Ikhodi trigeminal futhi iyithimba ikhodi zofuzo

Izakhamuzi yokuqala yale planethi cishe bayoba nokuthambekela okungafani ekuphileni kancane kakhulu. isiqondiso kwemvelo zonke ophilayo aye ngelula impilo i umzimba ngoba lithathelwe yimpumelelo ukuze izimo zemvelo, izindlela zokuthuthukisa yokufunda ukuphila nesimo esithile futhi kungenzeka ukudluliswa isipiliyoni subsequent zukulwane. Dala amangqamuzana angokwemvelo ngokuvumelana uhlelo ukuvumele eziphilayo emhlabeni ukuze sithole isizinda futhi baqala ukuthuthukiswa yimpumelelo. Mshini kwisitoreji matrix kanye nokudlulisela ukwaziswa kwezakhi zofuzo uguqulwe ube simiso esephepheni zofuzo, lapho ingxenye main - iyunithi obusebenzayo isimiso sezakhi zofuzo.

Emaphakathi umbhedesho we-molecular biology

Ufuzo - iyona Isakhi esiyinhloko ngokuqhubeka begazi nokuphila. Nature idale izindlela yokudlulisela nokukhiqizwa ukwaziswa kwezakhi zofuzo ngo ngamakhodi namaprotheni ukwakheka uchungechunge acid nucleic. Imisebenzi of acid nucleic (DNA ne-RNA) - Ulwazi ukugcina futhi ulithumele isakhiwo namaprotheni. Futhi amaprotheni ukusabela umzimba kwenziwe inkulumo phenotypic kwale datha. I zofuzo ikhodi --matrix komugqa ukugcina ulwazi isakhiwo amaprotheni uqopha ezintathu yayo nucleotide ku nucleic acid chain. Emincane kakhulu iyithimba ikhodi zofuzo ukuthi liqukethe ulwazi mayelana esiphansi iyunithi isakhi amaprotheni - a triplet ka-nucleotide kuyi-DNA noma RNA chain. Imininingwane kokuba ngocansi kusukela DNA mRNA kanye mRNA kusuka kwamanye RNA namaprotheni-molecule.

Universal uhlelo lwamakhodi

On the ukuqonda isimiso sezakhi zofuzo kwezesayensi kwakuthatha ngekhulu, nokwanda kwalo - kweshumi nje leminyaka. Kusukela kwaqala ukusetshenziswa nomqondo isakhiwo se-DNA Helix double (1953, Watson Crick) bayavisisa indima yakhe njengomuntu okokusebenza ngofuzo, futhi laqala ukufuna izinhlamvu zamagama ezilotshwe ku imininingwane yayo. Umbono wokuthi iyithimba ikhodi yofuzo, omunye nucleotide ngesikhathi esisodwa kabaze baba lakho ukuma ukugxekwa. Four nucleotide aphelele (adein, i-guanine ne-cytosine ne thymine) DNA ungase encode amaprotheni 21 amino acid. Zezibalo, izazi zesayensi nezesayenzi ezizibandakanyile e search for uhlelo lokufaka ikhodi futhi ngokushesha yathola ukuthi olulodwa acid acid esephepheni ukulandelana nucleotide amathathu. Ngakho, iyithimba ikhodi zofuzo - kuyinto triplet ka-nucleotide, obhekene synthesis asidi amaprotheni amino. Ezintathu (codons) 64, zazo 61 - Ngalo mqondo codons (lokufaka ikhodi acid acid), kanye asele 3 - lutho. Abanaso zinokwaziswa mayelana acid acid, futhi abe stop codon ukuqalisa noma kokuqeda zamagama engqamuzaneni amaprotheni.

Triplet - iyunithi obusebenzayo isimiso sezakhi zofuzo

Biopolymer nucleic acid-molecule siqukethe monomers - ama-nucleotide. Labo, esikhundleni salokho, dala DNA okuqhubekayo lapho ulwazi inqubo umbhalo idluliselwa kuya mRNA ngokuhambisana ifreyimu ukufunda, lapho kulencane value code has a triplet ka-nucleotide - t. Ukufundwa Uhlaka ihamba unidirectionally, futhi ikhodi ecacile zofuzo kanye nokuwohloka of unambiguity (komsebenzi).

Pointedness kanye ehlukile

Imininingwane triplet kuyinto ocacile, okusho ukuthi isilinganiso 1 t -1 acid acid akuyona variably. Acid acid kungenziwa ikhodi eyisivikelo futhi ezintathu eziningana, kodwa triplet ethize - ethile acid acid. Uhlaka ukufunda njalo iqondiswe luhamba luye ohlangothini olulodwa, futhi lokhu kungenxa yokuba khona ezintathu, ukuqalisa ukufunda ukuligcwalisa. Lokhu kugcina ukuzinza isakhiwo amaprotheni. Enye impahla ezintathu - disjointness. Lokhu kusho ukuthi nucleotide kuyadingeka ingxenye ezintathu, kodwa munye kuphela nje.

I komsebenzi yemvelo

Nokuwohloka we (komsebenzi) ikhodi zofuzo - lena nesilinganiso sokuphepha i umzimba. He biyela amaseli ngokumelene imiphumela elimazayo yokwanda koshintsho. iyunithi ngayinye ukusebenza ikhodi zofuzo ingase ibhekane esikhundleni 1, 2 no-3-nucleotide endaweni triplet. Ngakho, 9 izisusi positional kulelo nalelo izisusi triplet nucleotide kulelo nalelo 4-1 = 3 kungenzeka samuntu, futhi ngenxa yalokho sithola ezahlukeneyo 61 by 9 = 549 abambele nucleotide endaweni triplet. Lokhu kungaphezu kuyadingeka ukuze encode le amino acid 21. Lokhu pereizbytochnost noma nokuwohloka, futhi sanikeza khona begazi nokuphila kanye nokwehla tihambisane amaphutha uma ukufunda ukwaziswa kwezakhi zofuzo.

Codon noma triplet?

Esikhathini izincwadi, triplet ka-nucleotide, njengoba nhlanganisela obusebenzayo ngokuthi i triplet noma codon. Uyini umahluko futhi kungaba? Igama elithi "codon" isetshenziswa inqubo eqondile wokuhumusha - ngokudlulisela ulwazi kusuka RNA ukuba ingqamuzana amaprotheni. Igama elithi "triplet" isetshenziswa ibanda umongo semantic, lapho echaza ulwazi kokufunda uhlaka kokubili RNA ne-DNA.