Isakhiwo unyawo njengophawu ukuphelela yokuziphendukela kwemvelo zomzimba womuntu.

bipedalism kwemvelo ukwenza izingxenye eyingqayizivele lwamathambo omuntu, esingeyena analogue phakathi kwezicucu ezifanayo skeleton ukuze nabanye abameleli jikelele silwane. Okokuqala, lishintsha ukuma yomgogodla, esangenza umuntu kumelwe bahlale ime mpo ngenhlonipho ebusweni ukunyakaza kwakhe. Futhi okwesibili, ubunjalo, unikezwe umthwalo njalo onyaweni lwamathambo unyawo ishintshile, kangangokuthi umbelethisi, esikhundleni salokho, akazange asibone ukukhathala ngenkathi bhushuzela emi. Daily ukwenza noma yisiphi isenzo motor ne iqhaza ezingalweni nasemilenzeni ephansi, umuntu ngandlela-thile ubeka ingcindezi bonke isisindo ayo kule nokwakheka ezibonakala usengozini futhi ezincane. Isakhiwo unyawo kunzima kakhulu emvelweni, njengoba unit kwesakhiwo iqukethe inqwaba amathambo, nemisipha, amalunga, futhi mncane kakhulu, kanye ezahlukene izici zayo obusebenzayo kwemisipha. Skeleton lapha, njengoba ngempela kunoma iyiphi enye ingxenye yomzimba kukhona amathambo yakha ukubukeka esasenza unyawo. Njengoba ezandleni nasemilenzeni engenhla, futhi ngezinyawo, kukhona umnyango ezintathu ezibalulekile.

1. WaseTarsu. Ngakho-ke ingxenye exhumanisa esikhulu amathambo ijabulise of emkhawulweni esiphansi kanye esihle. Ngokusho isakhiwo sabo histological amathambo tarsal kungenziwa labizwa ngokuthi isiponji nge osayizi kufushane kakhulu. Sekukonke, zikhona amathambo eziyisikhombisa ezincane waseTarsu, lapho ngobukhulu ezibhekwa ukushayisana futhi calcaneus. Abanye, okungukuthi, ezintathu nhlonhlo emise, cuboid futhi amathambo navicular of Ubukhulu yabo kukhona kakhulu kunabayeni nabantwana bami ababili bokuqala. Isakhiwo ngezinyawo ikakhulukazi ukuthi unakho inani elikhulu emalungeni articular phezu elincane. Astragalus nge tibia amathambo ukwakha i ngokuhlanganyela iqakala. Amathambo esele okuvela kuyo le unyawo lomuntu nakho axhumene nge ezinye amalunga omzimba.
2. Hock. Kuyingxenye ephakathi amathambo predplyusnievymi futhi phalanges ezinyawo. Metatarsals ahlelwe kancane distal kusuka ezintathu nhlonhlo-okwenyanga bese ithambo cuboid. Ngo amathambo plyusnievyh emithathu esiyingqopha-mlando: ikhanda, okuyinto uxhuma nabo nge phalanxes, umzimba kanye base yokuxhuma lezi zakhiwo yokwakheka ngamathambo encane tarsal amalunga omzimba.
3. Phalanges. Ziyakwazi ngokuvamile ezintathu, hhayi kuhlanganise umunwe lokuqala, lapho kukhona phalanges ezimbili kuphela. Lona kuphela ingxenye isitaki, okungaba izimisele futhi unbent, ngaphandle kucatshangelwa ngokuhlanganyela iqakala, okuyinto kwesigamu amathambo umlenze.

Isakhiwo unyawo unesinye isici esithile, futhi konke sibonga ime mpo wonke umzimba. Nokho, Iqiniso lokuthi eksisi longitudinal we unyawo itholakala cishe ngesikhathi engeli ilungelo eksisi eqonde ngqo phezulu wesabelo proximal yezingalo nemilenze ephansi, ithambo endaweni abekho indiza efanayo njengoba ezinye zazo yakha longitudinal, kanti enye ingxenye yaba lwaleli transverse. Ingxenye ngilugweda ematheni zibheke ngezinyawo, kanye convex - ebusweni ezingemuva, ngokulandelana. Lesi sakhiwo unyawo inikeza springiness, kuyaqina kanye olubushelelezi ka Gait. Lapho esephumule, umuntu enempilo kwisitezi uvalwe othinte ithambo isithende (nasegqumeni layo) nenhloko amathambo metatarsal. Yonke enye into okungukuthi eduze emhlabathini kwezicubu ezithambile senyawo. Kuleli qophelo, okungukuthi, ngesikhathi ukuphumula, lwaleli asekelayo, okumelelwe ebusweni elingaphandle unyawo, lithinta phansi, futhi onqenqemeni okuphambene kwangaphakathi iphakame kancane kusukela phansi kanti uba iqabunga entwasahlobo (entwasahlobo iqembu isethi). Phakathi uhambo lwaleli likufahlaze entwasahlobo iqembu, it uphindela endaweni yalo, kanjalo ukuthambisa isinyathelo ukuze sinciphise esisindo onyaweni uqobo.