I-Portland samente - kuyini? Amabhizinisi, izici zobuchwepheshe

Enye yezinhlobo ezivame kakhulu zokuvimbela izingxube zekhonkment i-Portland samente. Kuyini, ukuthi isetshenziswe kanjani, yiziphi izinto ezinayo, cabanga ngale mibuzo neminye eminye.

Ukwakhiwa

Njengazo zonke izinto zokwakha, izidingo eziphezulu zifakwa ezigabeni lapho iPennland samente ikhiqizwa khona. I-GOST 10178-85 "I-Portland yamakhementi nesamente ye-Portland" ilawula ukubunjwa nekhwalithi yezithako zalolu hlobo lokuvimbela:

• I-cement clinker ne-fraction enkulu yama-silicon oxide ayikho ngaphezu kuka-5%.
• I-Gypsum, ehambisana ne-GOST 4013-82. Ukuba khona kwe-phosphorus, boron kanye ne-fluorine compounds ngenani elingaphikisani nemibhalo evamile yokuvunywa kuvunyelwe.
• Izithasiselo zamaminerali zendawo ethile ezidingekayo ukudala ingxube yomusa oyifunayo.

Zonke izingxenye zihlanganiswa nombuso ohambelanayo.

Ngokwezinhlobo ezahlukene ze-portland samente, izingxenye ezihlukahlukene zingasetshenziswa, nazo zihambisana nezidingo ezithile zobuchwepheshe ezibekiwe ku-GOST.

Ezimayini lapho ukukhiqizwa kwenziwa khona, zonke izingxenye zithola izivivinyo ezidingekayo zokuhambisana, ukulingana kokudalwa komxube owomile kanye nokusebenza kubonakala kahle.

I-GOST yamasheya ephathekayo kanye nesichazo sayo iqukethe emaphaketheni nasemadokhumeni ahambisanayo. Uma engekho, umkhiqizo wenziwa ngokusho kwezimpawu, izindawo zawo zingase zihluke kulabo abamukelwayo ngokuvamile.

Ukukhiqizwa

Ukuqonda amakhemikhali ePortland - kuyini, kufanelekile ukucubungula inqubo yokukhiqizwa kwayo, equkethe izigaba eziningana:

1. Ukwenziwa kwe-limestone eluhlaza noma ophuzi. Ikholakala ekujuleni kwamamitha ayi-10 emigqeni, ngakho-ke bayibamba ngokuvulekile ezindaweni zokuthuthukiswa kwemvelo.
2. Ukulungiselela. Okokuqala, impahla eluhlaza isekelwe ukwomiswa nokugaya okuyisisekelo ngokusetshenziswa kwezinye izithasiselo ukuthola inhlanganisela yokusebenza. Ukuze uthole ukuthi ubukhulu bendima enkulu yobuningi buqukethe i-astringent, kwanele ukubuka ukumaka: I-PC400 D20 inezinguquko ezingu-20% ngokwevolumu yayo, futhi i-PC500 D0 ayinayo nhlobo. Emva kokugaya kokuqala, ingxube ibhakwa emanzini akhethekile anamandla. Ngakho kuvela i-clinker yesimanga - isakhi esiyinhloko samakhemende ase-Portland.
3. Ukuqedela. Ngalesi sigaba, i-clinker isomile futhi igxile ibe yingxenyana esebenzayo kanye namatshe angama-limestone kanye nezithasiselo ezikhethekile ngohlobo ngalunye lwentambo yasePortland. Ngaphezu kwalokho, izingxube zigcwele izikhwama ezingu-30, 40, 50 kg futhi zithunyelwa ezindaweni zokugcina izingosi zokwakha, izitolo.

Izici zokukhiqiza

Zonke izinhlobo ze-Portland yamakhemikhali (PC) zenziwa ezintweni ezihlukahlukene zokusetshenziswa, isakhi esivamile sayo sonke isinkimbinkimbi se-samente kuphela. Ezinye izingxenye zingaba nezinto ezihlukile: umswakama, amandla, ukubunjwa kwamaminerali. Njengoba kunikezwe lezi zinto, akunakwenzeka ukucubungula zonke izinhlobo zezinto zokusetshenziswa ngendlela eyodwa, ngakho-ke kunezindlela eziningana zokuqalisa isigaba sesibili sokukhiqiza:

• Indlela emanzi ihilela ukugaya izingxenye emanzini. Lokhu kwenziwa nge-choki kanye nobumba bensimbi equkethe izithasiselo. Kuzo, kunezimo zomswakama: ubumba - 20%, isikhokhi - 29%. I-emulsion eholelekile ine-umshuwalense we-50% futhi ithunyelwa emlilweni njengenjalo. Ngenqubo yokwelashwa okushisa, ama-clinker amabhola akhiwa, okwakhiwa kamuva abe yi-binder eqediwe.
• Indlela eyomile ayifuni ukugxila kwento eluhlaza: ingena esithandweni somzimba owomile. Izindleko zesimali ezikhiqizwa ngale ndlela ziphansi, ngoba ukusetshenziswa kwamandla okumisa akudingeki.
• Indlela ehlanganisiwe ihlanganisa emanzi futhi eyomile. I-slurry (mix mix) igcwele emanzini. Ngaphezu kwalokho, ngokusetshenziswa kwesihlungi, umswakama omkhulu usuqedile, ingxube ingena esikhwameni esinomswakama osukela ku-18%.

Izakhiwo

Njengoba sekushiwo kakade, ukhonkolo uthola izimfanelo ezithile, uma omunye noma elinye i-portland samenti ingeziwe kuso. Izici zazo ngamunye zihlukile ngendlela yazo, kodwa kukhona imingcele evamile kubo bonke:

• Ubukhulu obungapheli phakathi kuka-3050-3150 kg / m ³ , ubuningi bezinhlobo ezahlukene ze-PC kuzohluka.
• Ukufaneleka kokugaya kwe-Portland kufanele kutholakale nge-sieve No. 008 yi-permeability ye-powder okungenani engu-85%.
• Indawo ecacile ebonakalayo emva kokuhlola i-2500-3000 cm ² / g.
• Ukubeka isikhathi: ukuqala - imizuzu engu-45, ukuphela - amahora angu-12. Thola isilinganiso se-Vita.

Amandla alinganiswa ngama-sampuli wokulinganisa ngobukhulu obungama-4x4x16 cm, okwenziwe ngomhlabathi wesamente ngesilinganiso se-1: 3 emkhatsini wesilinganiso samanzi no-0.4, ngemva kwezinsuku ezingu-28 zokuqina. Ama-prism aseqediwe agxile ekuguquleni nasekucindezelweni, ekunqumeni ukubaluleka kwawo nokuhambisana nezikhombisi zomkhiqizo.

Izinhlobo

Kuye ngohlobo lwezithasiselo ezisetshenziswayo, i-Portland samente ingaba nezinhlobo eziningana:

• Ukuqina okusheshayo;
• I-Sulfate-resistant;
• Hydrophobic;
• Amaplastiki;
• With exothermia ngokulinganisela;
• I-Slag Portland samente;
• I-Acid-resistant;
• I-Aluminous;
• Umhlophe nombala;
• I-Pozzolanic.

Inye ngayinye yalezi zinhlobo igcwalisa itshe lokukhonkolo ngezakhiwo ezithile ezidingekayo ukuze kusetshenziswe endaweni ethile noma endaweni ethile.

I-PC esheshayo iqukethe inani elikhulu lamakhemikhali e-calcium futhi liyakwazi ukwandisa ngamandla ngamandla aqinile.

I-sulfate engamelana ne-Portland samenti iqukethe izithasiselo ezandisa ukukhishwa kokhonkolo emiphumeleni yemithi yamakhemikhali.

Ifomu le-hydrophobic le-binder liqukethe izithasiselo ezikhuthaza ukuqhuma kancane kwamanzi, okwenza kube kufanelekile ukusetshenziswa ezindaweni ezimelele lapho kunzima khona kancane kancane itshe ngaphandle kokulahlekelwa amandla.

Ifomu elihlanganisiwe le-binder, elifakwe engxenyeni yekhonkrithi, kwandisa ipulasitiki yayo nokusebenza.

Amakhemikhali asePortland ane-exothermia ngokulinganisela phakathi ne-hydration eyenza ukushisa okuncane kakhulu.

I-Slag Portland yamakhemikhali iqukethe i-fire-furna slag, eyanciphisa kakhulu izindleko zayo.

I-PC engaqinisekisiwe ye-Acid inomhlabathi we- quartz omsulwa kanye ne-sodium silicofluoride, ukumelana nemidiya yamakhemikhali enobudlova;

I-alumina Portland yamakhemikhali iqukethe i-aluminium oxide ephakeme, eyinhlangano yokwenza kube nzima ukuqina.

I-PC ye-Pozzolanic isetshenziselwa izithasiselo zamaminerali zomsuka we-volcanic ne-sedimentary (kufika ku-40% we-mass mass). Bandisa uketshezi kwamanzi futhi abenzi ama-efflorescence ebusweni bekhonkri ephelile.

Izinhlobo ezinombala ezimhlophe nezinemibala ziqukethe izinsimbi ezihlukahlukene zensimbi, ezikwazi ukugcoba itshe ngemibala ethile.

Ukuhlukaniswa ngamandla

Amakhemikhali asePortland ahlukaniswe ngemikhiqizo, esekelwe ohlwini lwezenzo zalo - amandla okuqeda ukucindezelwa kwe-axial kwesigamu samasampuli oneminyaka engu-28. Ngakho, ukuhlukanisa amamaki 400, 500, 550, 600.

Noma yiluphi uhlobo lwe-portland cement grade 400 lusetshenziselwa ukwakha izakhiwo ezijwayelekile nezingajwayelekile ezingekho ngaphansi kwemithwalo eyanda.

Amagugu aphakeme kakhulu emikhiqizo ayabiza kakhulu, asetshenziselwa izakhiwo ezithintekayo nezakhi zawo.

Isicelo

I-Portland samente - kuyini ? Lona uhlobo oluthuthukisiwe lwe-binder ngokukhonkolo. Ngakho-ke, kuye ngokuthi uhlobo lokugcwalisa, leli tshe linezici ezithile eziqinisiwe. Isibonelo, i-fastland eqinile ePortland samente 500 no-600 ibonakala ngejubane eliphakeme lokuphulukisa, ngoba lengezwe ekrekheni ekukhiqizeni izakhiwo ezibucayi nezikhulu zomhlaba kanye nezakhiwo zomhlaba. Futhi, kuvame ukusetshenziselwa kulawo maso lapho kunesidingo samandla esheshayo, isibonelo, sokuthululela ifomu lesisekelo.

Okuvamile kunazo zonke i-Portland yamakhemikhali angu-400. Kuyinto yesicelo sonke jikelele: ukwakha izakhi zekhonkrithi eziqinisekisiwe ezenziwe ngezikhwebu ezidingekayo, nakuba zingekho ngaphansi kwezici ze-PC500, kodwa inezindleko eziphansi.

Uhlobo lwe-sulfate olungamelana nalo lusetshenziselwa ukulungiselela ukuxuba okubamba iqhaza ukwakhiwa kwezakhiwo ezingaphansi kwamanzi. Lezo ziningi zithinteka kakhulu emiphumeleni eyonakalisayo yamanzi anesifo sulfate.

I-plasticised Portland samente 300-600 ithuthukisa ngokujulile izindawo zepulasitiki zesisombululo, izici zayo zamandla, ikuvumela ukuba ugcine u-5-8% we-binder, uma uqhathaniswa nesamente evamile.

Izinhlobo ezikhethekile zama-PC azivame ukusetshenziswa esakhiweni esincane, ngoba lezo zinto zokusetshenziswa zinezindleko eziphezulu, futhi akuzona zonke iziphilisa eziyazi ngale ndlela yokusebenza okusebenzayo. Ngokuvamile isitamente sasePortland sisetshenziselwa izingxube zekhonkrithi esetshenziselwa izikhungo ezinkulu kanye nezibucayi.

Ukuyisebenzisa nini akudingekile

I-Portland yamakhemikhali iyinxenye esebenzayo enikeza izakhamuzi izakhiwo ezikhethekile. Kodwa akukho hlobo olungafanele lusetshenziswe emibhedeni yemifula egeleza kakhulu, emzimbeni wamanzi anosawoti, emanzini anezinto eziphakeme zamaminerali. Izinhlobo ze-sulphate-resistant ngaphansi kwalezi zimo azihambisani nemisebenzi yayo, yenzelwe ukusebenza emanzini amancane ajwayelekile. Ukwakhiwa kwamadamu, amadamu, izakhiwo ze-hydraulic, ezisebenza emvelweni wokucindezela kwamanzi, sebenzisa izinhlobo ezikhethekile zemishini.

Indlela yokukhetha nokuthenga

Ekuthengeni kuyadingeka ukuqonda, i-portland samente - kuyini? Okokuqala, i-astringent yokudala ingxube yekhonkrithi. Njengentente evamile, ithengiswa emasakeni okupakisha, izikhwama zamaphepha e-50 kg, ngezinye izikhathi 30, 40.

Uma ukhetha, unake izifanekiselo ephakheji. Kumele kukhonjiswe uhlobo (i-Portland samente, usimende lwe-slag yase-Portland, njll), ukuhambisana ne-GOST noma i-TU, inani lezihlanganisi zamaminerali. Futhi udinga ukunaka usuku lomkhiqizo: izinto zokusetshenziswa ezintsha, ngcono ikhwalithi yayo.

Izindleko zamakhemikhali akhethekile zingathonywa kokubili umkhiqizi nomthengisi. Itheknoloji efanayo yokukhiqiza ayifuni umehluko omkhulu emanani. Ngakho-ke, khetha izinto zesitshalo ozithembayo, okuyinto enegama elihle kakhulu.

Ngakanani usimende lwe-portland? Intengo ye-P 400 ethandwa kakhulu esikhwameni ngasinye se-50 kg iqala kusuka kuma-ruble angu-200., I-PC500 (50 kg) - kusuka kuma-ruble angu-230. Kubonakala sengathi umehluko omncane, kodwa inani elikhulu lenhlanganisela, ngokusekelwe kwinqabunga le-astringent, liyadingeka ukwakha imiklamo. Ngenxa yalokho, iphutha ekukhethweni lingadala i-penny enkulu.