I-Moscow State University (MSU) ibizwa ngokuthi iLomonosov: umlando, incazelo, ubuchwepheshe

I-Moscow State University ebizwa ngokuthi iLomonosov (eMoscow) iyisikhungo esihle semfundo kubantu abasha abafuna ukunikela impilo yabo ngokuphelele kwisayensi noma ukuthola imfundo ephakeme evulekile evulela izinkampani ezihamba phambili ezinkampanini zaseRashiya nezingaphandle.

Isisekelo seYunivesithi

I-Moscow State University yasungulwa ngo-1755 nguMnu Lomonosov no-I. Shuvalov. Idethi yokutholakala kwakuzoba yi-1754, kodwa lokhu kwakungenakwenzeka ukuthi kwenzeke ngenxa yomsebenzi wokulungisa. Isimemezelo sokuvulwa kwesikole sasisayinwa nguMklomelo Elizabeth ngokwakhe ebusika konyaka ofanayo. Ukuhlonipha lesi senzakalo, uTatyana ugubha njalo ngonyaka eyunivesithi. Entwasahlobo, izinkulumo zokuqala zaqala ukufunda. Umphathi weyunivesithi kwakungu-Ivan Shuvalov, nomqondisi-Alexei Argamakov. Okuthakazelisayo kunazo zonke ukuthi uMikhail Lomonosov akazange akhulume kunoma yimuphi umbhalo osemthethweni nanoma iyiphi inkulumo evulelwe ukuvula. Izazi-mlando zichaza lokhu ngokuthi u-Ivan Shuvalov wabeka umbono wokudala i-MSU nodumo lwayo, futhi wafaka emisebenzini yakhe inqwaba yezinhlinzeko ezaziphikisana ngentshiseko yiLomonosov kakhulu nabanye ososayensi abaqhubekayo. Lokhu kuphela ukucabanga, okungenayo ubufakazi. Ezinye izazi-mlando zikholelwa ukuthi uLomonosov wagcwalisa kuphela imiyalo kaShuvalov.

Ukubusa

I-Lomonosov Moscow State University yayingaphansi kweSenate kaHulumeni. Amaprofesa aseyunivesithi ayengaphansi kwenkantolo yunivesithi, eyayiqondiswa umqondisi nomqaphi. Imisebenzi yomqaphi yayihlanganisa ukuphathwa okugcwele kwesikhungo, ukuqokwa koothisha, ukuvunywa kwekharikhulamu, njll. Umqondisi wakhethwa kubantu abangagunyaziwe futhi wenza imisebenzi yokulawula. Imisebenzi yakhe yayihlanganisa nokuqinisekisa ukuthi izinto eziphathekayo zale nkinga futhi zakha ukuxhumana nabososayensi abadumile nezinye izikhungo zemfundo. Esikhathini isinqumo somqondisi sathola amandla aphelele, kwakufanele sivunyelwe umqaphi. Ngaphansi komqondisi kwakukhona iNkomfa yabaProfesa, eyayineziprofesheni ezintathu kanye nabahloli abangu-3.

Ikhulu le-XVIII

I-Moscow University of Lomonosov (eMoscow State University) ekhulwini le-XVIII ingahlinzeka abafundi abanezici ezintathu: ifilosofi, imithi kanye nomthetho. UMikhail Kheraskov ngo-1779 wakha isikole sase-universities esiphezulu, esiba yi-gymnase ngo-1930. Umsunguli weyunivesithi i-Nikolai Novikov (1780). Lapha iphephandaba laseMoskovskye Vedomosti lishicilelwa, okuyinto ethandwa kakhulu eMbusweni wonke waseRussia. Ngokushesha, imiphakathi yokuqala yesayensi iqala ukwakha eyunivesithi.

Ikhulu le-XIX

Kusukela ngo-1804, abaphathi beyunivesithi badluliselwa ezandleni zoMkhandlu kanye no-rector, owavunyelwa yi-emperor ngokwakhe. Umkhandlu wawuhlanganisa abaprofesa abakhulu. Ukusethwa kabusha kwe-rector kwenzeka njalo ngonyaka ngokuvota ngasese. Ngokufanayo, abafana bakhethwa. I-rector yokuqala ekhethwe uhlelo olunjalo nguHerbotarev. UMkhandlu usebenzelana nekharikhulamu, ukuhlola ulwazi lwabafundi nokuqoka othisha kwi-gymnasium kanye nesikole. Njalo ngenyanga, imihlangano yayiqhutshelwa eLomonosov Moscow State University eyanikezelwa ezitholakala ezenzweni zesayensi kanye nokuhlolwa. Umkhandlu ophezulu wawuyiBhodi, eyayiyi-rector kanye nama-doan. Ukuxhumana phakathi kwabaphathi beyunivesithi neziphathimandla kwenziwa ngosizo lomphathiswa. Ngalesi sikhathi, izikhwama zaseMoscow State University ezibizwa ngokuthi i-MV Lomonosov zenze izinguquko ezithile: zahlukaniswa ngamagatsha amane zesayensi (ezombusazwe, ezamazwi, ezemvelo, ezembalo nezokudokotela).

Ikhulu lama-XX

Ngo-1911 kunecala elikhulu - "icala le-Cassault". Ngenxa yalokho, amaprofesa angaba ngu-30 nabafundisi abangu-130 bahamba enyuvesi iminyaka engu-6. I-physics ne-mathematics faculty yahlupheka kakhulu kulokhu, okwathi ngemva kokuhamba kukaP. Lebedev, washona ekuthuthukiseni iminyaka engu-15. Ngo-1949, ukwakhiwa kwesakhiwo esisha ku-Vorobyovy Gory kuqala, okuyinto esikhathini esizayo esiba yisakhiwo esikhulu seyunivesithi. Ngo-1992, umphathi weyunivesithi wakhetha isazi sezibalo esidumile V. Sadovnichy.

Inqubo yezemfundo

Ingabe ufuna ukwazi ukuthi bafundisani eLomonosov Moscow State University? Ngo-2011, wonke amanyuvesi aseRussia kwakudingeka athuthele ohlelweni lokuqeqesha okubili, olubekwa yi-Bologna Convention. Naphezu kwalokhu, i-MSU iyaqhubeka nokufundisa abafundi ohlelweni oludidiyelwe lweminyaka eyisithupha. Umqondisi we-University Viktor Sadovnichy uthe isikhungo semfundo silungiselela ochwepheshe bekusasa ngokwezindinganiso zawo. Ugcizelele ukuthi bazobe bezingeni eliphakeme kunezifundazwe. Kwabafundi, izinhlobo ezimbili zokutadisha ziyakwazi: ukuqeqeshwa kanye ne-master degree. Ukuqeqeshwa kochwepheshe kuzohlala iminyaka engu-6, kanti i-bachelor degree izohlala kuphela kwezinye izici. Abahlaziyi enkundleni yemfundo banezimbono ezahlukeneyo ngesinqumo seyunivesithi: umuntu uyayamukela, umuntu akasheshi ukudweba.

Isakhiwo

Kuze kube manje, iYunivesithi inamakhi angaphezu kuka-600, indawo yayo yonke indawo engaba yizigidi eziyi-1 million. Kuphela enhloko-dolobha yaseRussia insimu yeyunivesithi ihlala cishe ngamahektha angu-200. Kuyaziwa ukuthi uhulumeni waseMoscow ubeke amahektha angu-120 omhlaba izakhiwo ezintsha zaseyunivesithi, esebenzayo kusukela ngo-2003. Insimu yamukelwa ngenkokhelo yamahhala. Ukwakhiwa ngokuyinhloko kubangelwa usizo lweCJSC Inteko. Le nkampani ikhiphe ingxenye yendawo eyabiwe enezindawo ezimbili zokuhlala kanye nendawo yokupaka. IYunivesithi inesabelo esiphezulu se-30% esikhaleni esiphilayo kanye no-15% wokupaka. Futhi, insimu ihlelwe ukwakha izakhiwo ezine ezizungeze umtapo wolwazi oluyisisekelo. Konke lokhu kuyoba idolobha elincanyana, elizokwakhiwa isakhiwo se-laboratory kanye nesakhiwo socwaningo kanye nenkundla.

Ngo-2005, kwakhiwa umtapo oyisisekelo. Ekupheleni konyaka ka-2007, iMeya yedolobhana, uJu. Luzhkov, kanye nomqondisi weMoscow State University, wavula izinto ezimbili ezibalulekile: isakhiwo sokuqala seMoscow State University, esabeka amakhono amathathu (ukuphathwa komphakathi, umlando kanye nefilosofi) kanye nesistimu yezakhiwo ezingu-5 zezempilo (i-polyclinic, isibhedlela, ukuxilongwa Izikhungo zokuhlaziya kanye nesakhiwo semfundo). Ebusika ngo-2009, kwaqala ukuvulwa kwesiqalo sesithathu sokusiza abantu, lapho kwakuhlelwe khona ubuchwepheshe bezomnotho. Ngemva konyaka, isakhiwo sesi-4 savuleka, esasithatha isakhiwo somthetho. Ngaphansi kwe-Lomonosov Avenue, kwasungulwa ukuhamba ngezinyawo komhlaba, okuyinto exhuma izindawo ezintsha nezindala.

Ngo-2011, isakhiwo sokuqala sezemfundo esasensimini entsha, saqala ukubizwa ngokuthi "Shuvalovsky", kanti esinye esakhiwa siyobizwa ngokuthi "uLomonosovsky". Amagatsha aseyunivesithi ayengaphandle kwezwe, ezindaweni ezikude kakhulu: e-Astana, e-Dushanbe, e-Baku, e-Yerevan, e-Tashkent nase-Sevastopol.

Ukuphila kwesayense

I-State University ebizwa ngokuthi iLomonosov (eMoscow State University) idume ngabososayensi abanethalente abavame ukushicilela imisebenzi nezifundo ezithakazelisayo. Entwasahlobo ka-2017 izazi zezinto eziphilayo zaseMoscow State University zanyathelisa umbiko lapho zifaka khona ubuhlobo phakathi kokungasebenzi kahle kweminye futhi "mitochondria" engalungile. Imiphumela yokuhlolwa yashicilelwa kumagazini wezesayensi uScientific Reports. Indlela entsha yasungulwa ukusiza ukuhlola isimo semvelo. Iyunivesithi idume hhayi kuphela ososayensi abadumile abaye badala igama, kodwa futhi namakhono amancane. Abaningi babo ngo-2017 baba yizindleko zemiklomelo kahulumeni waseMoscow.

Amakhono

I-Lomonosov yaseMoscow State University inikeza abafundi ithuba lokuzikhethela izindawo eziningi zemfundo. Ingqikithi kunamakhono angaba ngu-30. I-Moscow School of Economics, i-Graduate School of Business, uMnyango Wokuqeqeshwa Kwezempi, I-Higher School of Translation, njll isebenza ngesisekelo seyunivesithi. Kukhona ne-University Gymnasium, eyamukela izintandane. Yiziphi izinto ezithakazelisayo esingayifunda mayelana neLomonosov Moscow State University? I-Faculty of Physics ibhekwa njengenye yezinto ezithuthuka kakhulu, hhayi ngeze. Ubhekwa njengendawo engcono kakhulu yokufunda i-physics kulo lonke elaseRussia, ngoba kukhona izifundo eziqhutshwayo ezitholakala emhlabeni kabanzi. Abafundisi abahamba phambili bangososayensi abaziwa ngokutholakala kwabo nemibono ngisho nangaphandle. Lesi sakhiwo saqalwa ngo-1933, futhi sabizwa ngokuthi uMnyango Wezobuchwepheshe kanye ne-Physics Theory. Ososayensi abanjengoS. S. Vavilov, uN. Bogolyubov, uA. Tikhonov bafundiswe lapha . Ama-winner angu-10 e-Russian Nobel Prize 7, A. Prokhorov, uP. Kapitsa, I. Frank, V. Ginzburg, uL. Landau, A. Abrikosov no-I. UTamm wafunda futhi wasebenza kule nhlangano.

Ukufingqa lesi sihloko sokubuyekeza, ngifuna ukusho ukuthi i-Moscow State University. I-Lomonosov ingenye yeyunivesithi engcono kakhulu e-Russian Federation, uma kungenjalo. Ukwenza ukhetho kumuntu ngamunye olandelayo kulandela ngokuzimela, njengoba ukufunda lapha kuvulwa amathuba amaningi. Ukuthandwa kwalesi sikhungo semfundo akunakwenzeka ukuthi uwele, ngoba ngisho nasemagatsheni kukhona cishe ukuntuleka.