Iphayiphu yegesi e-Ukraine eya eYurophu - uhlelo kanye nomzila

Ukufakwa kwegesi nokusetshenziswa kwayo kwaqala ezikhathini zasendulo. ERussia, umlando wemboni yegesi uqala ngo-1811 ngenxa yomsunguli wezitshalo zokushisa i-thermolamps uPeter Sobolevsky. Isikhathi sidlulile, imboni yathuthuka. Kwaqalwa okuningi kokufaka imali, futhi kwaphakama umbuzo mayelana nokuhamba kwegesi kubasebenzisi bokuphela. Phela, lolu hlobo lwamafutha alusetshenziswanga ngaphakathi kuphela ezweni, kodwa futhi lunikezwe ukungenisa eYurophu. Ngenxa yokuthi inzuzo enkulu yayihamba ngamapayipi, kwakhiwa igayipi legesi kulo lonke elase-Ukraine.

Umlando wepayipi kagesi e-Ukraine

I-Ukraine iphinde ithuthukise izimali zayo. Iphayiphi yokuqala yegesi yakhiwa ngo-1924. Emva kwalokho, ngo-1948, "Dashava-Kiev" yadalwa, kamuva wanikelwa eMoscow (ngo-1951). Lokhu kungukuthi, kwakungeyona i-Ukraine eyayizihlinzekela nge "uphethiloli oluhlaza okwesibhakabhaka", kodwa iRussia yazinikela ezweni. Ngemva kwalokho, igesi yaqala ukuthunyelwa emazweni aseYurophu. Nakuba i-Ukraine inezibambiso zayo, iningi lamafutha aseRashiya lisetshenzisiwe.

Ukuqhuba ipayipi legesi e-Ukraine eya eYurophu

Ukuhamba kwephethiloli yokuqala kwenzeka ngo-1967. Kwakuyilapho leyo mpahla yegesi eya eYurophu ngokusebenzisa i-Ukraine "Valley - Uzhhorod - umngcele waseNtshonalanga" yasungulwa e-USSR. I-Union Republic iye yaba yizwe elikhulu kunazo zonke emhlabeni wonke. Kungani u-Ukraine okhethwe ukuthunyelwa kwamagesi? Okokuqala, ngoba i-Unified Gas System yakhiwe ngaphansi kwe-USSR. Isizathu sesibili kwaba ukuwohloka kwesimo sezomnotho esifundazweni - uhlanga lwempi, ukutshala izimali ku-MIC nokuphikisana neChina benza bazizwa.

Ngama-1970, intengo yamafutha negesi emakethe yomhlaba ahlangene ngokujula. Lezi yizona izimpahla i-USSR ezazihlinzeka ngokushesha, futhi izinsiza zezimali zingalungisa isimo sezomnotho. Kwabe sekuphakanyiswa izinketho ezimbili zokuhamba: i-Ukraine kanye neyunifomu. Owokuqala wayecabanga ukuthi umgwaqo wegesi uvela e-Ukraine, owesibili - kuwo wonke ama-republic amanyene emngceleni waseYurophu. Inketho ngayinye yayinezinsizakalo zayo, kepha iqembu elixhasa uhlaka lokuqala lunesisindo esikhulu kuhulumeni wase-USSR. Babengabaholi ababesebenza isikhathi eside e-Ukraine, noma bevela kuwo - uBrzhnev, uChernenko, uScherchitsky, Tikhonov, uKirilenko. Ngaphezu kwalokho, i-republic yayinesisindo esikhulu emnothweni we-USSR. Ngenxa yalokho, umzila wamaphayiphi owela e-Ukraine wawubekwa ngisho nangaphandle kwezinga lokuhamba okungenani.

Ukwakhiwa kwe-system gas yokuthutha kwe-gas

Ngemva kokuwa kwe-USSR, i-former Soviet Union yaba umnikazi we-system enkulu yokuthutha i-gas (GTS). Ukugeleza okuyinhloko kwempahla kudlula iphayiphu yegesi eYurophu nge-Ukraine, okuyivumela ukuba iqondise izimo ezithile emazweni angenisa amazwe naseRashiya.

Ukuhamba kwegesi ezweni elizungezile akuyona nje ubude obukhulu bamapayipi amakhulu. Lokhu kunamamitha amaningi, ama-storages, iziteshi ze-compressor. Bonke bafeza indima yabo ekubuyiselweni nasekuthuthweni kwegesi. Ukuze uqonde ngokucacile indlela umgwaqo wegesi owela ngayo e-Ukraine nokuthi yiziphi amaphuzu ezithintekayo ezihilelekile, kungcono ukubona uhlelo lwawo. Ekuboneni kokuqala, akunzima, kepha uma ubheka ngokuningiliziwe, ungabona kokubili amapayipi namapayipi wokusabalalisa.

Izingxenye eziyinhloko zepayipi legesi enkulu

Iphayipu yegesi e-Ukraine idlula emadolobheni amaningi nasezindaweni zokuhlala. Okuyinhloko kunezici ezibalulekile njengeziteshi ze- compressor. Uhlelo lwepayipi legesi e-Ukraine linamaphuzu angama-72. I-GTS ihlanganisa nezindawo zokugcina ezingu-13, ezingu-12 ezisetshenziswa ngokugcwele. Amamitha afakiwe afakiwe. Kuneziteshi ezingu-12 zokulinganisa igesi emngceleni waseRussia, kanye ne-11 GIS emngceleni namazwe aseYurophu.

Yonke le mishini neziteshi zilawulwa yiKkrgaztrans yenkampani namagatsha ayo aseKiev, eLviv, Cherkassy, ePrykarpattya naseDonbas. I-storages lapho igesi iqhutshelwa khona e-Ukraine ukuze kuqhutshekwe ukuthuthwa nokusabalalisa okuqhubekayo kuseNtshonalanga yezwe, eDonbass, ezindaweni zaseKiev naseChernigov, naseDnepropetrovsk.

Uma ubheka loluhlelo bese ubona ukuthi leli bhilidi legesi liyagijima kanjani e-Ukraine, ungabona ukuthi lena akuyona ipayipi elilodwa elula amakhilomitha ayizinkulungwane eziningana. Lena inethiwekhi yonke yamagatsha nokuxhuma ngamaphuzu okusiza.

Ukuthuthwa kwegesi eYurophu nge-Ukraine

Njengoba igayipi eliyinhloko legesi elalisetshenziswa yi-Ukraine lokuthutha lakhiwe e-USSR, ngemuva kokuwa kwezwe, izibopho zomnotho zahlala. Kuze kube manje, ukuhamba kwegesi kwenziwa ngezindlela ezilandelayo:

• Orenburg - umngcele osentshonalanga.
• Urengoy - Pomary - Uzhhorod.
• IYamburg - umngcele waseNtshonalanga.
• I-Torzhok - i-Valley.
• Isigodi u-Uzhhorod.

Zonke zihlangene noma zigijima ngokufanayo kwezinye izingosi. Futhi uma sikhuluma ngokujwayelekile mayelana nendlela umgwaqo wegesi owela ngayo e-Ukraine, sizothola imifudlana emibili eyinhloko. Owokuqala kubo ngu "Urengoy - Pomary - Uzhgorod", okuyizwe elihlangene ne "Intuthuko". Owesibili yi-Soyuz, eqala ensimini yase-Orenburg futhi yiyona ndlela eyinhloko yamapayipi okuthunyelwa kwe-USSR. Ukukhuluma ngokuqinile, akukho uhlelo olulodwa oluqondile oluzobonisa ukuthi i-pipeline yegesi igxila kanjani e-Ukraine. Imikhakha emikhulu yokuthunyelwa kwamanye amazwe yiyona ndlela iSoyuz, Friendship, Progress kanye ne-Urengoy-Pomary-Uzhgorod.

I-Soyuz Gas Pipeline

Leli bhilidi laseRussia eline-Ukraine lalisulwa kusukela e-Orenburg kuya emngceleni osentshonalanga we-USSR. Kwabizwa ngokuthi "i-Union". Lokhu kwakukwakhiwa okuhlangene kwamazwe ahlangene - iPoland, eCzechoslovakia, eHungary, eBulgaria, i-GDR kanye ne-USSR - ngo-1975-1976. Ngalo, igesi lihanjiswa kusukela ensimini yase-Orenburg kuya emazweni aseNtshonalanga Yurophu. Umthamo wayo ungama-26 billion cubic metres ngonyaka.

Ukuze uqonde ukuthi umgwaqo we-Soyuz gas uphelela kanjani e-Ukraine, kubalulekile ukucabangela ibalazwe kanye nohlelo. Imizi eyinhloko yi-Orenburg, i-Uralsk, i-Alexandrov Gai, iKremenchuk, i-Dolyna ne-Uhhorod. Emngceleni waseRussia nase-Ukraine, isiteshi sokulinganisa igesi iPisarevka (insimu yeRussian Federation) ifakwe, ngemva kwalokho igesi elibhalisiwe lihamba ensimini ye-Ukraine.

Ngaphezu kwamadolobha angenhla, umgwaqo omkhulu udlula ngaphezulu. Bonke bahlome iziteshi ze-compressor, eziqinisekisa ukusebenza okujwayelekile kwesistimu. Lawa angamaNovyopskov, uBorovy, Pervomaiskoye, Matveyevka, Aleksandrovka, Talnoe, Gaisin, Bar, Gusyatin, Bogorodchany, Khust. Ngokusebenzisa iziteshi zokulinganisa igesi "iBerehovo", "Tekovo" kanye ne "Uhgorod" uphethiloli unikezwa eRomania, Hungary naseSlovakia. Edolobheni leBar, umgwaqo omkhulu uxhuma ngemifudlana "Urengoy - Pomary - Uzhgorod" ne "Intuthuko".

Iphayiphi yegesi "Urengoy - Pomary - Uzhgorod"

Eqinisweni, lokhu akuyona ipayipi elilodwa legesi, kodwa ukuhamba kwemigwaqo emikhulu. Iphinde ibandakanye ipayipi legesi le-Progress. Ukwakhiwa kwaqalwa kusukela ensimini yaseUrengoy. Yakhiwe ngokubambisana namabhange aseJalimane, eJapane, eFrance - akhiphe imali yokubolekwa kokuthenga izingxenye ezidingekayo. Le phrojekthi yasungulwa ku-JSC "Yuzhniigiprogaz" (iDonetsk). Ukuthengwa kwamapayipi emigwaqweni emikhulu eKhartsyzsk Pipe Plant, amapayipi nemishini - kusukela kubakhiqizi abahola phambili bezwe baseYurophu nase-United States. Ukwakhiwa kwaqedwa ngo-1983.

Leli phaya legesi e-Ukraine linamakhilomitha angu-1160 ubude. Ungena ensimini yezwe ngokusebenzisa isiteshi nesiteshi sokulinganisa "Sudzha". Lo mzila wephayiphu yegesi e-Ukraine udlula iziteshi ezingu-9 ze-compressor emadolobheni eRomny, Grebinka, Sofiyivka, Stavishche, Ilintsy, Bar, Gusyatin, Bogorodchany, Volovets. EYurophu, igesi iphuma esiteshini sokulinganisa "u-Uzhhorod".

Umthamo womgwaqo omkhulu wokuthutha amafutha yi-28 billion cubic metres ngonyaka. Leli gayipi elinamandla kunayo yonke e-Ukraine kuze kube manje.

Amapayipi kagesi ethuthuka

Ukwakhiwa kwengqalasizinda kagesi kwaqedwa ngo-1988. Umzila wephayiphu yegesi e-Ukraine uzohambisana nokugeleza "Urengoy - Pomary - Uzhgorod". Umthamo wayo ungama-26 billion cubic metres ngonyaka. Iqala ensimini yeRussia kusukela e- Yamburgskoye deposit. Ubude buyi-1160 km ensimini ye-Ukraine. Kuneziteshi ezingu-9 ze-compressor emgqeni omkhulu, ohlinzeka ngezokuthutha kwegesi eYurophu.

Iphayiphi yegesi yeDruzhba

Kancane okungaziwa ngaye. Leli bhilidi legesi liqala kusuka ePunga, eduze nomngcele ne-Ukraine lidlula eKursk nase-Ostrogozhsk. Ukusuka eRussia, igesi ishiya umgwaqo omkhulu ngokusebenzisa isiteshi sokuhambisa igesi "Valuiki", ishukuthela eKiev futhi okuqhubekayo ihlukanisa zibe imifudlana eminingi. Omunye wabo uya eNtshonalanga Ukraine, owesibili - emngceleni waseMoldova. Esikhathini esizayo, imigwaqo emikhulu esuka ku-Ukhta eya ePunga yaqedwa, futhi isuka ensimini yase-Ukraine nayo yenziwa ngezitimela zasePisarevka naseSobarovka. Futhi iphayiphi ngokwayo ayisho lutho noma kwi-website yeNaftogaz noma kwi-website ye-Gazprom. Izingosi zalo zaqedwa futhi zaqanjwa kabusha.

Ukuthunyelwa kwe-Export "Shanyisa eNyakatho"

Umzila omkhulu wendiza yegesi uhamba emadolobheni aseBovanenkovo, u-Ukhta, uTorzhok, uDolina, u-Uzhgorod. Umgwaqo omkhulu udlula emngceleni we-Ukraine ngeBelarus. Isiteshi se-gas metering esingenayo sisendaweni yaseBelarus - GIS "Mozyr". Uma uqaphela ukuthunyelwa kwe-Torzhok - Dolina site, kuyoba yi-90s, kanye ne-Bovanenkovo-Ukhta line-2012.

Engxenyeni ye-Ukraine ukusakaza "Ukuduma kweNyakatho" kuhlukaniswe izigaba ezintathu. Owokuqala kubo "iTorzhok - Valley". Ekupheleni kwalesi sigaba, igesi isabelwe kabusha. Owesibili yi "Valley - Uhhorod". Umthamo wayo ungama-17 billion cubic metres ngonyaka. E-Uzhgorod, igesi liphinde lahlelwa kabusha futhi liwela esigabeni sesithathu - u-Uzhgorod-Beregovo. Unyaka kulo mgwaqo omkhulu unamagesi ayizigidi eziyizinkulungwane ezingu-13.

Amanye amapayipi amachiza angaphandle

Njengoba sekukhulunywe ngenhla, umgwaqo wegesi owenziwe nge-Ukraine wuhlelo lwenethiwekhi olugcwele lwamapayipi axhuma abahlinzeki, abasebenzisi bokugcina, amaphilisi wokulinganisa nokusabalalisa. Ngakho-ke, kufanele sikhulume ngamapayipi amachiza asele ahamba ngayo eya eYurophu. Lezi yi Komarno-Drozdovichi, Khust-Satu-Mare, Ananiev-Tiraspol-Ishmael noShebelinka-Izmail. Umthamo wabo wonke ama-34 billion cubic metres ngonyaka.

Ukwakhiwa kwephayiphi entsha yegesi "South Stream"

Izenzakalo zezombangazwe zakamuva zibonise ukuthi i-pipeline ye-gas engaphandle kwe-Ukraine ayiyona indlela enokwethenjelwa kakhulu yokuthutha amafutha emazweni aseYurophu. Ngaphezu kwalokho, ukuphazamiseka nokuqhuma kwemipayipi yegesi, ikakhulukazi emigqeni ebaluleke kakhulu "Urengoy - Pomary - Uzhgorod", "Soyuz", "Intuthuko" iye yaba njalo. Ngakho-ke, amapayipi aklanyelwe futhi akhiwe nxazonke, ngokusebenzisa ezinye izifunda.

Enye enjalo yiSouth Stream. Umzila wepayipi legesi e-Ukraine ngeke uhambe. Izodlula ngaphansi koLwandle Olubomvu ngokuqondile eRussia. Ekuqaleni, kwakuhlelwe ukuyiqhuba ngokusebenzisa indawo yezomnotho yaseTurkey. Kodwa mayelana nokufakwa kweCrimea kuya eRussia, lo mqulu uhlelwe kabusha. Uzohudulwa ngaphesheya kweHlufu LwaseMnyama lase-Peninsula. Leli bhilidi legesi lizovumela iRussia ukuthi ingathembeki kuma-intermediaries ase-Ukraine kanye nesimo sezombangazwe nezomnotho ezweni futhi kuqinisekiswe ukuhamba kwegesi egcwele emazweni aseYurophu.

Isimo kuze kube yimanje ukuthi i-Ukraine kuzodingeka isebenzise kuphela imali yayo futhi ilahlekelwe inzuzo emisebenzini yokuhamba. Ngokushesha nje lapho kuqaliswa iphrojekthi entsha, iRussia izokwazi ukunciphisa izimpahla zegesi ezweni layo elingumakhelwane, okuzokwenza le nqubo ingabi nzuzo kwezohwebo. I-Russian Federation yizwe elingenakunikwa i-ultimatums.