I-pianist Nikolai Rubinstein: Biography, Ubuciko kanye nezindaba ezithakazelisayo

U-Nikolay Rubinstein ungumqambi waseRussia odumile nomqhubi. Uyaziwa njengomunye wabadali be-Conservatory yaseMoscow (wayekhonza njengomqondisi wokuqala).

Brief biography

U-Nikolay Rubinstein wazalwa ngo-June 14, 1835 eMoscow emndenini womkhiqizi omncane. Ngaphambilini, umndeni kaNicholas wawuhlala edolobheni elincane laseVikkhvatyntsa (Pridneprovye), kodwa eminyakeni emithathu ngaphambi kokuzalwa komfana abazali bakhe banquma ukuthuthela enhloko-dolobha ezayo yaseRussia.

Phakathi nenkathi kusukela ngo-1844 kuya ku-1846 uNicholas, kanye nomfowabo omdala u-Anton nonina bahlala eBerlin.

Lapho eneminyaka engu-12, uRubinstein nomndeni wakhe babuyela eMoscow futhi, lapho umculi ozayo ehlala khona ukuphila kwakhe konke.

Ubani u-Nikolai Grigorievich Rubinstein ngomsebenzi? Lapho eneminyaka engama-20 ubudala, le nsizwa yaqeda eMoscow University futhi yathola umsebenzi wommeli.

Njengoba impilo yonke yale nsizwa yayigcwele umculo, wahamba ngokufana nokuqeqesha ummeli, futhi ngo-1858 (eminyakeni emithathu emva kokuthola lo msebenzi) wanquma ukuzidela ngokuphelele emsebenzini wekhonsathini.

Ngo-1859, uNicholas wenza yonke imizamo yokuvula igatsha elikhethekile le-Imperial Russian Musical Society eMoscow.

Umfundi ovela emigqeni yokuqala yalesi sihloko waqaphela ukuthi uNikola Grigorievich Rubinstein wasungulwa. Ngo-1866, lo muntu wathatha isikhundla somqondisi weMoscow Conservatory efanayo. Wabamba isikhundla kuze kube sekupheleni kokuphila kwakhe.

Njengoba kunezithelo zomculo wepiyano ngo-1872, ngalesi sikhathi wadlala ikhonsathi eyaziwayo eVienna futhi wahlela ikhonsathi ku-World Music Exhibition eParis.

Ukufa kwalomculi ovelele kubhalwe ngo-1881 ensimini yenhloko-dolobha yaseFrance, kodwa bangcwatshwa indoda eMoscow, ebukhulu be-Novodevichy Cemetery.

Ubuhlobo nomfowethu

URubinstein (Anton noNicola) bebelokhu benobungane, ngoba bobabili babengacabangi ukuphila kwabo ngaphandle komculo.

Lapho uNicholas eneminyaka engu-9 ubudala, yena nomfowabo u-Anton bathunyelwa eJalimane, baya eBerlin, lapho abafana bafunda khona umculo. Ngaleso sikhathi, babecishe cishe yonke imizi yaseYurophu.

U-Nikolai wayehlala ethatha isibonelo kumfowabo omdala, ngisho ne-Conservatory yaseMoscow ayidala ukuzama ukuphindaphinda impumelelo yomfowabo. Phela, u-Anton wavula isikhungo esiseSt. Petersburg iminyaka engu-14 ngaphambili.

Umsebenzi womculo

U-Nikolai Rubinstein, onamaphuzu akhe athakazelisayo ongawafunda kulesi sihloko, waqala eneminyaka engama-4 ngaphansi kokulawulwa okunamandla kanina, futhi eseneminyaka engu-7 ubudala umfana nomfowabo bamenywa ukuba benze zonke izinhlobo zekhonsathi eRussia nakwamanye amazwe Emazweni aseYurophu.

Ngesikhathi ehlala eBerlin, lo mfana wayefundela abantu abavelele njengoTheodore Kullak (wafunda izinto eziyisisekelo zepiyano nopiyano) noSiegfried Den (bafundela izizinda zomculo). EMoscow, wathuthela othisha ongumculo waseRussia owaziwayo uVasily Villuan.

Lapho eneminyaka engama-23, le nsizwa isuqede ngokugcwele umgomo wayo wokuphila futhi ishiya isiteleka sezomthetho ngenxa yomsebenzi wesikhonsathi ovamile.

Ngo-1859, uNicholas wathola isikhundla somqhubi we-symphony orchestra emnyangweni we-Imperial Russian Musical Society.

Ngo-1866, wathisha uthisha wepayano eMoscow Conservatory.

Ukuphila kwakhe konke uRubinstein wasebenzisa amakhonsathi angaba ngu-250 engxenyeni yomqhubi. Amakhonsathi ayeqhutshwa eMoscow naseminye imizi yaseRussia.

Futhi ngo-1870 u-Nikolai wasebenzisa amakhonsathi angu-33, futhi yonke imali yezimali yayinikelwa kwi-Red Cross.

Ngaphandle kwamanye amazwe, le ndoda ayithandi ukubamba amakhonsathi, amazwe kuphela ayenza ngaphandle kwaba yi-Austria neFrance. Kodwa ngisho nalapho ekhuluma emakhonsathini phesheya, wayelokhu ekhetha umculo waseRussia, okwakuthiwa yi-propagandist enamandla.

U-Nikolai wakhetha ukwenza imisebenzi yomculo eyaziwa kakade. Phakathi nokuphila kwakhe wabhala imidlalwana embalwa nemidlalweni yokudlala ipiyano.

Ukuzijabulisa komculi okungavamile

UPianist Nikolai Rubinstein wayehlale enethalente ekhethekile: angakwazi ukuhlangana nomuntu, kungakhathaliseki ubudala, ubulili nokubukwa empilweni. Yingakho, eminyakeni yakhe encane, umculi wamenywa ukuba ajoyine "ihhovisi elincane lokuhlela" lomagazini i-Moskvityanin enyatheliswa nguPogodin. Futhi-ke le nsizwa yaba ilungu lomjikelezo wobungcweti, amalungu awo ayengumuntu obaluleke kunazo zonke wokudala ngaleso sikhathi.

Kuphawulwe ukuthi ngo-1859, lapho uBotkin, uTolstoy no-Obolensky beyakha uhlelo lweCommunity Music Society eMoscow, kwakunguRubinstein owabonwa esahlukweni sakhe. Ngeshwa, noma ngenhlanhla, ukuphila kuye kwasungulwa ngendlela uNicholas azinikezela ngayo eMoscow Conservatory.

Ukuthuthukiswa kwe-Conservatory yaseMoscow ngaphansi kokuhola kukaRubinstein

Ngomnyaka we-1866 u-Nikolai Rubinshtein, ongu-biography ogcwele amaqiniso athakazelisayo, wanikela ekuvusweni kweMoservervatory yaseMoscow eMoscow futhi wathatha isikhundla somqondisi wayo, cishe akukho muntu (ngisho nomfowabo) owayekholelwa ukuthi ngaleyondlela le ndoda yayiyokwenza okungenani idlulisele indawo yomculo kubantu.

Kodwa eminyakeni embalwa, ngenxa yamakhono akhethekile okuphatha nokuhleleka komuntu, i-conservatory isibe isikhungo esihle somculo hhayi kuphela eMoscow, kodwa futhi cishe kulo lonke elaseRussia.

KwakunguNikolai Rubinshtein owafaka isandla ekuqinisekiseni ukuthi i-Conservatory yanikezwa ilungelo lokufundisa ngokwabo ikharikhulamu - lakhiwa ngokuqondile ngabafundisi beziko lemfundo. Ngaphezu kwalokho, kwadalwa umnyango wesonto elidala laseRussia eliculayo lonke elaseRussia.

Ekuhlanganyeleni othisha be-conservatory kwakuyizingoma ezihle kakhulu nabaculi bangaleso sikhathi.

Amacala

Naphezu kokuphumelela okukhulu kwamadoda ohlelweni lomculo, kude nabo bonke abamele iziphathimandla ngaleso sikhathi bahlonipha uRubinstein. Ngenxa yephutha elincane, uNicholas wakhunjuzwa ngokushesha ukuthi ungowesizwe samaJuda nesikhundla esiphansi.

Lesi simo sengqondo sasihlasela ikakhulukazi kusukela ngo-1869 kuya ku-1870 ngesikhathi sokuhlolwa. Inkantolo yaxhunyaniswa neqiniso lokuthi uRubinstein waphonswa ehhovisi lakhe umfundi owaphula imithetho ekhona, amanye amaPK Shchebalskaya. Ekuboneni kokuqala, isimo esingasimqoka sasihlolwe isilingo ngoba umfundi wayeyindodakazi yomuntu jikelele, futhi umculi wayengunobhala wesifundazwe kuphela.

Isinqumo senkantolo sasingenandaba noNicholas. Inkantolo inqume ukuthi uRubinstein, njengenani eliphansi kunazo zonke, uhlambalaze indodakazi ka-general futhi manje unesibopho sokukhokha ama-ruble angu-25. Uma u-Nikolai engenayo le mali, kuzomele asebenzise izinsuku ezingu-7 esejele.

Ngokombiko wephephandaba waleso sikhathi, cishe wonke amaMuscovites axoxisana ngalolu daba, futhi ngenxa nje yokungenelela kweSénate lesi sigwebo sakhanselwa.

Ukuphikisana kwesibili neziphathimandla

Kungakabiphi uNikolai Rubinstein wasuka ehlazweni elidlulile, njengoba ebizwa ngokuthi yi-despotism.

Ngo-1879, uMkhandlu wabaProfesa weMoscow Conservatory wanquma ukuvimbela uthisha wezikole elithi Shostakovskiy ukuba akhulume emphakathini ukuze angazihlazisi yena noma i-conservatory.

Kodwa u-Shostakovsky akazange avumelane nesimo esinjalo futhi wamemezela ukuthi uRubinstein wayengumuntu onomhawu nomuntu onomona, ngoba wayengafuni ukuthi umdlali wepiyano alingane namandla ukuze adume. Amazwi kaShostakovskii aqiniswe ukuthi naye uyindodana yomuntu jikelele, futhi umndeni wakhe wawungaphansi komfowenu u-Alexander II.

Futhi futhi konke kwahamba ngokuvumelana nomjikelezo wesibili. Ukuhlukunyezwa komculi kwaqala emaphephandabeni nasemuva kwamehlo. Futhi, iSenate kwadingeka ukuthi ingenele.

UNikolay Rubinstein noTchaikovsky

Phakathi kwabafundisi baseMoscow Conservatory, ababengabangane bakaRubinstein, kwakukhona umculi odumile waseRussia uPyotr Tchaikovsky.

Lapho uPetru Ilyich ezwa ngokushushiswa kukaRubinstein ngenxa yokuthi wayemangalela futhi enomona, wayengenakubekezelela ukunyundela okunjalo, ngakho wabhalela u-Vladimir Vasilyevich Stasov umculi wezobuciko waseRashiya, owaba nguRubinstein othuka kakhulu.

Le ncwadi yayihlanganisa imigqa elandelayo: "Lapho kukhona ukukhanya phambi kwami, okuhle nokukhulu kunabo bonke, ubona ubumnyama kuphela, ukulimaza ngisho nobugebengu obuthile. Kodwa ngifuna ukukutshela ukuthi zonke izinsolo zakho ezibhekiswe kuRubinstein azikho lutho. Ngasebenza ngaphansi kobuholi bakhe iminyaka engu-12, futhi kumane kungamangalisa ukuthi ngizwe izinsolo ezimbi kumuntu oqhakazile. Izinsolo ezinjalo zingabangela kuphela ukuthi uNicholas uzoshiya inzalo yakhe. Uma ephikisana nomsebenzi wakhe, khona-ke lokhu kuzongena kuphela, kodwa angifuni ukuchitha izindaba ngokuhlonipha kwakhe. "

Amakhono okufundisa

Abafundi abaningi bakaRubinstein bathi ungumfundisi ongcono, ikakhulukazi ngezikhathi ezilandelayo:

1. URubinshtein ukholelwa ukuthi abafundi kufanele baqonde yonke imikhakha yomculo, futhi bangagxila kuphela ezintweni ezilodwa.
2. UNicholas wacela abafundi ukuba babonise ubuntu, hhayi ukulingiswa okungekho emthethweni kwabanye abantu obuvelele.
3. Kwakunzima. Uma ngabe umfundi engakakulungeli isifundo, wamlayisha ngemfudlana yolwazi nemisebenzi okwenzeka esikhathini esilandelayo iphutha elinjalo elenziwe ngumuntu.
4. Ngagcizelela umdlandla. Uma umfundi ethanda ngempela into, khona-ke uzophumelela.

Amazwi abafundi bakaRubinstein

Naphezu konke ukuqina komdlali wepiyano, bonke abafundi babejabule ngemfundiso yakhe. Lokhu kubonakala kwezinye zezinkulumo zabo:

1. E. Sauer: "Wayenesigwebo esikhethekile esingabonisa amandla omfundi ngamunye. Uphikisana ngokuthi: wonke umuntu - owakhe. Ithenda ngayinye ngayinye idinga indlela yomuntu ngamunye, futhi uma inikezwa, ithalenta iyodlala ngemibala ekhanyayo. "
2. U-Ziloti: "Esifundweni, u-Nikolai Rubinshtein wasitshengisa ikhono elinjalo lokuthi wayefuna ukufeza okungenani inani elincane lamakhono akhe. Ngesikhathi esifanayo, wadlala abafundi bakhe ngezindlela ezehlukene zokuthinta izintambo zomphefumulo ngamunye. "

Umngcwabo kaRubinstein

Naphezu kwesimo sengqondo esingaqondakali kumdlali wepiyano ngesikhathi sokungcwaba kwakhe kwakuhlonishwa ngempela.

Njengoba isibonakaliso sokulila eMoscow yonke, izibani zomgwaqo zazivuliwe. Ku-requiem abantu balethe inqwaba yamagquma avela ku-laurel, eduze kwebhokisi kwakhiwe izimbali eziningi.

Ukuze uNikolai Rubinstein, owakhulunywa ngaye kulesi sihloko, uhlale ekhunjweni nenhliziyo yabantu, uTchaikovsky wabhala ngokuhlonishwa kwakhe ngokuthi "Inkumbulo yomculi omkhulu".

Lo muntu ufanelwe inhlonipho, futhi uhlala enhliziyweni yawo wonke umculo womculo.