Imisebenzi Gorky: uhlu oluphelele. Maxim Gorky: imisebenzi ekuqaleni romantic

Isikhova i-great umbhali Russian Maxim Gorky (Peshkov Aleksey Maksimovich) wazalelwa March 16, 1868 ku Nizhny Novgorod - Wafa Juni 18, 1936 ku Gorki. Lapho esemncane, "Ngaya abantu", ngamazwi akhe. Waphila kwaze kwafika futhi kanzima, waselala emijondolo phakathi wodweshu, ezidukayo iphazanyiswe ucezu esikhethiwe isinkwa. Wabamba ahamba ingxenye enkulu yensimu, wavakashela Don, e-Ukraine, e-iVolga esifundeni, eNingizimu ye eBessarabia, eCaucasus and eCrimea.

ekuqaleni

Imatasa nemisebenzi sezenhlalo nezombangazwe wona kaSigonyela ngokuphindaphindiwe. Ngo-1906 waya kwelinye izwe, lapho waba yimpumelelo ukubhala imisebenzi yabo. Ngu-1910, Gorky baduma, umsebenzi wakhe Sinesithakazelo esikhulu. Ngaphambili, ngo-1904, saqala ukuhamba izihloko ezibucayi, bese ethi "Omunyu". Imisebenzi Gorky osopolitiki nesithakazelo futhi abaqavile emphakathini. Ezinye zazo nomuzwa wokuthi umbhali kakhulu khulula awukudla izenzakalo ezenzeka kuleli zwe. Konke wabhala Maxim Gorky, usebenzela yemidlalo noma Tindzaba lesibonwa, tindzaba letimfisha, noma indaba multi-, eyathinta futhi ngokuvamile ehambisana nobutha imiboniso emelene nohulumeni. Phakathi 1st neMpi Yezwe, umbhali wathatha isimo sokuma obala anti-lezempi. Revolution kuka-1917, unyaka wahlangana ngomdlandla, futhi efulethini lakhe Petrograd yaphenduka abeze osopolitiki. Ngokuvamile, Maxim Gorky, omisebenzi yakhe zithinta imbulunga ngokwezihloko, owazenza izibuyekezo umsebenzi wakhe siqu ukuze ugweme ekuchazweni.

phesheya

Ngo-1921, umlobi wathumela phesheya ukuze elashwe. Phakathi neminyaka emithathu, Maxim Gorky wahlala e Helsinki, ePrague nase-Berlin, wathuthela e-Italy, wahlala Sorrento. Wabe eseqala ukushicilelwa Umlando wakhe mayelana Lenin. Ngo-1925 wabhala inoveli "I Artamonov Lebhizinisi". Zonke imisebenzi Gorky ababengamaphayona ngaleso sikhathi bangena politicized.

Buyela Russia

1928 waba eyakwenza washintsha Gorky. Ngesikhathi isimemo Stalin, waphindela eRussia futhi kulo lonke uhamba inyanga umuzi ngomuzi, ukuhlangana nabantu, bajwayelane izimpumelelo umkhakha, amawashi ukwakhiwa njengoba sezenhlalo eba. Khona-ke Maxim Gorky kwesokunxele-Italiya. Nokho, ezinsukwini ezizayo (1929), umlobi waphinda ukuza Russia nase sikhathi wavakashela Solovki i Special Purpose Camp. Izibuyekezo ngaleyo ndlela eshiya omuhle kakhulu. Kulolu hambo Gorky okukhulunywa Alexander uSolzhenitsyn e inoveli yakhe "The Gulag Archipelago."

Ukubuya sokugcina umbhali eSoviet Union wazalwa ngo-October 1932. Kusukela ngaleso sikhathi Gorky uhlala wangaphambili inxuluma Ryabushinsky ku Spiridonovka, at dacha kwakhe Gorki, futhi uya eholidini eCrimea.

Okokuqala iCongress of Abalobi

Ngemva kwesikhathi esithile, umbhali uthola oda yezombusazwe Stalin, ngubani wamphathisa ukulungiswa Congress 1st of Soviet Abalobi. Ekukhanyeni lesi sicelo, Maxim Gorky kudala amaphephandaba ezintsha eziningana nomagazini, ukhiqiza uchungechunge lwezincwadi ngomlando namafemu Soviet, impi yamaqembu esizwe esisodwa nezinye izenzakalo nenkathi yamaSoviet. Ngesikhathi esifanayo wabhala play "Yegor Bulychev Nabanye", "sifinyelela nabanye." Abanye imisebenzi Gorky, zalotshwa ngaphambi they zazisetshenziswa ukulungiswa Okokuqala iCongress of Abalobi, eyaqala ngo-August 1934. Ngesikhathi Congress, ikakhulukazi ziqondiswe ngezinto eziphathelene nokusebenza kwenhlangano, wakhethwa ubuholi esizayo we-Union of Soviet Abalobi, wadala izigaba etemibhalo ngohlobo. imisebenzi Gorky sika azinake ngesikhathi Congress 1st of Abalobi Nokho, wakhethwa engusihlalo wesigungu. Sekukonke, lowo mcimbi kubhekwe yaphumelela, futhi Stalin mathupha wabonga Maksima Gorkogo ngomsebenzi wakhe elithelayo.

ukuthandwa

Gorky, omisebenzi yakhe eminyakeni kubangelwa izingxabano ebabayo phakathi nezazi, wazama ukuthatha iqhaza ezingxoxweni yezincwadi zakhe futhi ikakhulukazi lokudlalwayo. Ngezikhathi ezithile umbhali ukuba ube khona enkundleni yemidlalo, lapho zizibonele ukuthi abantu akakushalazeli umsebenzi wakhe. Ngempela kwabaningi umlobi Maxim Gorky, omisebenzi yakhe ziqondwa kumuntu ovamile, baba wokuba umbhidisi impilo entsha. Theatre izethameli waya show izikhathi eziningana, ngayifunda ngiphindelela le ncwadi.

Imisebenzi yokuthoma romantic Umunyu

umsebenzi komlobi zingahlukaniswa izigaba eziningana. imisebenzi Gorky bokuqala kukhona romantic, ngisho isihawu. Abazange wazizwa rigidity yokucwaswa zezombusazwe, okuyinto ukuba afuthwe ngesibulali izindaba kamuva futhi amanoveli umbhali.

umbhali wakhe wokuqala indzaba lemfisha "Makar Chudra" - uthando Gypsy iyadlula. Akunjalo kudlula ngokushesha ukuthi "uthando selidlulile", kodwa ngoba sathatha omunye ebusuku kuphela, ngaphandle touch olulodwa. Ngahlala uthando ngigeza ngaphandle kokuthinta umzimba. Bese ukufa wentombazane ebulawa othandekayo ushonile esiqhoshayo. ePhalamende lwamaGypsy, kulandele yena loiko zobar - ngomkhumbi ndawonye esibhakabhakeni, bebambene ngezandla.

Indaba kakhulu, Amazing amandla lelandzisako. Indaba "Makar Chudra" kwaba iminyaka eminingi lwentando Maksima Gorkogo, anazo ziza kuqala yonke 'emisebenzini ekuseni ka Gorky. "

Umlobi umsebenzi okuningi ezinezithelo ebusheni bakhe. Imisebenzi yokuthoma romantic Umunyu - uchungechunge izindaba, izinhlamvu ababe Danko, Sokol, Tchelkache nabanye.

Indaba emfushane mayelana ukuphakama esingokomoya sabantu kwenza uzibuze. "Chelkash" - indaba ovamile, ethwele okusezingeni eliphezulu umuzwa tebuciko. Escape ekhaya, vagrancy, iyathinteka ubugebengu. Umhlangano ezimbili - owodwa wahlanganyela angenanhlonipho, kwelinye icala ehamba phambili. Umona, ukungathembani, ukuzimisela Ukuthobela othobekile, ukwesaba Ukuthobela UGavrilă kuqhathaniswa isibindi, ukuzethemba, uthando enkululeko Chelkash. Nokho umphakathi Chelkash ayidingi, kunokusebenza UGavrilă. bokubanga zothando zithandelana ezibuhlungu. Incazelo yesimo indaba nalo izulu iveli zothando.

Endzabeni "Makar Chudra", "Old Isergil" futhi ekugcineni, ngo "INgoma Falcon 'wazilandela ngokunembile nogqozi" nobuhlanya onesibindi. " Umlobi ubeka izinhlamvu ezimweni ezinzima, bese, ngaphandle logic, ebaholela lokugcina. Izihloko nemisebenzi ezithakazelisayo yomlobi omkhulu, ukuthi indaba akuqinisekile.

Umsebenzi wobuciko Gorky "Old Isergil" inezingxenye eziningana. Uhlamvu indaba yakhe yokuqala - indodana ukhozi kanye nowesifazane, Larry oneso ethulwa zobugovu lumenze imizwa ephakeme. Isizwa Maxim ukuthi nakanjani kufanele ukhokhe into wathatha abanye beveza disbelief ethi "singathanda ukuhlala bathinteka." Abantu wakwenqaba, wagwetshelwa isizungu. Ukuziqhenya Larry kwaba yingozi kuye.

Danko engengaphansi nabazidlayo, kepha ukhuluma nabantu uthando. Ngakho-ke ukhiqiza nenkululeko okudingekayo ukuze nimkholwe esizwe. Naphezu kosongo doubters ukuthi uyakwazi ukuhola yesizwe ihlathi sasendulo, umholi abasha uyaqhubeka indlela, edonsa abantu kanye. Futhi lapho zonke amabutho isafa, igusu akugcini, Danko waklebhula esifubeni, wakhipha inhliziyo esivuthayo amalangabi yakhanyisa indlela ezaholela ukuba ukuhlanzwa. Abantu bakubo owayengenakho ukwazisa, obalekayo ukuze inkululeko, hhayi ngisho bheka bebheke Danko, lapho efike waphelela khona. Abantu wabaleka, wagijimela wanyathelwa amalangabi inhliziyo futhi crumbled izinhlansi okwesibhakabhaka.

imisebenzi zothando ka Gorky washiya uphawu ongenakucimeka wokulingwa enhliziyweni yami. Abafundi ukuzwelana heroes, le Ukungaqiniseki ngesakhiwo igcina kwadambisa isimo esasishubile, siphetfo ngokuvamile ezingalindelekile. Ngaphandle imisebenzi romantic ka Gorky kuhluke zokuziphatha lejulile avulekile, kodwa kwenza uzibuze.

Isihloko kwabantu inkululeko yabo obusa emisebenzini ekuseni somlobi. Heroes of Gorky inkululeko-nothando futhi bangaziphatha ngisho ukulungele anikele ukuphila kwakhe ngenxa ilungelo lokukhetha ikusasa labo siqu.

Inkondlo "Ukufa kanye Maiden" - sibonelo esigqamile wokuzidela egameni uthando. Young, egcwele izophila kuyinto nokufelwa, obubodwa lothando. Nanguya balungele ngisho nokufela ngaphandle ukuzisola ekuseni, kuphela sibonane nge intandokazi yakho.

King, obheka yena onamandla onke, dooms intombazana ukufa kuphela ngoba, eza emuva empini, ucasukile futhi akakuthandanga wakhe hleka bajabule. Ukufa kokululama Love, yena wayesaphila futhi "Skinny nge scythe," nekasele ke akunamandla.

Romanticism futhi ekhona "INgoma Stormy Petrel." inyoni Proud imahhala, kuba sengathi kuhlangene umbani abamnyama, wabanjwa phakathi grey ethafeni kolwandle kanye namafu ulenga phezu kwamagagasi. Ake isiphepho Kugqashuka namandla, inyoni abanesibindi ilungele ukulwa. A penguin kubalulekile ukufihla fat umzimba ku amawa, unesikhundla sengqondo ezahlukene maqondana isiphepho - kungakhathaliseki izimpaphe kanjani ofakwe.

Man emisebenzini Gorky sika

Special, Psychology ezicashile Maksima Gorkogo kuyisici esihlupha bonke izindaba zakhe njalo unikwa indima esemqoka kulo muntu. Ngisho umalalepayipini abangenamakhaya, flophouse izinhlamvu, futhi ethulwa umbhali njengezakhamuzi ihlonishwe, naphezu lenhlupho akuyo. Indoda okukhulunywa ngayo imisebenzi Gorky ukubeka phambili, nakho konke okunye kuyinto yesibili - zezenzakalo ezichazwe, isimo sezombusazwe, ngisho izenzo zikahulumeni kukhona ngemuva.

Gorky Novella "Ukukhuluphala"

Umtloli utjela indaba impilo yomfana Aleshi Peshkova, sengathi egameni lalo. indaba Cheerless iqala kokufa kukayise kwakhe nasekufeni likamama kuphelile. Kwesobunxele uyintandane, umfana wezwa kumkhulu wakhe, ngemva kosuku umngcwabo kanina: "Awuyena indondo entanyeni yami hang kwakungafanele futhi ... Hamba-ka ukuthi abantu ...". Lomhlambi.

Ngakho uphela umsebenzi wokuhlekwa "Ukukhuluphala" Gorky sika. Futhi phakathi kwaba eminyakeni embalwa yokuphila endlini kakhokho wakhe, ukuncika indoda omdadlana, ababevame ngoMgqibelo ngibabhambabula bashaywe ubani kwaba ntekenteke kuye. Umkhulu eliphansi in amandla kuphela abazukulu bakhe, abahlala endlini, ukushaya backhand zabo, ngokubeka ebhentshini.

U-Aleksey Ros, kusekelwa nonina, endlini hung obukhulu inkungu zobutha zonke ngokumelene zonke. Omalume balwa bodwa, sesatshiswa kumkhulu wakhe ukuthi zizishaya nabazala baphuza, nomkabo asikwazanga okubeletha. Alyosha wazama bebangabangani abafana endaweni, kodwa abazali babo nezinye izihlobo abekade ubuhlobo obunjalo kuyinkimbinkimbi noyisemkhulu, ugogo nomama ukuthi izingane bakwazi ukukhulumisana kuphela ngokusebenzisa imbobo ocingweni.

"I-Lower Ngokujula"

Ngo-1902, Gorky waphendukela ngesihloko zefilosofi. He qamba ukudlala ngabantu, ukudalelwa wehlela phansi umphakathi waseRussia. izinhlamvu eziningana, abakhileyo indlu Doss, umbhali sketched i ngokuqiniseka elishaqisayo. Maphakathi eyibhalela abantu abangenamakhaya on the esengozini yithemba. Othile ukucabanga ngokuzibulala, omunye ethemba ukuthola okungcono. Umkhiqizo Maxim Gorky "I-Lower Ngokujula" - isithombe esicacile nokungalondeki emphakathini nasemakhaya emphakathini, ngokuvamile iphenduka ibe usizi.

Umnikazi Doss-indlu Mihail Ivanovich Kostylev uhlala futhi akazi ukuthi ukuphila kwakhe njalo kusongelwa. Umkakhe Vasilisa uncenga omunye izivakashi - Vaska Pepel - ukubulala umyeni wakhe. Lokhu uphela isela Vaska ubulala Kostyleva futhi uya ejele. Zonke ezinye izakhamuzi indlu Doss lisaphila isimo oxokozelayo zokudakwa nokulwisana wezimpi ezalandela.

Ngemva kwesikhathi esithile, kukhona abathile Luka wamacebo kanye KWABASETHESALONIKA. Yena "igcwalisa", abajikijele, kuyinto izingxoxo ezinde, uthembisa ikusasa ngokungakhethi ujabule futhi ekuchumeni okuphelele. Khona-ke Luka esenyamalala, abantu ngeshwa ubani wakhuthaza, at ukulahlekelwa. Kube yadumala ezinzima. Amane abangenamakhaya, wethiwa umlingisi wazibulala. Abanye Awukude ke.

Doss endlini njengoba iwuphawu kwasiza ekuxazululeni inkinga umphakathi Russian ekupheleni kwekhulu XIX, isifo oda okwakusobala nomphakathi.

Ukudala Maksima Gorkogo

• "Makar Chudra" - 1892. Indaba yothando nobuhlungu.
• "Umkhulu Arkhip futhi Lenka" - 1893. Isinxibi ogulayo bomuntu omdala, naye umzukulu Lenka, osemusha. Umkhulu Okokuqala hhayi ukumelana okubi futhi lufe, efa ke umzukulu. Abantu abalungile wangcwatshwa ezingozini zomgwaqo.
• "Old Isergil" - 1895. izindaba eziningana isalukazi mayelana ubugovu wedwa.
• "Chelkash" - 1895. Indaba mayelana "i isidakwa inveterate, futhi ohlakaniphile, isela sibambe."
• "Abashade Eagles" - 1897. Indaba mayelana ambalwa engenabantwana oshadile banquma ukusiza abantu abagulayo.
• "Konovalov" - 1898. Indaba kanjani esitokisini walengiswa Aleksandr Ivanovich Konovalov, owaboshwa ngoba vagrancy.
• "Foma Gordeev" - 1899. Tale of izenzakalo ekupheleni kwekhulu XIX, eyaqala emzini iVolga. Mayelana umfana okuthiwa uThomas, ngubani owakholwa uyise isigebengu fabulous.
• "AmaFilisti" - 1901. Indaba a izimpande yamaFilisti izitayela ezintsha yesikhathi.
• "Ezansi" - 1902. play olunamandla nezokusigcoba ngabantu abangenamakhaya abaye balahlekelwa ithemba.
• "Umama" - 1906. Roman on isihloko inhliziyo wamavukelambuso emphakathini mayelana izenzakalo ezenzeka ngaphakathi kwemboni yokukhiqiza, iqhaza amalungu omkhaya othile.
• "Vassa Zheleznov" - 1910. A play mayelana nowesifazane oneminyaka engu-42 ubudala obusha, umnikazi we nkampani lokuthumela, eqinile futhi enamandla.
• "Ukukhuluphala" - 1913. Tale of umfana elula akusiyo ntofontofo.
• "Tales Italy" - 1913. Uchungechunge tindzaba letimfisha ngokuphila emadolobheni Italian.
• "I Passion-cheeky" - 1913. Indaba okuncane mayelana nomndeni ngokujulile bangajabuli.
• "Abantu" - 1914. Indaba mayelana gofer ngendlela nemfashini izicathulo esitolo.
• "Amanyuvesi Kwami" - 1923. Tale of Kazan University kanye nomfundi.
• "Blue Nokuphila" - 1924. Indaba mayelana amaphupho kanye fantasies.
• "Artamonov Lebhizinisi" - 1925. Tale of izenzakalo ezenzeka efektri nokwelukiweyo izindwangu.
• "Ukuphila Klim Samgin" - 1936. Imicimbi ekuqaleni XX leminyaka - Petersburg, eMoscow, ngothango.

Ngamunye afunde indaba, indaba noma inoveli, eshiya umbono we art okusezingeni eliphezulu etemibhalo. Izinhlamvu uphethe inqwaba azifani nezici. Ukuhlaziya usebenza Umunyu kuhilela izici esibanzi izinhlamvu balandela ngokwehlukile. I of elandisayo ukujula organically kuhlangene nedivaysi kunzima kodwa kuyaqondakala etemibhalo. Zonke imisebenzi umbhali omkhulu Russian Maksima Gorkogo wangena Isikhwama segolide isiko Russian.