuqedwa dyslexia senziwa ngezindlela ezahlukene. Ngokuphatha ingane ngayinye kufanele aphathwe ngamunye. Ngakho-ke, umuntu akukhetha indlela ehilela ukufunda ngokushesha nje wonke amagama nezinkulumo, kodwa othile amasu ekahle olusebenzisa uhlelo phezulu for yokufuna amakhono okufunda, lapho ingane siqale sifunde ukuba ngiziqonde amayunithi umsindo, bese lamagama inikeza. Futhi kunconyiwe ukwelashwa okukhethwa kukho lapho isenzo Kwenziwa ngokushesha kwi izinhlobo ezahlukene izitho sezinzwa. Njengoba for ukwelashwa kwezifo noma ukusetshenziswa zokwelapha ezifana ukuqeqeshwa optometric nokunye okunjalo, ukusebenza kwabo kuze kube manje ayizange lawo.

Ekuphetheni

Abazali abaningi bayesaba ukuthi izingane zabo uxilongwe ne-dyslexia. Ngesizathu esithile abantu abaningi bakuthola lokhu zokugula lokugula ngengqondo. Nokho, akunjalo. Izingane kokuba ukuphazamiseka ezinjalo ngokuvamile ziveza amakhono lokukwazi kweminye imikhakha, ezifana physics, mathematics, umculo, imidwebo. Ngakho-ke yini i-dyslexia? Inkinga ... noma isipho? Cabangisisa ngaphambi kokuba uphendule.